Human Motor Development : A Lifespan Approach

by Payne, V. Gregory; Isaacs, Larry

• ISBN13: 9780073523620
• ISBN10: 0073523623
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-10
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

How does a child learn to walk? Can people become more physically fit in their 60s than they were in their 20s? Do physical abilities inevitably decline with age? Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach offers a broad perspective on the movement changes that occur throughout our lives. The text explores both the physical factors that play a role in the way we move and the social and cognitive factors that contribute to and affect motor development. The seventh edition has been rigorously updated to include the most current research findings in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xxi
About the Authors	p. xxiv
An Overview of Development
Introduction to Motor Development	p. 1
Human Motor Development	p. 2
The Importance of Motor Development	p. 3
The Domains of Human Development	p. 4
Development, Maturation, and Growth	p. 6
Development	p. 6
Maturation and Growth	p. 8
General Motor Development Terms	p. 8
Developmental Direction	p. 8
Differentiation and Integration	p. 9
Gross Movement and Fine Movement	p. 10
The Process-Product Controversy	p. 11
Terms for Age Periods Throughout the Lifespan	p. 12
Stages of Development	p. 14
The History of the Field of Motor Development	p. 14
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Motor Development	p. 17
Designing Research in Motor Development: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, or...?	p. 18
Summary	p. 20
Key Terms	p. 21
Questions for Reflection	p. 21
Internet Resources	p. 22
Online Learning Center	p. 22
References	p. 22
Cognitive and Motor Development	p. 24
Psychomotor or Motor?	p. 25
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development	p. 25
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	p. 26
Infancy: The Sensorimotor Stage and Motor Development	p. 28
Childhood: Preoperations and Motor Development	p. 32
Later Childhood and Adolescence: Cognitive and Motor Development	p. 34
Concrete Operational Stage	p. 34
Formal Operational Stage	p. 35
Adulthood: Postformal Operations	p. 36
Adulthood: General Theories of Intellectual Development	p. 37
The Notion of Total Intellectual Decline	p. 37
Partial Intellectual Declines	p. 37
Knowledge Development and Sport Performance	p. 40
Summary	p. 42
Key Terms	p. 43
Questions for Reflection	p. 43
Online Learning Center	p. 43
References	p. 43
Social and Motor Development	p. 45
Socialization	p. 46
Self-Esteem Development and Physical Activity	p. 47
Social Influences During Infancy	p. 50
Social Influences During Childhood	p. 51
Play	p. 52
Family	p. 55
Social Influences During Older Childhood and Adolescence	p. 57
Team Play	p. 58
Gender Role Identification and Movement Activity	p. 60
Social Factors of Adulthood	p. 61
Social Learning and Ageism	p. 63
Other Social Situations Likely to Affect Motor Development	p. 65
The Exercise-Aging Cycle	p. 67
Avoiding the Exercise-Aging Cycle	p. 68
Summary	p. 71
Key Terms	p. 72
Questions for Reflection	p. 72
Internet Resources	p. 72
Online Learning Center	p. 73
References	p. 73
Factors That Affect Development
Prenatal Development Concerns	p. 75
Prenatal Development	p. 76
The First 2 Weeks: Germinal Period	p. 76
Weeks 3 to 8: Embryonic Period	p. 77
Weeks 9 to Birth: Fetal Period	p. 77
Drugs and Medications	p. 79
Recreational Drugs	p. 79
Prescriptive Drugs	p. 82
Nonprescriptive Drugs	p. 82
Obstetrical Medications	p. 83
Maternal Diseases	p. 84
Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome	p. 84
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	p. 84
Toxoplasmosis	p. 85
Rh Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis	p. 86
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 86
Genetic Factors	p. 87
Chromosomal Disorders	p. 87
Gene-Based Disorders	p. 88
Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures	p. 91
Ultrasound	p. 91
Amniocentesis	p. 91
Chorionic Villus Sampling	p. 93
Alpha-Fetoprotein Test	p. 93
Triple Marker Screening	p. 93
Maternal Nutrition	p. 95
Birth Weight	p. 96
Exercise During Pregnancy	p. 98
Maternal Response to Exercise	p. 99
Fetal Responses to Maternal Exercise	p. 100
Summary	p. 101
Key Terms	p. 102
Questions for Reflection	p. 103
Internet Resources	p. 103
Online Learning Center	p. 103
References	p. 104
Effects of Early Stimulation and Deprivation	p. 107
Effects of Early Stimulation	p. 108
Programs to Enhance Early Motor Development	p. 109
Gymboree	p. 110
Swim Programs for Infants and Preschoolers	p. 111
Suzuki Method of Playing the Violin	p. 114
Head Start Programs	p. 115
Infant Walkers	p. 117
Johnny and Jimmy	p. 118
Effects of Early Deprivation	p. 120
Hopi Cradleboards and Infant Development	p. 121
Deprivation Dwarfism	p. 121
Anna: A Case of Extreme Isolation	p. 122
The "Young Savage of Abeyron"	p. 123
Concepts Concerning Stimulation and Deprivation	p. 124
Critical Periods	p. 124
Readiness	p. 126
Catch-Up	p. 127
Summary	p. 129
Key Terms	p. 130
Questions for Reflection	p. 130
Internet Resources	p. 130
Online Learning Center	p. 131
References	p. 131
Physical Changes Across the Lifespan
Growth and Maturation	p. 133
Measuring Growth in Length and Stature	p. 134
Growth in Length and Stature	p. 135
Measuring Body Weight	p. 137
Growth in Body Weight	p. 138
Combining Body Weight and Height: Body Mass Index	p. 143
Stature and Weight: Interrelationship with Motor Development and Performance	p. 145
Adolescent Awkwardness	p. 146
Measuring Changes in Body Proportions	p. 148
Changes in Body Proportions	p. 153
Changes in the Ratio of Head Length to Total Body Length	p. 153
Changes in Head Circumference	p. 154
Changes in Sitting Height	p. 154
Growth in Shoulder and Hip Width	p. 154
Physique	p. 155
Body Proportions: Interrelationship with Motor Performance	p. 157
Measuring Skeletal Health	p. 158
Skeletal Development	p. 158
Exercise, Skeletal Development, and Health	p. 159
Maturation and Developmental Age	p. 162
Skeletal Maturity	p. 162
Dental Maturity	p. 162
Age of Menarche	p. 164
Genitalia Maturity	p. 165
Maturation: Interrelationship with Motor Performance	p. 165
Summary	p. 167
Key Terms	p. 167
Questions for Reflection	p. 167
Internet Resources	p. 168
Online Learning Center	p. 168
References	p. 168
Physiciological Changes: Health-Related Physical Fitness	p. 171
Cardiovascular Fitness	p. 172
Heart Rate	p. 172
Stroke Volume	p. 173
Cardiac Output	p. 174
Maximal Oxygen Consumption	p. 174
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Childhood	p. 175
Cardiovascular Endurance Field-Test Data on Children and Adolescents	p. 176
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Adulthood	p. 177
Muscular Strength	p. 179
Defining and Measuring Muscular Strength	p. 180
Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength: Laboratory Tests	p. 180
Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength/Endurance: Field Tests	p. 181
Muscular Strength Training	p. 182
Mechanisms of Increasing Muscular Strength	p. 188
Flexibility	p. 189
Flexibility: Performance Trends	p. 191
Declining Flexibility and Aging: Causes and Therapy	p. 191
Body Composition	p. 192
Defining Overweight and Obese	p. 192
General Growth Trends of Adipose Tissue	p. 193
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity	p. 193
Association Between Childhood and Adulthood Obesity	p. 196
Laboratory-Test Measures of Body Composition	p. 197
Field-Test Measures of Body Composition	p. 198
Relationship of Obesity to Motor Development and Performance	p. 202
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity	p. 202
Gender Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness	p. 204
Factors Associated with Physiological Fitness	p. 204
Points of Controversy and Concern	p. 204
Summary	p. 205
Key Terms	p. 206
Questions for Reflection	p. 206
Internet Resources	p. 207
Online Learning Center	p. 207
References	p. 207
Movement and the Changing Senses	p. 212
Understanding the Mechanics of Vision	p. 213
Physical Development of the Eye	p. 213
Development of Selected Visual Traits and Skilled Motor Performance	p. 214
Visual Acuity	p. 214
Binocular Vision and Depth Perception	p. 218
Field of Vision	p. 222
Effects of Aging on Depth Perception and Field of Vision	p. 223
Eye Dominance	p. 223
Tracking and Object Interception	p. 224
Motor Development of Children with Visual Impairments	p. 225
Head and Trunk Control	p. 226
Independent Sitting	p. 226
Creeping	p. 226
Independent Walking	p. 226
Prehension	p. 226
Play Behavior of Children with Visual Impairments	p. 227
The Nonvisual Senses	p. 228
The Proprioceptive System	p. 228
The Auditory System	p. 229
The Cutaneous System	p. 230
Summary	p. 231
Key Terms	p. 232
Questions for Reflection	p. 232
Internet Resources	p. 233
Online Learning Center	p. 233
References	p. 233
Movement Across the Lifespan
Infant Reflexes and Stereotypies	p. 235
Importance of the Infant Reflexes	p. 236
Infant Versus Lifespan Reflexes	p. 236
Role of the Reflexes in Survival	p. 237
Role of the Reflexes in Developing Future Movement	p. 238
The Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools	p. 239
Pinpointing the Number of Infant Reflexes	p. 241
Primitive Reflexes	p. 241
Palmar Grasp Reflex	p. 241
Sucking Reflex	p. 242
Search Reflex	p. 243
Moro Reflex	p. 243
Startle Reflex	p. 244
Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex	p. 244
Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex	p. 245
Plantar Grasp Reflex	p. 246
Babinski Reflex	p. 246
Palmar Mandibular Reflex	p. 246
Palmar Mental Reflex	p. 247
Postural Reflexes	p. 248
Stepping Reflex	p. 248
Crawling Reflex	p. 249
Swimming Reflex	p. 249
Head- and Body-Righting Reflexes	p. 249
Parachuting Reflexes	p. 251
Labyrinthine Reflex	p. 251
Pull-Up Reflex	p. 251
Stereotypies	p. 252
Summary	p. 255
Key Terms	p. 255
Questions for Reflection	p. 255
Online Learning Center	p. 255
References	p. 256
Voluntary Movements of Infancy	p. 257
Categorizing the Voluntary Movements of Infancy	p. 258
Head Control	p. 258
Body Control	p. 260
Prone Locomotion	p. 263
Upright Locomotion	p. 264
Reaching, Grasping, and Releasing	p. 267
Anticipation and Object Control in Reaching and Grasping	p. 270
Bimanual Control	p. 271
Summary	p. 273
Key Terms	p. 273
Questions for Reflection	p. 273
Online Learning Center	p. 274
References	p. 274
Fine Motor Development	p. 275
Assessing Fine Movement	p. 276
Categorizing Manipulation	p. 276
The Development of Prehension	p. 278
An Alternate View of the Development of Prehension	p. 281
Exploratory Procedures and Haptic Perception	p. 283
Holding a Writing Implement	p. 285
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Development of the Dynamic Tripod	p. 288
The Dynamic Tripod from 6 to 14 Years	p. 289
Drawing and Writing: Movement Products	p. 289
Drawing: The Product	p. 289
Handwriting: The Product	p. 292
Finger Tapping	p. 293
Fine Motor Slowing in Late Adulthood	p. 294
Summary	p. 295
Key Terms	p. 296
Questions for Reflection	p. 296
Online Learning Center	p. 297
References	p. 297
Fundamental Locomotion Skills of Childhood	p. 299
Walking	p. 300
Dynamic Base	p. 301
Foot Angle	p. 301
Walking Speed	p. 301
Walking with External Loads	p. 303
Walking with and Without Shoes	p. 303
Running	p. 304
Selected Improvements in the Running Pattern	p. 304
Developmental Sequences for Running	p. 305
Developmental Performance Trends for Running	p. 306
Jumping	p. 310
Preparatory Phase	p. 310
Takeoff and Flight Phases	p. 311
Landing Phase	p. 311
Developmental Sequences for the Standing Long Jump	p. 312
Developmental Sequences for the Vertical Jump	p. 312
Developmental Performance Trends for Vertical Jumping	p. 313
A Variation of Jumping: Hopping	p. 315
Combining Fundamental Movements: The Gallop, Slide, and Skip	p. 316
Summary	p. 324
Key Terms	p. 325
Questions for Reflection	p. 325
Internet Resources	p. 325
Online Learning Center	p. 326
References	p. 326
Fundamental Object-Control Skills of Childhood	p. 328
Overarm Throwing	p. 329
Developmental Stages of Throwing	p. 329
Developmental Performance Trends for Overarm Throwing	p. 330
Factors That Influence Overarm Throwing Performance	p. 334
Accounting for Gender Differences in Overarm Throwing	p. 338
Catching	p. 340
Developmental Aspects: Two-Handed Catching	p. 340
Developmental Sequences for Two-Handed Catching	p. 341
Developmental Aspects: One-Handed Catching	p. 344
Factors That Influence Catching Performance	p. 345
Striking	p. 348
Developmental Aspects of One- and Two-Handed Striking	p. 349
Stationary Ball Bouncing	p. 351
Kicking	p. 352
Punting	p. 355
Summary	p. 357
Key Terms	p. 358
Questions for Reflection	p. 358
Online Learning Center	p. 358
References	p. 358
Youth Sports	p. 362
Where Children Participate in Sports	p. 365
Why Children Participate in Sports	p. 366
Participation: Competence Motivation Theory	p. 367
Why Children Drop Out of Sports	p. 368
Sport Participation: Controversies	p. 369
Medical Issues	p. 369
Psychological Issues	p. 378
Youth Sport Coaching	p. 380
Who's Coaching Our Children?	p. 381
An Increasing Need for Educating Coaches	p. 381
Current Coaching Certification Programs	p. 382
Arguments Against Mandatory Coaching Certification	p. 382
Evaluating Coaching Effectiveness	p. 383
Guidelines for Effective Coaching	p. 383
Parental Education: An Attempt to Curb Violence	p. 383
Rights of Young Athletes	p. 384
Youth Sports: Recommendations for the 21st Century	p. 387
Summary	p. 387
Key Terms	p. 387
Questions for Reflection	p. 388
Internet Resources	p. 388
Online Learning Center	p. 388
References	p. 388
Movement in Adulthood	p. 392
The Shift to a Lifespan Approach to Motor Development	p. 393
Balance and Postural Sway	p. 395
Falls	p. 398
Causes of Falls	p. 399
Strategies to Avoid Falls Among the Elderly	p. 401
Walking Patterns of Adulthood	p. 402
Driving and Older Age	p. 404
Adult Performance on Selected Motor Activities	p. 406
Activities of Daily Living	p. 407
Age of Peak Proficiency	p. 408
Adult Performance During High Arousal	p. 409
Movement Speed in Adulthood	p. 411
Running Speed	p. 411
Reaction and Response Time	p. 412
Is a Movement Decline Inevitable with Age?	p. 414
Compensation for the Movement Decline	p. 414
Effects of Exercise on the Movement Decline	p. 415
Effects of Practice on the Movement Decline	p. 417
Physical Activity Trends in Adulthood	p. 418
Sports-Related Injuries to Baby Boomers and Older Adults	p. 419
Teaching Movement Skill to the Older Adult	p. 420
The World Health Organization Heidelberg Guidelines	p. 422
Summary	p. 424
Key Terms	p. 425
Questions for Reflection	p. 426
Internet Resources	p. 426
Online Learning Center	p. 426
References	p. 426
Assessing Motor Development and Implementing a Program
Assessment	p. 429
Guidelines for Assessment	p. 430
Why Assess?	p. 430
What Variables to Assess	p. 430
Selecting the Best Test	p. 430
Preparing Students for Assessment	p. 431
Instructor Preparation and Data Collection	p. 432
Interpreting the Assessment Data	p. 432
Formal Versus Informal Assessment	p. 434
Sharing Assessment Results	p. 434
Types of Assessment Instruments	p. 434
Norm-Referenced	p. 435
Criterion-Referenced	p. 435
Product-Oriented Assessment	p. 435
Product- Versus Process-Oriented Assessment: A Comparative Example	p. 435
Product-Oriented Assessment	p. 436
Process-Oriented Assessment	p. 436
Selected Norm-Referenced Instruments	p. 437
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III	p. 437
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency	p. 437
Basic Motor Ability Test-Revised	p. 437
Denver II	p. 438
Selected Process-Oriented Assessment Instruments	p. 440
Sigma	p. 440
Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills Inventory	p. 440
Fundamental Motor Pattern Assessment Instrument	p. 443
Test of Gross Motor Development-2	p. 443
Assessing the Disabled	p. 443
Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development	p. 448
I Can	p. 448
Aids in Assessing Motor Skills	p. 449
Assessing Physical Fitness	p. 449
The Fitnessgram/Activitygram	p. 449
The Brockport Physical Fitness Test	p. 453
The President's Challenge	p. 453
National Youth Physical Fitness Program	p. 456
National Children and Youth Fitness Studies I and II	p. 456
Functional Fitness Assessment for Adults Over 60 Years	p. 457
The Senior Fitness Test	p. 457
Summary	p. 457
Key Terms	p. 458
Questions for Reflection	p. 458
Internet Resources	p. 458
Online Learning Center	p. 459
References	p. 459
Planning and Conducting Developmental Movement Programs	p. 461
Preprogram Considerations	p. 462
Philosophy	p. 462
Facilities and Equipment	p. 462
Personnel	p. 467
Administrative Considerations	p. 468
Advertising the Program	p. 468
Registration	p. 469
Orientation Meeting	p. 469
First-Aid and Emergency Procedures	p. 471
Cancellation Procedures	p. 471
Drop-Off and Pick-Up Procedures	p. 472
Curricular Considerations	p. 472
Preprogram Assessments	p. 472
Instructional Organization	p. 473
Instructional Delivery Considerations	p. 473
Postprogram Discussions	p. 476
Parents' Workshop	p. 476
Summary	p. 477
Key Terms	p. 477
Questions for Reflection	p. 477
Internet Resources	p. 477
Online Learning Center	p. 478
References	p. 478
Growth Charts: National Center for Health Statistics	p. A-1
Body Mass Index Table	p. A-12
Summary of the Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health	p. A-14
Summary of the CDC's Guidelines for School and Community Programs Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity	p. A-18
List of Web Sites	p. A-23
Author Index	p. I-1
Subject Index	p. I-7
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