Human Factors Methods

by Stanton, Neville A.; Salmon, Paul M.; Walker, Guy H.; Baber, Chris; Jenkins, Daniel P.

• ISBN13: 9780754646617
• ISBN10: 0754646610
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-12-30
• Publisher: Ashgate Pub Co

Summary

Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design presents more than ninety design and evaluation methods, and is designed to act as an ergonomics methods manual, aiding both students and practitioners. The eleven sections of the book represent the different categories of ergonomics methods and techniques that can be used in the evaluation and design process. Offering a 'how-to' text on a substantial range of ergonomics methods that can be used in the design and evaluation of products and systems, it is a comprehensive point of reference for all these methods. An overview of the methods is presented in chapter one, with a methods matrix showing which can be used in conjunction. The following chapters detail the methods showing how to apply them in practice. Flowcharts, procedures and examples cover the requirements of a diverse audience and varied applications of the methods. The final chapter presents a case study of methods being used together in a system evaluation project.

Author Biography

Chris Baber is a Reader of Interactive systems in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Birmingham.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xi
List of Tables	xiii
Acknowledgements	xvii
About the Authors	xix
Introduction to Human Factors Methods	1	(20)
Stage 1 -- Initial Literature Review of Existing HF Methods	5	(1)
Stage 2 -- Initial Methods Screening	5	(1)
Stage 3 -- Methods Review	6	(15)
Data Collection Methods	21	(24)
Interviews	24	(6)
Questionnaires	30	(8)
Observation	38	(7)
Task Analysis Methods	45	(32)
Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)	46	(8)
Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection Rules (GOMS)	54	(4)
Verbal Protocol Analysis (VPA)	58	(4)
Task Decomposition	62	(6)
The Sub-Goal Template Method (SGT)	68	(4)
Tabular Task Analysis (TTA)	72	(5)
Cognitive Task Analysis Methods	77	(32)
Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA)	81	(6)
Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA)	87	(6)
Cognitive Walkthrough	93	(5)
Critical Decision Method (CDM)	98	(7)
Critical Incident Technique (CIT)	105	(4)
Process Charting Methods	109	(30)
Process Charts	111	(4)
Operation Sequence Diagrams (OSD)	115	(8)
Event Tree Analysis (ETA)	123	(4)
Decision Action Diagrams (DAD)	127	(4)
Fault Trees	131	(4)
Murphy Diagrams	135	(4)
Human Error Identification Methods	139	(74)
Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA)	143	(10)
Human Error Template (HET)	153	(5)
Technique for the Retrospective and Predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors (TRACEr)	158	(7)
Task Analysis for Error Identification (TAFEI)	165	(9)
Human Error HAZOP	174	(6)
Technique for Human Error Assessment (THEA)	180	(8)
Human Error Identification in Systems Tool (HEIST)	188	(4)
The Human Error and Recovery Assessment Framework (HERA)	192	(5)
System for Predictive Error Analysis and Reduction (SPEAR)	197	(5)
Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART)	202	(6)
The Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM)	208	(5)
Situation Awareness Assessment Methods	213	(88)
SA Requirements Analysis	222	(3)
Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT)	225	(8)
Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART)	233	(5)
Situation Awareness Subjective Workload Dominance (SA-SWORD)	238	(5)
SALSA	243	(5)
Situation Awareness Control Room Inventory (SACRI)	248	(5)
Situation Awareness Rating Scales (SARS)	253	(5)
Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM)	258	(5)
SASHA_L and SASHA_Q	263	(6)
Mission Awareness Rating Scale (MARS)	269	(5)
Situation Awareness Behavioural Rating Scale (SABARS)	274	(6)
Crew Awareness Rating Scale (CARS)	280	(4)
Cranfield Situation Awareness Scale (C-SAS)	284	(5)
Propositional Networks	289	(12)
Mental Workload Assessment Methods	301	(64)
Primary and Secondary Task Performance Measures	305	(9)
Physiological Measures	314	(5)
NASA Task Load Index (NASA TLX)	319	(5)
Modified Cooper Harper Scales (MCH)	324	(4)
Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT)	328	(4)
Subjective Workload Dominance Technique (SWORD)	332	(4)
DRA Workload Scales (DRAWS)	336	(4)
Malvern Capacity Estimate (MACE)	340	(3)
Workload Profile Technique	343	(5)
Bedford Scales	348	(3)
Instantaneous Self-Assessment (ISA)	351	(3)
Cognitive Task Load Analysis (CTLA)	354	(3)
Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT)	357	(4)
Pro-SWORD -- Subjective Workload Dominance Technique	361	(4)
Team Assessment Methods	365	(66)
Behavioural Observation Scales (BOS)	367	(7)
Comms Usage Diagram (CUD)	374	(5)
Co-ordination Demands Analysis (CDA)	379	(6)
Decision Requirements Exercise (DRX)	385	(6)
Groupware Task Analysis (GTA)	391	(3)
Hierarchical Task Analysis for Teams: HTA(T)	394	(7)
Team Cognitive Task Analysis (TCTA)	401	(5)
Social Network Analysis (SNA)	406	(6)
Questionnaires for Distributed Assessment of Team Mutual Awareness	412	(3)
Team Task Analysis (TTA)	415	(4)
Team Workload Assessment	419	(4)
Task and Training Requirements Analysis Methodology (TTRAM)	423	(8)
Interface Analysis Methods	431	(52)
Checklists	436	(3)
Heuristic Analysis	439	(4)
Interface Surveys	443	(5)
Link Analysis	448	(4)
Layout Analysis	452	(5)
Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS)	457	(4)
Repertory Grid Analysis	461	(6)
Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI)	467	(5)
System Usability Scale (SUS)	472	(3)
User Trials	475	(4)
Walkthrough Analysis	479	(4)
Design Methods	483	(22)
Allocation of Function Analysis	485	(4)
Focus Groups	489	(3)
Mission Analysis	492	(4)
Scenario Based Design	496	(3)
Task-Centred System Design	499	(6)
Performance Time Prediction Methods	505	(16)
Multimodal Critical Path Analysis (CPA)	507	(5)
Keystroke Level Model (KLM)	512	(6)
Timeline Analysis	518	(3)
Human Factors Methods Integration: A Case Study in the Railway Industry	521	(22)
Introduction	521	(1)
Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST)	521	(1)
Summary of Component Methods Within EAST	522	(1)
Structure of the EAST Methodology	523	(1)
Layer 1 -- Data Collection Methods	523	(3)
Layer 2 -- Analysis Methods	526	(2)
Layer 3 -- Representational Methods	528	(2)
Procedure and Advice	530	(1)
Railway Maintenance Example	531	(10)
Conclusions	541	(2)
Appendix Human Factors Methods Database and Glossary	543	(6)
Bibliography and References	549	(16)
Index	565