Human Factors in Lighting, Second... | Buy

The availability of electric lighting has changed the lives of people the world over and lighting is a major consumer of energy. This book is a comprehensive review of the interaction of people and lighting and supercedes the author's classic Human Factors in Lighting. The technology has changed markedly in recent years with the introduction of new light sources and new methods of light distribution and the significance of specialist lighting applications are now better understood. This Second Edition includes new and updated information to help understand the forms of lighting that can alter human visual capabilities and enhance productivity, ensure comfort and create appropriate lighting conditions.

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Fundamentals	p. 1
Light	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Light and radiation	p. 3
The CIE standard observers	p. 5
Photometric quantities	p. 6
Some limitations	p. 10
Colorimetric quantities	p. 12
The CIE colorimetry system	p. 12
Color order systems	p. 18
Application metrics	p. 21
Sources of light	p. 27
Natural light	p. 27
Artificial light--flame sources	p. 30
Artificial light sources--electric/general illumination	p. 31
Light source characteristics	p. 36
Artificial light sources--electric-signs and -signals	p. 36
Control of light distribution	p. 41
Control of light output	p. 41
Summary	p. 42
The visual system	p. 44
Introduction	p. 44
The structure of the visual system	p. 44
The visual field	p. 44
Eye movements	p. 45
Optics of the eye	p. 46
The structure of the retina	p. 50
The functioning of the retina	p. 52
The central visual pathways	p. 54
Color vision	p. 56
Conclusions	p. 60
Continuous adjustments of the visual system	p. 60
Adaptation	p. 60
Photopic, scotopic, and mesopic vision	p. 63
Accommodation	p. 66
Capabilities of the visual system	p. 67
Threshold measures	p. 68
Factors determining visual threshold	p. 70
Spatial thresholds	p. 71
Temporal thresholds	p. 79
Color thresholds	p. 82
Interactions	p. 84
Perception through the visual system	p. 87
The perceptual constancies	p. 88
Modes of appearance	p. 92
Summary	p. 93
The circadian system	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
The structure of the circadian system	p. 96
The retina	p. 97
The suprachiasmatic nuclei	p. 100
The pineal gland	p. 100
Characteristics of the circadian system	p. 101
Models of the circadian system	p. 103
Effects of light exposure on the circadian system	p. 104
The amount of light	p. 106
The consequences of trying to work in circadian night	p. 109
Caveats	p. 117
Summary	p. 118
Generalities	p. 121
Lighting and work	p. 123
Why lighting matters	p. 123
An overview	p. 123
Methods of studying light and work	p. 129
Field studies of light and work	p. 130
Simulated work	p. 134
Analytical methods	p. 135
The visibility approach	p. 140
The relative visual performance model	p. 141
Some limitations	p. 153
Prolonged work	p. 155
Fatigue	p. 155
Mood changes	p. 159
Conclusions	p. 159
Summary	p. 160
Lighting and visual discomfort	p. 162
Introduction	p. 162
The characteristics of visual discomfort	p. 162
General causes of visual discomfort	p. 163
Specific causes of visual discomfort	p. 165
Uniformity	p. 165
Glare	p. 169
Veiling reflections	p. 181
Shadows	p. 184
Flicker	p. 184
Discomfort, performance, and behavior	p. 186
Visual discomfort and lighting quality	p. 188
Summary	p. 191
Lighting and the perception of spaces and objects	p. 192
Introduction	p. 192
Simple perceptions	p. 194
Lightness	p. 194
Brightness	p. 195
Visual clarity?	p. 204
Color appearance	p. 206
Higher-order perceptions	p. 209
The correlation method	p. 209
Multi-dimensional methods	p. 210
The perception of objects	p. 219
Summary	p. 220
Specifics	p. 223
Lighting for offices	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
Illuminance	p. 226
Light sources for office lighting	p. 232
Daylight	p. 232
Electric light sources	p. 238
Lighting systems	p. 250
Daylight delivery systems	p. 250
Electric lighting delivery systems	p. 256
Lighting controls	p. 266
Window lighting controls	p. 266
Manual electric lighting controls	p. 267
Automatic electric lighting controls	p. 272
Summary	p. 274
Lighting for industry	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
The problems facing lighting in industry	p. 277
General lighting	p. 279
Localized and task lighting	p. 285
Visual inspection	p. 285
Special situations	p. 297
Summary	p. 300
Escape lighting	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Escape lighting in context	p. 301
Information on the presence of a hazard	p. 302
Information on the recommended course of action	p. 304
Information on carrying out the recommended course of action	p. 305
Operating conditions	p. 305
Exit signs	p. 306
Escape route lighting	p. 311
Ceiling- and wall-mounted luminaires	p. 311
Path-marking	p. 315
Special situations	p. 318
Smoke	p. 319
People with color defective vision	p. 330
People with low vision	p. 333
People with limited mobility	p. 335
Escape lighting in practice	p. 336
Summary	p. 337
Lighting for driving	p. 339
Introduction	p. 339
The value of light	p. 339
Vehicle lighting	p. 346
Signal and marking lighting	p. 346
Forward lighting	p. 349
Road lighting	p. 360
Tunnel lighting	p. 374
Signals, signs, and messages	p. 378
Rain, fog, and snow	p. 387
Summary	p. 392
Lighting and crime	p. 395
Introduction	p. 395
Lighting and the incidence of crime	p. 395
The reason why	p. 404
Essential characteristics of lighting	p. 406
Illuminance	p. 407
Illuminance uniformity	p. 414
Glare	p. 415
Light source color	p. 415
Design approaches	p. 420
Special situations	p. 421
Fenced areas	p. 421
Gatehouses	p. 422
Unfenced areas	p. 422
Facade lighting	p. 423
Closed circuit television	p. 423
Generalization and value	p. 424
Summary	p. 425
Lighting for the elderly	p. 428
Introduction	p. 428
Optical changes with age	p. 428
Neural changes with age	p. 432
Low vision	p. 432
The aging of the circadian system	p. 437
The effects of age on visual performance	p. 438
What can be done to offset the effects of age?	p. 445
Changing the optics	p. 445
Changing the task	p. 446
Changing the lighting	p. 450
Eliminating the task	p. 455
Summary	p. 456
Light and health	p. 458
Introduction	p. 458
Light as radiation	p. 458
Tissue damage	p. 458
Threshold limit values	p. 467
Hazardous light sources	p. 469
Practical considerations	p. 471
Special groups	p. 472
Phototherapy	p. 473
Aging effects	p. 474
Light operating through the visual system	p. 475
Eyestrain	p. 475
Migraine	p. 476
Autism	p. 478
Light operating through the circadian system	p. 478
Sleep	p. 478
Seasonally affective disorder	p. 479
Alzheimer's disease	p. 481
Light as a purifier	p. 483
Summary	p. 486
Codes and consequences	p. 489
Introduction	p. 489
Laws, regulations, codes, guides, and practices	p. 491
Trends in lighting recommendations	p. 494
Consequences	p. 497
Lighting and energy	p. 497
Lighting and chemical pollution	p. 502
Light pollution	p. 504
Summary	p. 512
The way ahead	p. 514
Introduction	p. 514
The limitations of the past	p. 514
Approaches and measures	p. 515
Areas of application	p. 519
Why bother?	p. 520
Summary	p. 521
References	p. 522
Index	p. 573
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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