Human Factors in Flight

by Hawkins,Frank H.

• ISBN13: 9781857421354
• ISBN10: 1857421353
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1993-01-28
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

The late Captain Frank H Hawkins FRAes, M Phil, was Human Factors Consultant to KLM, for whom he had flown for over 30 years as line captain and R & D pilot, designing the flight decks for all KLM aircraft from the Viscount to the Boeing 747.In this period he developed and applied his specialization in Human Factors. His perception of lack of knowledge of Human Factors and its disastrous consequences led him to initiate both an annual course on Human Factors in Transport Aircraft Operation at Loughborough and Aston Universities, and the KLM Human Factors Awareness Course (KHUFAC).A consultant member of SAE S-7 committee, he was also a member of the Human Factors Society and a Liveryman of the Guild of Air Pilots. He was keynote speaker at the ICAO Human Factors Seminar held in St Petersburg, Russia in April 1990.About the EditorThe late Captain Harry W Orlady was an Aviation Human Factors Consultant and a former Senior Research Scientist for the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS); he also worked with NASA/Ames, with private research firms and the FAA in its certification of the Boeing 747-400 and the McDonnell-Douglas MK-11.As a pilot with United Airlines he flew 10 types of aircraft ranging from the DC-3 to the Boeing 747. He conducted studies in ground and flight training, Human Factors, aviation safety and aeromedical fields, and received several major awards and presented nearly 100 papers or lectures.He was an elected fellow of the Aerospace Medical Association; a member of the Human Factors Society, of ICE Flight Safety and Human Factors Study Group, and the SAE Human Behavioural Technology and G-10 Committees.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	8	(2)
Preface	10	(6)
The Meaning of Human Factors	16	(11)
A hundred years of Human Factors	16	(3)
Defining Human Factors	19	(3)
A conceptual model of Human Factors	22	(4)
A foundation for progress	26	(1)
Human Error	27	(29)
The nature of error	27	(7)
The sources of error	34	(12)
The classification of errors	46	(2)
Meeting the challenge of human error	48	(8)
Fatigue, Body Rhythms and Sleep	56	(28)
Jet lag	56	(1)
Fatigue	57	(2)
Body rhythms	59	(7)
Sleep	66	(12)
Facing the problem	78	(6)
Fitness and Performance	84	(23)
Health and performance	84	(3)
Factors affecting fitness	87	(20)
Vision and Visual Illusions	107	(24)
Light	107	(2)
The eye	109	(5)
The brain	114	(4)
Visual illusions	118	(2)
Vision and visual illusions in air transport	120	(11)
Motivation and Leadership	131	(21)
Motivation and safety	131	(5)
Concepts of motivation	136	(6)
Influencing motivation at work	142	(4)
Leadership	146	(6)
Communication: Language and Speech	152	(20)
Communication defined	152	(1)
Language of communication	153	(4)
The vocal and auditory systems	157	(3)
Speech	160	(6)
Postscripts from Tenerife and other accidents	166	(6)
Attitudes and Persuasion	172	(17)
Aviation application	172	(2)
The nature, function and measurement of attitudes	174	(5)
Influencing attitudes	179	(10)
Training and Training Devices	189	(19)
Training, education and instruction	189	(2)
Training principles	191	(3)
Training, learning and memory	194	(5)
Training systems	199	(4)
Training devices	203	(3)
Instructors and classrooms	206	(2)
Documentation	208	(33)
Costing documentation inadequacies	208	(1)
General principles	209	(9)
Checklists	218	(7)
Manuals, handbooks and technical papers	225	(4)
Questionnaires and forms	229	(8)
Maps and charts	237	(3)
Conclusions	240	(1)
Displays and Controls	241	(28)
Historical background	241	(2)
Displays	243	(17)
Controls	260	(9)
Space and Layout	269	(17)
Design of working and living areas	269	(2)
Human dimensions	271	(3)
Flight deck design	274	(9)
Other applications on board	283	(3)
The Aircraft Cabin and its Human Payload	286	(40)
The need for Human Factors in the cabin	286	(1)
Understanding human characteristics	287	(2)
Cabin hardware	289	(9)
Cabin software	298	(3)
The cabin environment	301	(10)
The interface between people	311	(15)
Education and Application	326	(16)
Education	326	(8)
Application	334	(5)
Quo vadis?	339	(3)
Appendices	342	(17)
Appendix 1 Notes on procedural recommendations and other data	342	(9)
Appendix 2 Recommended books, journals and bulletins	351	(5)
Appendix 3 Abbreviations used in the text	356	(3)
References	359	(14)
Index	373