Human Factors in Aviation

by Salas, Eduardo; Maurino, Dan

• ISBN13: 9780123745187
• ISBN10: 0123745187
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-02-11
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This edited textbook will be a fully updated and expanded version of the highly successful first edition of Human Factors in Aviation. Written for the widespread aviation community - students, engineers, scientists, pilots, managers, government personnel, etc. ? HFA offers a comprehensive overview of the topic, taking readers from the general to the specific, first covering broad issues, then the more specific topics of pilot performance, human factors in aircraft design, and vehicles and systems. The new editors offer essential breath of experience on aviation human factors from multiple perspectives (i.e. scientific research, regulation, funding agencies, technology, and implementation) as well as knowledge about the science. The proposed contributors have all been chosen as experts in their fields. Topics carried over from the first edition will be fully updated, often by new authors who are now at the fore of the field. New material ? which will represent 50% of the volume ? will focus on the challenges facing aviation specialists today. One of the most significant developments in this decade has been NextGen, the Federal Aviation Administration?s plan to modernize national airspace and to address the impact of air traffic growth by increasing airspace capacity and efficiency while simultaneously improving safety, environmental impacts and user access. NextGen issues will be covered in full. Other new topics include: High Reliability Organizational Perspective, Situation Awareness & Workload in Aviation, Human Error Analysis, Human-System Risk Management, LOSA, NOSS and Unmanned Aircraft System, (miliary aviation?). *Comprehensive textbook offering an up-to-date synthesis of primary source material which does not need to be supplemented *New edition thoroughly updated with 50% new material, offering full coverage of NexGen and other modern issues *Instructor web site with testbank and image collection makes this the only text offering ancillary support *Liberal use of case examples exposes students to real-world examples of dangers and solutions *More affordable than the less comprehensive competing volumes on market

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
Introduction
Human Factors in Aviation: An Overview	p. 3
Progress Since the First Edition	p. 5
A Look Ahead	p. 9
Human Factors in Aviation: This Edition	p. 11
A Final Comment	p. 17
Organizational perspectives
The System Perspective on Human Factors in Aviation	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Aircraft Systems of Relevance and the Human Component	p. 29
Systems Engineering Methods and Application to Aviation Human Factors	p. 41
Summary, the Future, and Some Key Issues	p. 59
The System Safety Perspective	p. 65
Introduction and Some Definitions	p. 65
Defining a System Boundary	p. 66
Evaluating for Safety	p. 79
Supporting the Human Contribution to Safety	p. 88
Design Via a "System Safety Perspective"	p. 91
The Safety Culture Perspective	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Definition of Safety Culture	p. 97
Assessment of Safety Culture	p. 104
Safety Culture Transformation	p. 112
Conclusion: Synthesis of Safety Culture Methods and Outcomes	p. 116
The High Reliability Organization Perspective	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
HRO: Some Origins	p. 124
Pilot and Crew Performance Issues
The Human in Flight: From Kinesthetic Sense to Cognitive Sensibility	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
The Evolution of the Aircraft Cockpit and of the Pilot's Task	p. 148
Correspondence and the Naturalistic World	p. 152
Coherence and the Electronic World	p. 157
Managing the Hybrid Ecology	p. 162
Challenges for NextGen Aircraft	p. 164
Summary and Implications for Design	p. 168
Conclusions	p. 170
Information Processing in Aviation	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Information Processing in Early Aviation	p. 178
Higher-Level Processing in Aviation Systems	p. 182
Resources for Meeting the Information Processing Challenges in Aviation	p. 194
Emergent Processes-Mental Workload and Situation Awareness	p. 202
Future Directions	p. 206
Managing Workload, Performance, and Situation Awareness in Aviation Systems	p. 217
A Management Framework	p. 219
Practical Issues: Combining WL, SA, and Performance	p. 237
Team Dynamics at 35,000 Feet	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Why does Aviation Crew Performance Matter?	p. 251
Advances in Team Performancè Research	p. 253
Advances in Aviation Crew Performance	p. 258
What Factors Impact Crew Performance?	p. 263
How can Aviation Crew Performance be Improved?	p. 273
Where do we go from here?	p. 277
Concluding Remarks	p. 285
Acknowledgment	p. 285
Flight Training and Simulation as Saftey Generators	p. 293
Growth	p. 293
Industry Safety	p. 295
Safety Generators in Crew Training	p. 307
Training Enhancement Strategies	p. 314
Summary	p. 332
Understanding and Analyzing Human Error in Real-World Operations	p. 335
A Philosophical Perspective on Errors and Accidents	p. 338
Sources of Error Data	p. 345
Examples of Error Studies	p. 359
Concluding Thoughts	p. 370
Acknowledgments	p. 372
Cognitive Architectures for Human Factors in Aviation	p. 375
Introduction, Motivation, and Organization	p. 375
What are Cognitive Architectures?	p. 376
Relevant Recent Publications	p. 380
Improving Human Performance and Learning Models for Warfighter Readiness	p. 388
Considerations, Challenges, and Recommendations for the Future of Cognitive Architecture Research	p. 391
Summary and Conclusion	p. 395
Acknowledgments	p. 396
Aircrew Fatigue, Sleep Need and Circadian Rhythmicity	p. 401
Introduction	p. 401
Biological Regulation of Sleep, Alertness, and Performance	p. 402
Work Factors in Relation to Biological Control of Fatigue	p. 407
Fatigue Challenges in Operational Environments	p. 413
Innovative Approaches to Operational Management of Fatigue	p. 419
Conclusions	p. 429
Acknowledgment	p. 431
Human Factors in Aircraft Design
Aviation Displays	p. 439
Introduction	p. 439
From Visual to Cognitive	p. 440
Human Factors Implications for Cockpit Displays	p. 443
Cockpit Integration	p. 445
Source Integration	p. 447
Type Integration	p. 450
Function Integration	p. 455
Environmental Integration	p. 460
Integration Summary and Blackouts	p. 467
Displays in the Next Generation	p. 469
Concluding Remarks	p. 472
Acknowledgments	p. 473
Cockpit Automation: Still Struggling to Catch Up	p. 479
Introduction	p. 479
Automation Levels, Properties, and Capabilities	p. 480
Breakdowns in Pilot-Automation Interaction: Research Methods and Findings, Operational Problems, and Proposed Solutions	p. 483
Looking Ahead: Opportunities and Challenges Associated with the Move Toward the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NEXTGEN)	p. 495
Summary and Conclusions	p. 497
Acknowledgment	p. 498
Unmanned Aircraft Systems	p. 505
The Accident Record	p. 509
Teleoperation and Unmanned Aircraft	p. 512
Design of the Ground Control Station	p. 518
Transfer of Control	p. 520
Airspace Access	p. 521
Human Factors in Airworthiness	p. 524
Conclusion	p. 527
Crew Station Design and Integration	p. 533
Introduction	p. 533
Evolution of Crew Station Design	p. 534
What Impacts Today's Crew Station Design and Integration?	p. 544
Tools and Methods for Design and Integration	p. 553
Conclusions	p. 559
Vehicles and Systems
The History in the Basics and the Challenges for the Future Captain William Hamman	p. 563
Introduction	p. 564
Evolution of Evidence-based Safe Practices in the Flightdeck	p. 568
Evolution of Flightcrew Systems-based Training and Assessment	p. 574
Evolution in the Flightdeck Design and Operation	p. 578
Evolution of the Airline Environment	p. 581
Evolution and Change in the Environment We Fly In	p. 584
Evolution into the Future of Air Travel	p. 588
Summary	p. 591
General Aviation	p. 595
Personal Flying	p. 597
Flight Training	p. 612
Business Flying	p. 620
Afterword	p. 622
Acknowledgments	p. 623
Air Traffic Management	p. 629
Introduction	p. 629
Elements of the Air Navigation System	p. 630
Human Factors and Operational Issues	p. 639
Human Factors Methods and Techniques	p. 646
Summary	p. 654
Maintenance Human Factors: A Brief History	p. 659
Introduction	p. 659
Building the Foundation of Maintenance Human Factors, 1988-1999	p. 660
Developing Methods and Tools to Meet New Challenges (2000-2008)	p. 678
Challenges for the Future	p. 691
Nextgen commentary
Commentary on NEXTGEN and Aviation Human Factors	p. 701
Human Factors and NextGen Flightdecks	p. 704
NextGen Human Factors and ATC	p. 708
Final Thoughts	p. 709
Disclaimer	p. 709
Index	p. 711
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