Human Motivation (with InfoTrac 1-Semester Printed Access Card)

by Franken, Robert E.

• ISBN13: 9780495090816
• ISBN10: 0495090816
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover w/ Access Card
• Copyright: 2006-05-22
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This Sixth Edition provides a thorough introduction to the basic facts and major theories of human motivation. Throughout the book, the author addresses the types of questions that often arise, such as "Why are some people more organized than others?" and "Why do people dream?" In his exploration of day-to-day human motivation, Franken provides a topical organization that shows students how biology, learning, and cognition interact with individual differences to produce human behavior.

Table of Contents

Part One Issues and Organizing Principles in Motivation
Themes in the Study of Motivation	1	(25)
Practical Application 1-1 A Hot/Cool Theory of Delay of Gratification	3	(1)
Plan of This Chapter	4	(1)
What Causes Behavior?	4	(1)
Approach and Avoidant Causes	4	(1)
Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories	5	(4)
Behavior Represents an Attempt to Adapt	5	(1)
The Importance of Determining What Arouses and Energizes Behavior	6	(1)
Understanding What Governs the Direction of Behavior	6	(1)
Understanding Persistence	7	(1)
Understanding the Role of Emotions	7	(1)
Accounting for Individual Differences	8	(1)
The Self-Regulation of Behavior	8	(1)
Motivation and Positive Psychology	8	(1)
Do Humans Have a Will?	9	(1)
Theories of Motivation: A Historical Survey	9	(4)
Instinct Theories	9	(4)
Summary and Comment	13	(4)
Need Theories	14	(3)
Summary	17	(3)
Learning Theories	17	(3)
Summary and Comment	20	(2)
Growth and Mastery Motivation Theories	20	(2)
Humanistic Theories	22	(1)
Summary and Comment	22	(2)
Cognitive Theories	23	(1)
Summary	24	(1)
Biological, Learned, and Cognitive Forces	24	(1)
Learning to Make Use of the Internet	25	(1)
Main Points	25	(1)
Components of Motivation	26	(30)
The Biological Component	27	(8)
Origins of Human Brain Design	27	(1)
The Example of Temperament	28	(1)
Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins	29	(1)
Brain Design and Motivation	30	(1)
Some Important Brain Circuits in Motivation	30	(1)
The Disposition to Experience Pleasure and Punishment	31	(2)
The Role of Neurotransmitters in Information Processing	33	(2)
Summary	35	(2)
Practical Application 2-1 Becoming Aware of Your Biological Processes	36	(1)
The Learned Component	37	(5)
Attention and Learning	37	(2)
Classical Conditioning	39	(1)
Instrumental Learning	40	(1)
Social Incentive Theory	41	(1)
Practical Application 2-2 The Need for Intention and Planning When Changing Unwanted Habits---Taking Charge Through Self-Regulation	42	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
The Cognitive Component	43	(6)
Cognitive Theories	43	(1)
The Nature of Cognitions	44	(1)
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values	45	(1)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory	46	(1)
Implicit Theories	47	(1)
Habits, Automatic Behavior, and Cognition	47	(1)
An Example: What Causes Happiness?	48	(1)
Practical Application 2-3 Becoming Mindful of Your Cognitive Processes	49	(2)
Individual Differences	49	(2)
Summary	51	(3)
An Example of a Components Approach	52	(2)
Summary	54	(1)
Main Points	54	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	55	(1)
Part Two Analyzing Some Basic Motivational Systems
Hunger and Eating	56	(27)
How Do Humans Avoid Toxins?	57	(2)
The Biological Component	57	(1)
The Learned Component	58	(1)
The Cognitive Component	59	(1)
Summary	59	(1)
Food Selection	59	(6)
Food and Energy: Fats, Carbohydrates, and Proteins	60	(1)
Food and Nutrients	61	(1)
Humans Evolved as Meat Eaters	62	(1)
The Biological Component	62	(1)
The Learned Component	63	(1)
The Cognitive Component	64	(1)
Summary	65	(1)
Distinguishing Between Hunger and Eating	65	(1)
Eating as a Sensory Experience	65	(1)
The Question of Overweight and Obesity	66	(4)
The Biological Component	67	(1)
Set-Point Theory	68	(1)
Positive-Incentive Theory	68	(1)
The Learned Component	69	(1)
The Cognitive Component	70	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Theories of Overweight and Obesity	71	(5)
The Internal--External Theory of Hunger and Eating	71	(2)
The Boundary Theory of Hunger, Eating, and Obesity	73	(3)
Summary	76	(1)
Difficulties Confronting Dieters	76	(2)
The Biological Component	76	(1)
The Learned Component	77	(1)
The Cognitive Component	77	(1)
Practical Application 3-1 Some Rules for Dieting	78	(1)
Health Implications of Weight Loss and Obesity	78	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
Food Sharing and Eating as a Social Event	80	(1)
The Biological Component	80	(1)
The Learned Component	80	(1)
The Cognitive Component	81	(1)
Summary	81	(1)
Main Points	82	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	82	(1)
Passion, Love, and Sexual Behavior	83	(30)
Human Sexual Arousal (Passion)	84	(6)
The Biological Component	84	(1)
The Learned Component	85	(5)
The Cognitive Component	90	(1)
Summary	90	(1)
Attraction, Passion, Love, and Reproduction	91	(6)
The Biological Component	91	(3)
The Learned Component	94	(1)
The Cognitive Component	95	(2)
Practical Application 4-1 Striving to Attain Consummate Love	97	(1)
Summary	97	(1)
Biological Differences Between Men and Women	98	(3)
Sex Hormones	98	(3)
Summary	101	(4)
Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain	102	(2)
The Politics of Biological Difference	104	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Sexual Orientation	105	(6)
The Biological Component	105	(2)
The Learned Component	107	(2)
The Cognitive Component	109	(2)
Summary	111	(1)
Main Points	111	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	112	(1)
Arousal, Attention, and Peak Performance	113	(33)
Definition of Arousal	114	(1)
Cortical Arousal	114	(3)
The Reticular Activating System (RAS)	114	(1)
Measuring Cortical Activity	115	(1)
Prefrontal Cortex and Attention	116	(1)
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	117	(1)
Evolutionary Consideration	117	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	117	(1)
Arousal, Affect, and Performance	118	(5)
Arousal and Affect	118	(1)
Arousal and Performance	118	(5)
Arousal and Attention	123	(1)
Arousal and Selective Attention	123	(1)
Arousal and the Reorganization of Attention	123	(1)
Two Activation Systems	124	(1)
Conclusion	124	(1)
Summary	124	(1)
Challenges for Performance Theory	125	(2)
Unexplained Arousal	125	(1)
Systems Involved in Peak Performance	125	(2)
Trait Arousal (Anxiety)	127	(4)
The Biological Component	127	(2)
The Learned Social Component	129	(1)
The Cognitive Component	130	(1)
High Trait Arousal and Performance	131	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
State Arousal: Sensory Overload	132	(3)
Sources of Arousal	132	(1)
The Biological Component	133	(1)
The Learned Component	133	(1)
The Cognitive Component	134	(1)
Dealing with Sensory Overload at the Cognitive Level	134	(1)
Sensory Overload and Performance	134	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
State Arousal: Cognitive Dissonance	135	(1)
The Biological Component	135	(1)
The Learned Component	136	(1)
The Cognitive Component	136	(1)
Cognitive Dissonance and Performance	136	(1)
Summary	136	(1)
State Arousal: Evaluation Arousal	137	(1)
Test Anxiety	137	(1)
Test Anxiety and Performance	138	(1)
Summary	138	(5)
Competition Arousal	138	(5)
Evolutionary Considerations	143	(1)
Coping with Evaluation Arousal	143	(1)
Summary	143	(2)
State Arousal and Performance: Some Concluding Comments	143	(2)
Main Points	145	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	145	(1)
Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams	146	(29)
Origins of Sleep: Evolutionary Considerations	147	(1)
Wakefulness, Sleep, and EEG Activity	148	(8)
Correlates of Sleep and Wakefulness	148	(1)
Hobson's Model of Sleep and Dreams	149	(1)
Origins of REM and NREM	150	(1)
Why We Fall Asleep and Why We Wake Up	150	(1)
Practical Application 6-1 Adjusting to Jet Lag	151	(1)
Individual Differences in Sleep Cycles	151	(1)
Other Sleep Rhythms	151	(1)
Effects of Sleep Loss	152	(2)
Practical Application 6-2 Shift Work, Sleepiness, and Catnaps	154	(2)
Some Paradoxical Effects of Sleep Deprivation	156	(1)
Summary	156	(1)
The Function of REM Sleep	157	(6)
Paralysis During REM	157	(1)
REM Deprivation in Humans	157	(1)
The REM Rebound Effect	157	(1)
REM Deprivation in Animals	158	(1)
Motivational Theories of REM	158	(1)
Neural Organization Theories of REM	158	(3)
Individual Differences in the Need for REM Sleep	161	(2)
Summary	163	(1)
Dreaming	163	(7)
Hobson's Activation/Synthesis Theory	163	(2)
The Meaning of Dreams	165	(2)
Status of Theories	167	(1)
Practical Application 6-3 How to Become a Lucid Dreamer	168	(1)
Hartmann's Theory of Sleep	169	(1)
Summary	170	(1)
Sleep Disorders	170	(3)
Insomnia	170	(2)
Practical Application 6-4 Some Common Reasons for Insomnia	172	(1)
Sleep Apnea	172	(1)
Summary	173	(1)
Main Points	173	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	174	(1)
Drug Use and Drug Addiction	175	(32)
Evolutionary Considerations	176	(1)
Some Basic Terms and Concepts	176	(4)
Drug Addiction: The World Health Organization Definition	176	(1)
Substance Abuse	177	(1)
Psychoactive Drugs	177	(1)
Dependency	178	(1)
Tolerance	178	(1)
Solomon's Opponent Process Model of Tolerance	178	(1)
Withdrawal	179	(1)
Craving	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
Why People Become Addicted	181	(1)
Approach and Avoidant Motivation	181	(1)
A Motivational Model	181	(1)
Practical Application 7-1 Factors That Influence Drug Use	182	(1)
The Initial Motivation to Use Drugs	182	(4)
The Biological Component	182	(3)
The Learned Component	185	(1)
The Cognitive Component	185	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Why Drugs Are Addictive	186	(1)
Heroin and Morphine	187	(4)
The Biological Component	187	(1)
The Learned Component	188	(2)
The Cognitive Component	190	(1)
Summary	191	(1)
Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines	191	(2)
The Biological Component	191	(1)
The Learned Component	192	(1)
The Cognitive Component	193	(1)
Summary	193	(1)
The Hallucinogenics: Cannabis and LSD	194	(1)
The Biological Component	194	(1)
The Learned Component	194	(1)
The Cognitive Component	195	(1)
Summary	195	(1)
Nicotine	196	(1)
The Biological Component	196	(1)
The Learned Component	196	(1)
The Cognitive Component	196	(1)
Summary	197	(1)
Alcohol	197	(6)
The Biological Component	197	(2)
The Learned Component	199	(1)
The Cognitive Component	200	(3)
Summary	203	(1)
Practical Application 7-2 How People Quit Addictions	204	(1)
Main Points	204	(2)
InfoTrac® College Edition	206	(1)
Aggression, Coercive Action, and Anger	207	(29)
Kinds of Aggression	208	(1)
The Traditional Definition of Aggression	209	(1)
Research on Aggression	209	(1)
Early Laboratory Research	209	(1)
Aggression in the Real World	210	(1)
New Concepts Regarding Aggression	210	(1)
The Need to Control	210	(1)
A Working Definition of Aggression	211	(1)
Anger and Aggression	211	(1)
Summary	211	(1)
Measuring Human Aggression	212	(1)
The Biological Component of Aggression	212	(4)
Genetic Processes	212	(1)
Hormones and Aggression	212	(2)
Neuromechanisms	214	(2)
Summary	216	(1)
The Learned Component of Aggression	216	(4)
The Concept of Frustration	216	(2)
Social Learning Theory	218	(2)
Summary	220	(1)
The Cognitive Component of Aggression	220	(5)
A Model of Coercive Action	220	(4)
Interpersonal Violence	224	(1)
Summary	225	(1)
Youth Violence	225	(3)
The Biological Component	226	(1)
The Learned Component	226	(2)
The Cognitive Component	228	(1)
Summary	228	(1)
Aggression and Crime	228	(6)
An Integrated Theory of Crime	229	(2)
Aggression and Self-Esteem	231	(1)
Practical Application 8-1 Learning to Manage Anger	232	(2)
Self-Regulation and Crime	234	(1)
Summary	234	(1)
Main Points	235	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	235	(1)
Part Three Emotions and Motivation
Emotions, Stress, and Health	236	(34)
Emotions and Motivation	237	(2)
The Definition of Emotions	238	(1)
The Universal Nature of Emotions	238	(1)
The Role of Appraisal in Emotions	239	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
What Is Stress?	240	(1)
The Definition of Stress	240	(1)
Stress as a Sustained Fight-or-Flight Response	240	(1)
The Biological Component of Stress	241	(5)
The Sympathetic/Adrenal and Pituitary/Adrenal Responses	241	(3)
Stress and the Immune System	244	(2)
Summary	246	(1)
The Learned Component of Stress	246	(5)
Unpredictability and Stress	247	(2)
Learning How to Respond to Stress	249	(1)
Social Factors and Stress: The Workplace Example	249	(2)
Summary	251	(1)
The Cognitive Component of Stress	251	(2)
Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping	252	(1)
Situational Factors and Personal Control	252	(1)
Summary	253	(1)
Moderators of Stress	253	(8)
The Biological Component	253	(1)
Practical Application 9-1 Pet Ownership and Health	254	(1)
The Learned Component	255	(3)
Practical Application 9-2 Becoming a Constructive Thinker	258	(2)
The Cognitive Component	260	(1)
Summary	261	(2)
Practical Application 9-3 Some Rules for Dealing with Stress	262	(1)
Stress and Health	263	(1)
The Cancer Model	264	(4)
The Biological Component	265	(1)
The Learned Component	265	(1)
The Cognitive Component	266	(2)
Religion, Spirituality, and Health	268	(1)
Summary	268	(1)
Main Points	268	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	269	(1)
Goal-Incongruent (Negative) Emotions	270	(33)
Fear and Anxiety	271	(9)
The Biological Component	272	(1)
Anti-Anxiety Drugs	272	(2)
The Learned Component	274	(3)
The Cognitive Component	277	(3)
Summary	280	(1)
Pessimism and Depression	280	(14)
Modern Individualism and the Rise of Depression	281	(1)
The Biological Component of Depression	282	(3)
The Learned Component of Depression	285	(3)
Practical Application 10-1 How to Ward Off Depression	288	(1)
The Cognitive Component of Depression	288	(4)
Practical Application 10-2 Cognitive Therapy and Depression: Learning the Art of Constructive Thinking	292	(2)
Summary	294	(1)
Guilt and Shame	295	(4)
The Biological Component	296	(1)
The Learned Component	297	(1)
The Cognitive Component	298	(1)
Negative Emotions and Goal-Directed Behavior	299	(1)
Summary	299	(4)
Practical Application 10-3 Managing Excessive Guilt and Shame	300	(1)
Main Points	301	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	302	(1)
Goal-Congruent (Positive) Emotions	303	(29)
Happiness	304	(7)
Three Myths About the Origins of Happiness	304	(1)
The Biological Component	305	(2)
The Learned and Cognitive Components	307	(1)
Practical Application 11-1 Improving Human Happiness	308	(2)
Why Did Humans Evolve a Large Prefrontal Cortex in the First Place?	310	(1)
Happiness and Coping	311	(2)
The Biological Component	312	(1)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	312	(1)
Summary	313	(1)
The Question of Uncertainty and Coping	313	(5)
Happiness from Confronting Fear and Uncertainty: Developing a Bias for Action	313	(1)
The Biological Component	314	(1)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	314	(1)
Self-Efficacy Theory and the Dual Route to Anxiety Control	315	(3)
Summary	318	(1)
Optimism and Hope	318	(5)
The Biological Component	319	(1)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	320	(1)
Optimism and Health	321	(2)
Summary	323	(1)
The Role of Early Experience: The Question of Attachment	323	(7)
Practical Application 11-2 How to Become an Optimist: The ABCDE Method	324	(2)
The Biological Component	326	(2)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	328	(2)
Summary	330	(1)
Main Points	331	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	331	(1)
Part Four Growth Motivation and Self-Regulation
From Curiosity to Creativity	332	(27)
Curiosity and Exploratory Behavior	333	(9)
Novelty, Curiosity, and Exploratory Behavior	333	(2)
Competence and Exploratory Behavior	335	(1)
What Is the Motivation to Explore?	335	(1)
The Concept of Challenge and Growth	336	(1)
Anxiety and Exploratory Behavior	337	(1)
The Biological Component	338	(1)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	339	(1)
Intrinsic Motivation	340	(1)
Self-Determination Theory	340	(2)
Summary	342	(1)
Sensation Seeking	342	(5)
The Biological Component	343	(1)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	343	(1)
Practical Application 12-1 Are You a High or a Low Sensation Seeker?	344	(3)
Summary	347	(1)
Creativity	347	(9)
The Biological Component	348	(1)
The Learned/Cognitive Component	349	(3)
The Process of Creativity	352	(4)
Practical Application 12-2 Motivating Creativity by Asking ``What If?''	356	(1)
Summary	356	(2)
Main Points	358	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	358	(1)
The Need for Control and Competence	359	(24)
The Need for Predictability and Control	360	(3)
Control and Health	361	(1)
The Biological Component	361	(1)
The Learned Component	362	(1)
The Cognitive Component	362	(1)
Summary	363	(1)
Competence and Achievement Motivation	363	(7)
Achievement Motivation	364	(1)
The Concept of Competence	364	(1)
The Biological Component	365	(1)
The Learned Component	365	(1)
The Cognitive Component	366	(3)
Practical Application 13-1 Determining Your Achievement Orientation	369	(1)
Summary	370	(1)
Self-Regulation of Competence Development	371	(10)
Some Self-Regulatory Processes That Highly Competent People Use	371	(1)
The Basic Elements of Self-Regulation	372	(1)
Theory and Principles of Goal Setting	373	(4)
A Cyclical Model of Self-Regulation	377	(4)
Summary	381	(1)
Main Points	382	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	382	(1)
The Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	383	(25)
The Biological Component	384	(1)
The Evolution of Consciousness	384	(1)
The Learned and Cognitive Components	385	(11)
Two Aspects of the Self	385	(1)
Possible Selves	386	(2)
Implicit Theories	388	(1)
Practical Application 14-1 How to Create Possible Selves	389	(6)
The Relationship Between World Theories and Self Theories	395	(1)
Growth Goals and Personality Development	395	(1)
Summary	396	(1)
Self-Esteem and the Self-Conscious Emotions	396	(10)
The Definition of Self-Esteem	397	(2)
Distinguishing Between Self-Esteem and Self-Worth	399	(1)
The Motivation for Developing the Self-System and Self-Esteem	399	(1)
Fear of Death: Terror Management Theory	400	(1)
The Question of Biology Versus Learning	401	(1)
Three Major Sources of Self-Esteem Feelings	401	(1)
Gender Differences	402	(1)
The Benefits of High Self-Esteem	402	(4)
Summary	406	(1)
Main Points	407	(1)
InfoTrac® College Edition	407	(1)
References	408	(37)
Author Index	445	(8)
Subject Index	453