Human Reproductive Biology

by Jones; Lopez

• ISBN13: 9780120884650
• ISBN10: 0120884658
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-17
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition, explains today's advances in reproductive science and discusses the choices and concerns that are a major part of our lives. It has been fully updated to include the latest medical research into human reproduction and associated health concerns, including new treatments and technologies. The text covers the biological fundamentals, and looks at current topics such as aging of the male and female reproductive systems, hormone therapies, fertility studies and treatments, sexual behavior, and the latest issues related to pregancy.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART ONE Adult Female and Male Reproductive Systems	1	(124)
Endocrinology, Brain and Pituitary Gland	3	(28)
Introduction	3	(1)
Endocrine System	3	(1)
Science of Endocrinology	4	(2)
Hormones	6	(1)
Receptors	6	(3)
Synthetic Hormones	9	(1)
The Pituitary Gland	10	(1)
Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial Connection	10	(4)
Adenohypophysis	14	(1)
Hypothalamo-Adenohypophysial Connection	15	(3)
Releasing and Release-Inhibiting Hormones	18	(1)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone	19	(1)
Box 1: GnRH Analogs	20	(1)
The GnRH Pulse Generator and Surge Center	21	(1)
Box 2: Kallmann's Syndrome and the Embryological Origin and Migration of GnRH Cells	22	(1)
Pineal Gland	23	(1)
Feedback Control of Gonadotropin Secretion	24	(3)
Feedback Systems	24	(1)
Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion by Negative Feedback	25	(1)
Positive Feedback	26	(1)
Control of Prolactin Secretion	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Further Reading	29	(1)
Advanced Reading	29	(2)
The Female Reproductive System	31	(42)
Introduction	31	(1)
Ovaries	31	(15)
Ovarian Gross Anatomy	31	(1)
Ovarian Microanatomy	31	(1)
Stages of Follicular Growth	32	(4)
Follicular Atresia	36	(1)
Ovarian Steroid Hormone Synthesis	36	(3)
Hormonal Control of Follicular Growth and Steroidogenesis	39	(1)
Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation	40	(3)
Corpus Luteum	43	(1)
Ovarian Disorders	44	(1)
Ovarian Cysts	44	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	45	(1)
Box 1: The Estrogen Epidemic	46	(1)
Oviducts	47	(1)
Uterus	48	(5)
Uterine Functional Anatomy	48	(1)
Uterine Disorders	49	(1)
Pelvic Infection	49	(1)
Cervical Cancer	49	(1)
Cervical Cysts and Polyps	50	(1)
Endometrial Cancer	50	(1)
Endometriosis	51	(1)
Endometrial Polyps, Hyperplasia, and Fibroids	51	(1)
``Tipped'' Uterus	52	(1)
Prolapsed Uterus	52	(1)
Vagina	53	(1)
Structure	53	(1)
The Vaginal Environment	53	(1)
Female External Genitalia	54	(2)
Mons Pubis	54	(1)
Labia Majora	54	(1)
Labia Minora	55	(1)
Vestibule	55	(1)
Urethral Orifice	56	(1)
Clitoris	56	(1)
Mammary Glands	56	(6)
Mammary Gland Functional Anatomy	56	(2)
Hormonal Control of Mammary Gland Function	58	(1)
Suckling	58	(1)
Noncancerous Breast Disorders	59	(1)
Breast Cancer	59	(1)
Risk	59	(1)
Inherited Breast Cancer	60	(1)
Noninherited Breast Cancer	61	(1)
Box 2: Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer	62	(5)
Detection	65	(1)
Treatment of Breast	66	(1)
Cancer Summary	67	(1)
Further Reading	68	(2)
Advanced Reading	70	(3)
The Menstrual Cycle	73	(24)
Introduction	73	(1)
Reproductive Cycles in Mammals	73	(2)
Major Events in the Menstrual Cycle	75	(1)
The Menstrual Cycle in Detail	76	(3)
Menstrual Phase	76	(1)
Follicular Phase	77	(2)
Box 1: Why Women Menstruate	79	(6)
Luteal Phase	83	(2)
Variations in Length of Menstrual Cycle Phases	85	(1)
Methods for Detecting Ovulation	85	(2)
Home Methods	86	(1)
Laboratory Methods	86	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome	87	(1)
Symptoms	87	(1)
Possible Causes and Treatments	87	(1)
Cyclic Changes in Mood and Skill Level	88	(1)
Menstrual Difficulties	88	(1)
Dysmenorrhea	88	(1)
Absence of Menstruation	89	(1)
Box 2: Body Fat and Secondary Amenorrhea	89	(2)
Menstrual Taboos	91	(1)
Chapter Summary	91	(1)
Further Reading	92	(1)
Advanced Reading	93	(4)
The Male Reproductive System	97	(28)
Introduction	97	(1)
Testes	97	(7)
Seminiferous Tubules	99	(1)
Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis	99	(2)
Sertoli Cells	101	(1)
Testicular Interstitial Tissue	102	(2)
Box 1: Estrogens Are Male Sex Hormones	104	(8)
Hormonal Control of Testicular Function	105	(2)
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Male	107	(1)
Other Factors That Influence Testicular Function	108	(1)
Other Hormones	108	(1)
Nutrition and Exercise	108	(1)
Chemicals, Radiation, and Infections	109	(1)
Anabolic Steroids	109	(1)
Testicular Cancer	109	(1)
Testosterone and Behavior	110	(1)
Libido	110	(1)
Aggression	110	(1)
Sperm Count and Endocrine Disruptors	111	(1)
Male Sex Accessory Ducts and Glands	112	(5)
Sex Accessory Ducts	112	(1)
Epididymis	112	(1)
Vas Deferens	113	(1)
Urethra	113	(1)
Sex Accessory Glands	113	(1)
Seminal Vesicles	113	(1)
Prostate Gland	114	(1)
Bulbourethral Glands	114	(1)
Prostate Disorders	114	(3)
Hormonal Control of Sex Accessory Structures	117	(1)
Penis	117	(1)
Scrotum	118	(1)
Box 2: Why a Scrotum?	119	(2)
Cancer Summary	121	(1)
Further Reading	121	(1)
Advanced Reading	122	(3)
PART TWO Sexual Differentiation and Development	125	(66)
Sexual Differentiation	127	(22)
Introduction	127	(1)
Chromosomal Sex	127	(1)
X Chromosome	127	(2)
Y Chromosome	129	(1)
Box 1: Why the Y Chromosome?	130	(3)
Sex-Linked Inheritance	132	(1)
Development of the Reproductive System	133	(1)
The Sexually Indifferent Stage	133	(1)
Gonadal Sex Differentiation	133	(4)
Ovarian Development	134	(1)
Testicular Development	135	(2)
Testis-Determining Factor	137	(1)
Differentiation of Sex Accessory Ducts and Glands	137	(1)
Differentiation of External Genitalia	138	(1)
Summary of Sexual Determination and Development	138	(2)
Disorders of Sexual Determination and Development	140	(1)
True Hermaphroditism	140	(1)
Pseudohermaphroditism	140	(1)
Box 2: Guevedoces	141	(4)
Chromosomal Errors and Sex Determination	144	(1)
Other Problems in Sex Development	145	(1)
Reproductive System in the Newborn	145	(1)
Chapter Summary	146	(1)
Further Reading	147	(1)
Advanced Reading	147	(2)
Puberty	149	(26)
Introduction	149	(1)
Puberty and Its Timing	149	(7)
The Pubertal Process	149	(1)
Pubertal Changes in Females	149	(2)
Pubertal Changes in Males	151	(2)
Classification of Pubertal Changes	153	(3)
Gonadal Changes from Birth to Puberty	156	(2)
Ovarian Changes	156	(1)
Testicular Changes	157	(1)
Cryptorchid Testes	157	(1)
Hormone Levels from Birth to Puberty	158	(5)
Hormones in Females	160	(1)
Menarche and First Ovulation	160	(1)
Estrogens	160	(1)
Androgens	160	(1)
Hormone Levels in Males	160	(1)
Gonadotropins and Androgens	160	(1)
Estrogens	161	(1)
Androgens and Acne	161	(1)
What Mechanisms Cause Puberty?	161	(2)
Environmental Factors and Puberty	163	(3)
Nutrition	164	(1)
Day Length and Season	165	(1)
Stressors	165	(1)
Box 1: Early Childhood Stress and Sexual Maturation	166	(2)
Environmental Pollutants	167	(1)
Climate and Altitude	168	(1)
Inheritance and Age of Puberty	168	(1)
Box 2: Puberty Genes	168	(2)
Puberty and Psychosocial Adjustment	170	(1)
Chapter Summary	171	(1)
Further Reading	171	(1)
Advanced Reading	172	(3)
Reproductive Aging	175	(16)
Introduction	175	(1)
Menopause	175	(1)
Timing of Menopause	176	(1)
Female Reproductive Age	176	(1)
Box 1: Egg Aging	177	(2)
Perimenopause	179	(1)
Premature Menopause	179	(1)
Symptoms of Menopause	179	(1)
Endocrine Changes during Menopause	180	(2)
Chance of Pregnancy	182	(1)
Box 2: The Evolution of Menopause in Humans	183	(1)
Osteoporosis and Other Postmenopausal Disorders	184	(1)
Treatments for Menopause: Benefits and Risks	185	(2)
Andropause	187	(1)
Testicular Function in Old Age	187	(1)
Chapter Summary	188	(1)
Further Reading	189	(1)
Advanced Reading	189	(2)
PART THREE Procreation	191	(158)
The Human Sexual Response	193	(38)
Introduction	193	(1)
Sex Roles	193	(1)
Factors Influencing Sex Roles	193	(1)
Gender Identity	193	(1)
Nature or Nurture	194	(1)
Sexual Arousal	194	(2)
Cultural Influence and Individual Variation	194	(1)
Erotic Stimuli	195	(1)
Erogenous Zones	195	(1)
Proceptive Behavior	195	(1)
The Sexual Response Cycle	196	(5)
The Female Sexual Response Cycle	196	(1)
Excitement Phase	197	(1)
Plateau Phase	198	(1)
Orgasmic Phase	198	(2)
Resolution Phase	200	(1)
Individual Variation	201	(1)
The Male Sexual Response Cycle	201	(4)
Excitement Phase	201	(2)
Plateau Phase	203	(1)
Orgasmic Phase	204	(1)
Resolution Phase	205	(1)
Why Did Orgasm Evolve?	205	(1)
Coitus (Sexual Intercourse)	205	(2)
Hormones and Sexual Behavior	207	(1)
Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior	207	(1)
Box 1: Human Pheromones and the Vomeronasal Organ	208	(2)
Hormones and Female Sexual Behavior	209	(1)
Box 2: Human Mating Systems	210	(5)
Homosexuality	213	(2)
Myths	215	(5)
Sexual Activity and Response	215	(1)
Patterns of Sexual Behavior	216	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theory	216	(1)
Learning Theory	216	(1)
Hormones	217	(1)
Genetic Basis of Homosexuality	217	(1)
Conclusion	218	(1)
Homophobia	218	(1)
Treatment	219	(1)
Transsexualism	219	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction	220	(3)
Vaginismus	220	(1)
Dyspareunia	221	(1)
Premature Ejaculation	221	(1)
Ejaculatory Incompetence	221	(1)
Erectile Dysfunction	221	(1)
Orgasmic Dysfunction	222	(1)
Drugs and Human Sexual Behavior	223	(3)
Therapeutic Drugs	224	(1)
Nontherapeutic Drugs	224	(2)
Chapter Summary	226	(1)
Further Reading	227	(1)
Advanced Reading	228	(3)
Gamete Transport and Fertilization	231	(22)
Introduction	231	(1)
Semen Release	231	(1)
Contents of Seminal Plasma	232	(1)
Sperm Number and Structure	233	(1)
Sperm Transport and Maturation in the Female Reproductive Tract	234	(2)
Vaginal Sperm	234	(1)
Cervical Sperm	235	(1)
Uterine Sperm	235	(1)
Transport of the Sperm and Ovum in the Oviduct	236	(1)
Sperm Capacitation and Activation	237	(1)
When Can Fertilization Occur?	237	(1)
Box 1: Does the Human Egg Court Sperm?	238	(1)
The Process of Fertilization	239	(5)
Sperm Passage through the Cumulus Oophorus	239	(1)
Sperm Passage through the Zona Pellucida	240	(2)
Sperm Attachment to the Egg Plasma Membrane	242	(1)
The Cortical Reaction	242	(1)
Completion of the Second Meiotic Division	242	(1)
Formation and Fusion of Sperm and Egg Pronuclei	243	(1)
Box 2: Sperm Hitchhikers	244	(2)
Chemical Inhibition of Fertilization	246	(1)
Sex Ratios	246	(1)
Sex Preselection	247	(1)
Multiple Embryos	248	(1)
Parthenogenesis	248	(1)
Chromosomal Aberrations	248	(3)
Chapter Summary	251	(1)
Further Reading	251	(1)
Advanced Reading	252	(1)
Pregnancy	253	(44)
Introduction	253	(1)
What Is Pregnancy?	253	(1)
Signs of Pregnancy	254	(1)
Pregnancy Tests	255	(1)
What to Do If You Are Pregnant	255	(1)
The Process of Pregnancy	256	(5)
Implantation	256	(5)
Box 1: Trading of Cells between Fetus and Mom during Pregnancy	261	(7)
Early Embryonic Development	263	(1)
Extraembryonic Membranes	263	(2)
The Placenta	265	(3)
Box 2: Maternal and Paternal Genetic Imprinting	268	(2)
Twin Pregnancies	270	(1)
Embryonic and Fetal Development	271	(6)
The Embryonic Period	271	(2)
The Fetal Period	273	(2)
Digestive/Urinary Systems	275	(1)
Circulatory System	275	(1)
Nervous System	275	(2)
Endocrine System	277	(1)
Fetal Disorders	277	(4)
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders	277	(1)
Rhesus Disease	277	(1)
Teratogens, Mutagens, and Other Agents That Damage the Fetus	278	(1)
Viruses and Bacteria	278	(1)
Environmental Pollutants	279	(1)
Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco	279	(2)
Box 3: The Adaptive Value of Morning Sickness	281	(2)
Radiation	283	(1)
High Altitude	283	(1)
Fetal Evaluation	283	(2)
The Pregnant Woman	285	(7)
Maternal Nutrition	285	(1)
Physiological Changes during Pregnancy	286	(1)
The Endocrinology of Pregnancy	286	(3)
Maternal Complications of Pregnancy	289	(1)
Toxemia	289	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	290	(1)
Ectopic Pregnancies	290	(1)
Hydatidiform Moles	291	(1)
Septic Pregnancy	291	(1)
Hemorrhage	291	(1)
Miscarriage	291	(1)
Sex during Pregnancy	292	(1)
Chances for a Successful Pregnancy	292	(1)
Chapter Summary	293	(1)
Further Reading	294	(1)
Advanced Reading	295	(2)
Labor and Birth	297	(28)
Introduction	297	(1)
Time of Birth	297	(3)
Hormones and Birth	300	(1)
Delayed Birth in Sheep	300	(1)
Hormonal Initiation of Human Birth	301	(1)
Box 1: The Placental Clock	301	(3)
Induced Labor	304	(1)
Preparation for Labor	305	(1)
The Birth Process	305	(7)
Stage 1: Cervical Effacement and Dilation	305	(5)
Stage 2: Expulsion of the Fetus	310	(1)
Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta	311	(1)
Premature Births	312	(1)
Multiple Births	313	(1)
Difficult Fetal Positions	314	(1)
Handling Difficult Births	315	(2)
Forceps Delivery	315	(1)
Vacuum Extraction	315	(1)
Cesarean Delivery	316	(1)
Use of Medications during Labor	317	(2)
Natural Birthing Methods	319	(1)
Box 2: Why Is Human Birth So Difficult?	320	(2)
Chapter Summary	322	(1)
Further Reading	323	(1)
Advanced Reading	324	(1)
The Neonate and the New Parents	325	(24)
Introduction	325	(1)
Treatment of the Newborn	325	(2)
Apgar Score	325	(1)
Leboyer Method	326	(1)
Circumcision	326	(1)
Adaptations of the Newborn	327	(3)
The Respiratory System	327	(1)
The Circulatory System	328	(1)
The Digestive Tract	328	(1)
Thermoregulation	329	(1)
The Nervous System and Behavior	329	(1)
What a Newborn Looks Like	330	(1)
Disorders of the Newborn	331	(1)
Box 1: Back to Sleep	332	(3)
Birth Weight and Adult Disease	334	(1)
Condition of the New Mother	335	(1)
Physical Changes	335	(1)
Psychological Changes	335	(1)
Breast-Feeding	336	(3)
Postpartum Endocrine Changes and Lactation	336	(3)
Box 2: The Duration of Breast-Feeding	339	(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Breast- and Bottle-Feeding	241	(102)
Chapter Summary	343	(2)
Further Reading	345	(1)
Advanced Reading	346	(3)
PART FOUR Fertility and its Conrol	349	(112)
Human Population Growth and Family Planning	351	(28)
Introduction	351	(1)
The Biology of Population Growth	351	(5)
Basic Principles of Population Biology	351	(1)
Birth Rate	351	(1)
Death Rate	352	(1)
Emigration and Immigration	352	(1)
Population Growth Rate	352	(1)
Reproductive Potential	353	(1)
Biotic Potential	353	(1)
Environmental Resistance	353	(1)
Population Crashes	354	(1)
Doubling Time	355	(1)
Human Population Growth	356	(5)
The Prediction of Thomas Malthus	356	(2)
Human Population Growth on Earth Age Distribution	358	(1)
Birth Rate, Death Rate, and Fertility Rale	358	(3)
Box 1: World Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates	361	(4)
Life Expectancy	362	(1)
Population Growth in Developed Countries	362	(1)
U.S. Population Growth	362	(1)
Population Growth in Underdeveloped Countries	363	(2)
Overall View of Human Population Growth	365	(1)
Effects of Overpopulation	365	(3)
Illiteracy	365	(1)
Food Production and Hunger	366	(1)
Natural Resources and Energy	366	(1)
Pollution and Environmental Illness	367	(1)
Crowding and Stress	367	(1)
Quality of Life	368	(1)
Will Science and Technology Save Us?	368	(1)
Family Planning and Population Control	369	(5)
Family Planning Programs	369	(1)
Barriers to Family Planning	370	(1)
Cultural Barriers	370	(1)
Religious Barriers	371	(1)
Other Barriers	371	(1)
Family Planning in the United States	372	(2)
Individual Freedom and Family Planning	374	(1)
Box 2: Government-Enforced Population Control in China	374	(2)
Chapter Summary	376	(1)
Further Reading	377	(1)
Advanced Reading	378	(1)
Contraception	379	(38)
Introduction	379	(2)
Combination Pill	381	(8)
Ingredients	382	(1)
How the Combination Pill Works	382	(1)
Use of the Combination Pill	382	(1)
Failure Rate	383	(1)
Side Effects	383	(1)
Mild Side Effects	383	(1)
Serious Side Effects	384	(1)
Beneficial Side Effects	385	(1)
Costs and Benefits	385	(4)
Minipill	389	(1)
Box 1: Where Is the Male Birth Control Pill?	389	(2)
Intradermal Progestogen Implants	391	(1)
Injectable Hormones	392
Intradermal Progestogen Implants	391	(1)
Injectable Hormones	392	(1)
Transdermal Hormone Delivery	392	(1)
Emergency Contraception	393	(1)
Intrauterine Devices	393	(2)
Spermicides	395	(1)
Box 2: Future Contraceptive Methods	396	(2)
Diaphragm	398	(1)
Cervical Cap	399	(1)
Sponge Contraceptive	399	(1)
Male and Female Condoms	400	(1)
Male Condom	400	(1)
Female Condom	400	(1)
Coitus Interruptus	401	(1)
Coitus Reservatus and Coitus Obstructus	401	(1)
Natural Family Planning	402	(1)
Calendar Method	402	(1)
Basal Body Temperature Method	402	(1)
Cervical Mucus Method	403	(1)
Sympto-Thermal Method	403	(1)
Is Breast-Feeding a Contraceptive Measure?	403	(1)
Surgical Sterilization	403	(6)
Tubal Sterilization	404	(3)
Hysterectomy	407	(1)
Vasectomy	407	(2)
Psychology of Contraceptive Avoidance	409	(1)
Choosing a Contraceptive	410	(1)
Chapter Summary	410	(1)
Further Reading	411	(2)
Advanced Reading	413	(4)
Induced Abortion	417	(20)
Introduction	417	(1)
Induced Abortion in the United States	418	(2)
History of Abortion Legislation in the United States	418	(1)
Present-Day Abortion Statistics in the United States	419	(1)
Why Women Have Abortions	420	(2)
Box 1: The History and Ethics of Induced Abortion	422	(1)
First Trimester-Induced Abortions	423	(5)
Vacuum Aspiration	424	(2)
Dilation and Curettage	426	(1)
Prostaglandins	427	(1)
Medication Abortion: Mifepristone, Methotrexate, and Misoprostol	427	(1)
Box 2: The Early Abortion Pill in the United States	428	(1)
Second Trimester Induced Abortions	429	(2)
Why a Second Trimester Abortion?	429	(1)
Intraamnionic Saline	430	(1)
Prostaglandin lnjections	430	(1)
Dilation and Evacuation	431	(1)
Dilation and Extraction	431	(1)
Third Trimester-Induced Abortions	431	(1)
Folk Abortifacients	432	(1)
Safety and Consequences of Induced Abortion	432	(1)
Chapter Summary	433	(1)
Further Reading	434	(1)
Advanced Reading	434	(3)
Infertility	437	(24)
Introduction	437	(1)
Seeking Medical Help for Infertility	437	(1)
Female Infertility	437	(4)
Failure to Ovulate	438	(1)
Tubal Blockage	438	(2)
Absence of Implantation	440	(1)
Reduced Sperm Transport or Antibodies to Sperm	440	(1)
Box 1: Seasonal Changes in the Ability to Conceive	441	(2)
Pregnancy Loss (Miscarriage)	442	(1)
Male Infertility	443	(2)
Low Sperm Count	443	(1)
Sperm Transport	444	(1)
Environmental Factors	444	(1)
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)	445	(5)
Gamete Storage and Artificial Insemination (AI)	445	(2)
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)	447	(1)
Ovarian Stimulation and Egg Retrieval	447	(1)
Fertilization and Embryo Transfer	447	(2)
Risks of IVF	449	(1)
Box 2: Costs of Assisted Reproductive Technologies	450	(7)
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)	452	(1)
Egg Donation	453	(1)
Gamete or Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer	453	(1)
Surrogate Mothers and Gestational Carriers	454	(1)
Cloning and Ethical Issues in Assisted Reproduction	454	(3)
Adoption	457	(1)
Chapter Summary	457	(1)
Further Reading	458	(1)
Advanced Reading	459	(2)
PART FIVE Special Topics in Human Reproductive Biology	461	(72)
Brain Sex	463	(28)
Introduction	463	(1)
Biological Causes of Brain Sex Differences	463	(4)
Sex Differences in Neonatal Behavior	467	(1)
Sex Differences in Childhood Behavior	467	(1)
Sex Differences in Adult Cognition and Motor Skills	468	(5)
Box 1: Evolution of Sex Differences in Problem-Solving Skills	473	(3)
Brain Sex Differences in the ``Surge Center''	476	(1)
Brain Sex and Human Sexual Behavior	477	(5)
Sexual Orientation	477	(5)
Brain Sex and Gender Identity	482	(1)
Sex Differences in Aggression	483	(1)
Box 2: The Meaning of Brain Measurements	483	(2)
Conclusion	485	(1)
Chapter Summary	485	(1)
Further Reading	486	(1)
Advanced Reading	487	(4)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	491	(42)
Introduction	491	(1)
Bacteria and Viruses	491	(2)
Gonorrhea	493	(3)
Cause of the Gonorrhea Epidemic	493	(1)
Cause of Gonorrhea	493	(1)
Transmission	494	(1)
Symptoms in Females	494	(1)
Complications in Females	494	(1)
Pregnancy and Gonorrhea	495	(1)
Symptoms in Males	495	(1)
Diagnosis	495	(1)
Treatment	495	(1)
Syphilis	496	(3)
Theoretical Origins	496	(1)
Columbian Theory	496	(1)
Evolutionary Theory	497	(1)
Syphilis as Distinct from Gonorrhea	497	(1)
Transmission	497	(1)
Stages of the Disease	497	(1)
Primary Stage	497	(1)
Secondary Stage	498	(1)
Latent Stage	498	(1)
Tertiary Stage	498	(1)
Congenital Syphilis	498	(1)
Diagnosis	499	(1)
Treatment	499	(1)
Chlamydia	499	(1)
Genital Herpes	500	(2)
Cause	501	(1)
Symptoms	501	(1)
Diagnosis	502	(1)
Treatment	502	(1)
Genital Warts	502	(1)
Trichomoniasis	503	(1)
Viral Hepatitis B	504	(1)
Pediculosis Pubis	504	(1)
Scabies	505	(1)
Lymphogranuloma Venereum	505	(1)
Chancroid	505	(1)
Molluscum Contagiosum	506	(1)
Granuloma Inguinale	506	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	506	(4)
Statistics	506	(4)
Box 1: Origins of the HIV Viruses	510	(12)
Transmission	512	(2)
Who Is Most Susceptible to HIV Infection?	514	(1)
Life Cycle of the HIV Virus	515	(1)
Symptoms of HIV Disease and AIDS	516	(2)
Long-Term HIV Survivors	518	(1)
Treatments of AIDS	519	(3)
Box 2: Attacking the HIV Virus	522	(3)
Precautions Against HIV Transmission	524	(1)
Some General Aspects of Venereal Disease Infections	525	(3)
Vulvitis	525	(1)
Vaginitis	525	(2)
Urethritis and Cystitis	527	(1)
Cervicitis	527	(1)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	527	(1)
Prostatitis	528	(1)
Psychological Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Disease	528	(1)
Preventing Sexually Transmitted Disease	529	(1)
Chapter Summary	529	(1)
Further Reading	530	(1)
Advanced Reading	531	(2)
Glossary	533	(48)
Illustration and Table Credits	581	(8)
Index	589