Human Record Vol. 1 : Sources of Global History to 1700

by Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H.

• ISBN13: 9780618042456
• ISBN10: 0618042458
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Unlike some other world history texts that center on the West, The Human Record provides balanced coverage of the global past. The book features both written and artifactual sources that are placed in their full historical contexts through introductory essays, footnotes, and focus questions. The text sheds light on the experiences of women and non-elite groups while maintaining overall balance and a focus on the major patterns of global historical developments through the ages.

Table of Contents

Geographic Contents	xiii
Topical Contents	xvii
Preface	xxix
Prologue: Primary Sources and How We Read Them	1	(1)
What Is History?	1	(1)
Primary Sources: Their Value and Limitations	2	(1)
Examining the Sources	3	(2)
You and the Sources	5	(9)
``With the Royal Standard Unfurled''
Christopher Columbus, A Letter Concerning Recently Discovered Islands	7	(7)
Interpreting Columbus's Letter	14	(4)
Unwritten Sources	18	(2)
The Family Dinner
An Anonymous Woodcut of 1511	18	(2)
Interpreting the Woodcut	20
Part One The Ancient World	1	(176)
The First Civilizations	5	(37)
Mesopotamia: The Land of Two Rivers	6	(10)
The Search for Eternal Life in Mesopotamia
The Epic of Gilgamesh	7	(5)
Bringing Order to an Uncertain World
The Judgments of Hammurabi	12	(4)
Egypt: The River of Two Lands	16	(9)
The Search for Eternal Life in Egypt
Three Funerary Texts	17	(5)
Making a Living in Ancient Egypt
A Scribal Exercise Book	22	(3)
China: The Land of the Yellow River	25	(6)
The Mandate of Heaven
The Classic of History	26	(2)
Zhou Viewed from Above and Below
The Classic of Odes	28	(3)
Mute Testimony	31	(11)
Bringing in the Sheaves
A Tassili Rock Painting	32	(1)
Cultural Impressions
Indus, Mesopotamian, and Cretan Seals	33	(3)
Sacred Kingship along the Nile
Two Temple Reliefs	36	(2)
The Were-Jaguar
Four Olmec Statuettes	38	(4)
Newcomers: From Nomads to Settlers	42	(22)
The Indo-Europeans	43	(10)
Life, Death, and the Gods in Aryan India
The Rig Veda	44	(4)
A Journey to the Underworld
Homer, The Odyssey	48	(5)
The Hebrews and Their Neighbors	53	(11)
Establishing a Covenant with Humanity
The Book of Genesis	54	(4)
Establishing a Covenant with the Chosen People
The Book of Deuteronomy	58	(3)
Keeping and Breaking the Covenant
The Book of Judges	61	(3)
Transcendental Reality: Developing the Spiritual Traditions of India and Southwest Asia: 800--200 B.C.E.	64	(29)
The Emergence of Brahminical Hinduism	66	(7)
The Hindu Search for Divine Reality
The Upanishads	67	(3)
Dharma: The Imperative of Caste Law
The Bhagavad Gita	70	(3)
Challengers of Caste: The Mahavira and the Buddha	73	(12)
A Call to the Heroic Life
The Book of Good Conduct	74	(3)
The Path to Enlightenment
The Buddha, Two Lessons	77	(4)
Admitting Women to the Mendicant Life
The Discipline Basket	81	(4)
Persians, Israelites, and Their Gods	85	(8)
The Struggle between Good and Evil
Zarathustra, Gathas	85	(4)
A New Covenant for All Peoples
The Book of Isaiah	89	(4)
The Secular Made Sacred: Developing the Humanistic Traditions of China and Hellas: 600--200 B.C.E.	93	(39)
China: Thought in Search of Harmony	94	(15)
Daoism: The Way That Is and Is Not
Laozi, The Classic of the Way and Virtue	96	(3)
Confucianism: The Way of the Superior Man
Confucius, The Analects	99	(4)
Legalism in Theory and Practice: The Way of the State
Han Fei, The Writings of Master Han Fei and Sima Qian, The Records of the Grand Historian	103	(3)
Yin and Yang and the Dao of Good Health
The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine	106	(3)
Hellenic Civilization: A Rational Inquiry into Life	109	(23)
Hellenic Medicine
Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease	110	(3)
The Athenian as Citizen
Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War	113	(6)
An Alienated Woman
Euripides, Medea	119	(4)
Socrates and the Laws of Athens
Plato, Crito	123	(5)
Art and the Human Form
Three Hellenic Works of Art	128	(4)
Regional Empires and Afro-Eurasian Interchange: 300 B.C.E.--500 C.E.	132	(45)
The Greco-Roman World	134	(12)
Images of the Hellenistic World
Four Hellenistic Sculptures	135	(4)
Rome Viewed from the Underworld
Virgil, The Aeneid	139	(3)
Three Women in the Age of the Pax Romana
Three Funerary Monuments	142	(4)
Han China	146	(9)
Establishing an Imperial Confucian Academy
Sima Qian, The Records of the Grand Historian	147	(4)
A Woman's Place as Viewed by a Female Confucian
Ban Zhao, Lessons for Women	151	(4)
India in the Age of Empires	155	(13)
The Softening Effects of Dharma
Asoka, Rock and Pillar Edicts	156	(4)
Sacred Law in Classical India
The Laws of Manu	160	(4)
Gupta India as Viewed by a Chinese Monk
Faxian, Travels in India and Ceylon	164	(4)
Long-Distance Travel and Exchange	168	(9)
Faxian's Homeward Voyage
Faxian, Travels	169	(3)
The Transit of Images along Trade Routes
Five Robed Statues	172	(5)
Part Two Faith, Devotion, and Salvation: Great World Religions to 1500 C.E.	177	(88)
New Developments in Three Ancient Religions	179	(22)
Hinduism: The Way of Devotion	180	(5)
Vishnu, Destroyer of Sin
The Vishnu Purana	181	(1)
Shiva, Auspicious Destroyer
Shiva Nataraja	182	(3)
Mahayana Buddhism: A Religion of Infinite Compassion	185	(7)
Perceiver of the World's Sounds: A Universal Bodhisattva
The Lotus Sutra	186	(3)
Images of Compassion
Three Bodhisattvas	189	(3)
Rabbinical Judaism	192	(9)
A Defense of the Law
Flavius Josephus, Against Apion	193	(3)
Persecution and Messianic Hope
Maimonides, Letter to Yemen	196	(5)
Christianity: Conquering the World for Christ	201	(28)
The Foundations of Christianity	202	(6)
Becoming Spiritually Perfect
The Gospel of Saint Matthew	203	(2)
The Path to Righteousness: The Law or Faith?
Saint Paul, The Epistle to the Romans	205	(3)
Christianity and the Roman World	208	(14)
Persecution and Deliverance
Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History	209	(5)
The Christian Empire
The Theodosian Code	214	(3)
The Christian Emperor
The Barberini Ivory	217	(2)
The Origins of Christian Monasticism
Saint Ephraem of Edessa, The Life of Saint Mary the Harlot	219	(3)
Religious Exchange and Interchange	222	(7)
Gnostic Christianity: The Secret Knowledge of Jesus
The Gospel of Thomas	222	(3)
Manichaeism: Enlightening the World
The Parable about the World-Ocean	225	(4)
Islam: Universal Submission to God	229	(36)
The Foundations of Islamic Life	231	(15)
The Word of God
The Qur'an	232	(5)
The Tales of Tradition
Imam Nawawi, Gardens of the Righteous	237	(4)
Muhammad's Night Journey and Ascent to Heaven
Muhammad ibn Ishaq, The Life of the Messenger of God	241	(3)
Shari'a: God's Law
Ibn Abi Zayd al-Kayrawani, The Treatise on Law	244	(2)
Variety and Unity in Islam	246	(8)
God's Martyrs: The Party of Ali
Ibn Bahawayh al-Saduq, Creed Concerning the Imams	246	(3)
Sufi Mysticism
Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, The Alchemy of Happiness	249	(2)
An African Pilgrim to Mecca
Mahmud Kati, The Chronicle of the Seeker	251	(3)
Islam and Unbelievers	254	(11)
The Dhimma
Ibn Muslama's Pact with the Christians of Tiflis and The Pact of Umar	255	(2)
The Jewish Community of Twelfth-Century Baghdad
Benjamin of Tudela, Book of Travels	257	(3)
Fourteenth-Century Hindu Dhimmis
The Deeds of Sultan Firuz Shah	260	(5)
Part Three Continuity, Change, and Interchange: 500--1500	265	(146)
Asia: Change in the Context of Tradition	267	(64)
Japan: Creating a Distinctive Civilization	268	(13)
History in Service to State-Building
Yasumara, Preface to Records of Ancient Matters	269	(3)
An Aristocratic Woman in Eleventh-Century Japan
Murasaki Shikibu, Diary	272	(4)
The Ideal Samurai
Chronicle of the Grand Pacification	276	(5)
China: The Ages of Tang and Song	281	(15)
Open to the Word: Christianity in Tang China
The Christian Monument	283	(4)
Bishop Adam
Troubles in Late Tang
Du Fu, Poems	287	(2)
The Dao of Agriculture in Song China
The Craft of Farming	289	(3)
Chen Pu
Thirteenth-Century Hangzhou
A Record of Musings on the Eastern Capital	292	(4)
Buddhism in East Asia: Acceptance, Rejection, and Accommodation	296	(11)
A Conflict of Values: Foreign Religions in Late Tang China
Memorial on Buddhism, and Emperor Tang Wuzong, Proclamation Ordering the Destruction of the Buddhist Monasteries	297	(4)
Han Yu
The Neo-Confucian Response to Buddhism
Conversations of Master Zhu, Arranged Topically	301	(4)
Zhu Xi
Zen Buddhism in Japan
On Life and Death	305	(2)
Dogen
Southwest Asia: Crossroads of The Afro-Eurasian World	307	(13)
The Arrival of the Turks
The Merits of the Turks and of the Imperial Army as a Whole	308	(3)
Al-Jabiz
The Arrival of the Franks
The Book of Reflections	311	(4)
Usamah ibn Munqidh
Sinbad's First Voyage
A Thousand and One Arabian Nights	315	(5)
India: Continuity and Change	320	(11)
Islam and Hindu Civilization: Cultures in Conflict
Description of India	321	(4)
Abu'l Raihan al-Biruni
The Perfect Wife
Dandin, Tales of the Ten Princes	325	(3)
A Sati's Sacrifice
Vikrama's Adventures	328	(3)
Two Christian Civilizations: Byzantium and Western Europe	331	(45)
Justinian the Great: The First Byzantine Emperor	333	(11)
Two Imperial Portraits: Justinian and Theodora
The Mosaics of San Vitale	334	(4)
Justinian: God's Deputy or a Devil?
Procopius, On the Buildings and The Secret History	338	(6)
Charles the Great: Europe's First Emperor	344	(7)
A Papal Portrait: Leo III and Charles the Great
Pope Leo III's Lateran Mosaic	344	(2)
A Carolingian Vision of Reality
Charles the Great, A Letter to Pope Leo III and The Capitulary on the Missi	346	(5)
Constantinople and Rome: Beacons of Christianity	351	(7)
Bringing Christianity to the Rus'
The Russian Primary Chronicle	351	(4)
Bringing Christianity to the Magyars
Letter to Saint Stephen of Hungary	355	(3)
Pope Sylvester II
A Conflict of Authorities	358	(7)
A Papal Rejoinder to the Byzantine Emperor
Pope Innocent III, Solitae	358	(4)
A Middle Ground
John of Paris, A Treatise on Royal and Papal Power	362	(3)
Byzantium and the West in the Age of the Crusades: The Dividing of Christendom	365	(11)
The West and the First Crusade from a Byzantine Perspective
The Alexiad	366	(3)
Anna Comnena
The Fourth Crusade from a Byzantine Perspective
Nicetas Choniates, Annals	369	(3)
The Fourth Crusade from a Western Perspective
Gunther of Pairis, A Constantinopolitan History	372	(4)
Africa and the Americas	376	(35)
Africa	378	(14)
The Land of Zanj: Tenth-Century East Africa
Meadows of Gold	379	(3)
Abu'l-Hasan Ali al-Mas'udi
The Land of Ghana: Eleventh-Century Western Sudan
The Book of Routes and Realms	382	(4)
Abu Ubaydallab al-Bakri
The Land of Seyon: Fourteenth-Century Ethiopia
The Glorious Victories of 'Amda Seyon	386	(4)
A Yoruba Woman of Authority?
Seated Female Figure	390	(2)
The Americas	392	(19)
The God Who Descended from the Mountains
A Moche Ceramic	394	(2)
Taino Culture
A Report Concerning the Antiquities of the Indians	396	(6)
Ramon Pane
Quiche Mayan Gods and Monarchs
The Book of the Community	402	(3)
Governing the Inca Empire
Pedro de Cieza de Leon, Chronicles	405	(6)
Part Four Travel, Encounter, and Exchange: 1000--1700	411	(84)
Adventurers, Merchants, Diplomats, Pilgrims, and Missionaries: A Half Millennium of Travel and Encounter: 1000--1500	413	(44)
The World Perceived	415	(11)
A Chinese View of the World
A Description of Foreign Peoples	416	(3)
Zhau Rugua
A European View of the World
Travels	419	(5)
John Mandeville
A Korean View of the World
The Kangnido	424	(2)
Travel in the Age of the Pax Mongolica	426	(19)
Traveling among the Mongols
William of Rubruck, Journey to the Land of the Tartars	426	(5)
Traveling the Silk Road
Description of the World	431	(4)
Marco Polo
A European Missionary Travels to China
John of Monte Corvino, Letter to the West	435	(4)
A Chinese Traveler among the Khmer
Recollections of the Customs of Cambodia	439	(3)
Zhou Daguan
Advice for Merchants Traveling to Cathay
The Practice of Commerce	442	(3)
Francesco Pegolotti
Travel Beyond the Mongol Ecumene	445	(12)
A Moroccan Visitor in Sub-Saharan Africa
A Donation to Those Interested in Curiosities	445	(5)
Ibn Battuta
Zheng He's Western Voyages
The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores	450	(4)
Ma Huan
The Origins of Portugal's Overseas Empire
Games Eannes de Azurara, The Chronicle of Guinea	454	(3)
Transoceanic Encounters: 1500--1700	457	(38)
Europeans in the Americas	458	(12)
The Battle for Tenochtitlan: An Aztec Perspective
General History of the Things of New Spain	460	(5)
Bernardino de Sahagun
The ``Mountain of Silver'' and the Mita System
Compendium and Description of the West Indies	465	(5)
Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa
African Reactions to the European Presence	470	(10)
An African Voice of Ambivalence?
Nazinga Mbemba (Afonso I), Letters to the King of Portugal	471	(3)
Images of the Portugues in the Art of Benin
A Benin-Portuguese Saltcellar and A Benin Wall Plaque	474	(4)
The Economics of the West African Slave Trade
A Voyage to New Calabar River in the Year 1699	478	(2)
James Barbot
Chinese and Japanese Reactions to the West	480	(7)
The Jesuits in China
Journals	481	(4)
Matteo Ricci
The Seclusion of Japan
Closed Country Edict of 1635 and Exclusion of the Portuguese, 1639	485	(2)
Tokugawa Iemitsu
The Great Mughals and the West	487	(8)
Dealing with the Faringis
Akbarnama	488	(3)
Abu'l Fazl
Seventeenth-Century Commerce in India
Travels in India	491	(4)
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
Sources	495