Hunting Serial Predators

by Godwin, Grover Maurice

• ISBN13: 9780849313981
• ISBN10: 0849313988
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc

Summary

The majority of the available published accounts of serial murderers are not in scholarly or technical publications. Even such few academic reviews as do exist typically commence with reference to fictional accounts so that the profile of a serial murderer is typically far from clear or precise.Hunting Serial Predators is unique in that each chapter, written in detail, explains how to research and interpret, psychologically, the crime scene actions of serial killers. The book provides the reader an empirical facet model of the crime scene actions of American serial murderers based on information available to a police inquiry; an overview of the related scientific knowledge, introducing a new method to classify the serial predator, and accounts of the process and difficulties of profiling the serial murderer.By presenting a classification model of serial murderers and their crime scene behaviors based on empirical and repeatable studies, this book makes significant advances in the areas of police investigations, etiology, and treatment possible.The empirical process used to analyze serial murderers' crime scene actions described in Hunting Serial Predators makes it possible to make logical decisions about how to detect, apprehend, and eventually access their dangerousness.

Table of Contents

Motives For Murder: What Differentiates Killers?	1	(10)
Sociogenic Motives for Murder	1	(1)
Culture Motives for Murder	2	(1)
Biogenic Motives for Murder	2	(1)
Psychogenic Motives for Murder	3	(1)
Murder Typologies	3	(2)
Theories on Instrumental and Reactive Aggression	5	(2)
The Distinction Between Instrumental and Expressive Behavior in Murder	7	(1)
Classifying Aggression in Serial Murderers	8	(3)
Reliability, Validity, and Utility of Extant Serial Murderer Classifications	11	(18)
The Origins of the FBI Serial Murder Project	11	(4)
The Organized Serial Murderer	12	(2)
The Disorganized Serial Murderer	14	(1)
Discrepancies in the Organized and Disorganized Dichotomy	15	(3)
Reliability of the FBI Serial Murderer Sample	16	(1)
Inferring Behavior from Fantasy in the FBI Model	17	(1)
Validity of the FBI Serial Murder Model	18	(2)
Lack of Empirical Operational Definitions	19	(1)
False Dichotomization of Variables	19	(1)
Utility of the FBI Serial Murder Model	20	(1)
The Personality to Behavior Confusion	20	(1)
Other Perspectives on Classifying Serial Murderers	21	(3)
Sewell's Approach	21	(1)
The Holmes Approach	22	(1)
Hickey's Approach	22	(1)
The Dietz Approach	23	(1)
Investigative Process Management (IPM)	24	(1)
Induction as Systematization	24	(1)
Deriving Inductive Profiles from Deductive Experiences	25	(1)
A Move Towards a Facet Classification of Serial Murderers	26	(3)
A Thematic Facet Model of Serial Murder	29	(16)
The Facet Approach	29	(1)
Facet Structures	30	(1)
Constituents of Facets	30	(1)
Narrative Themes	30	(2)
Criminal Narratives	31	(1)
Rationale for the Facet Model of Serial Murder	32	(4)
The Behavioral Organizational Facet	32	(1)
Affective Element	33	(3)
The Cognitive Element	36	(2)
Consistency in the Cognitive Element	37	(1)
The Attachment Facet	38	(4)
Victim as Vehicle Element	40	(1)
Victim as Object Element	40	(2)
Common Behavioral Actions	42	(1)
Summary	42	(3)
The Facet Model of Serial Murder	42	(3)
Research Objectives	45	(4)
General Hypotheses	46	(1)
Research Conditions	47	(1)
Identifying Background Characteristics	48	(1)
Data Acquisition and Content Analysis	49	(4)
Data Acquisition	49	(2)
Homicide Investigative Tracking System (HITS)	49	(2)
Type of Variables Identified	51	(1)
Content Categories	51	(1)
Reliability	51	(2)
Research Design and Methodology	53	(8)
Coding the Data Matrix	53	(2)
The Initial Preparatory Stage	55	(1)
Mapping Sentence	55	(3)
Structuples in a Mapping Sentence	56	(1)
Elements of the Facet	57	(1)
Nonmetric Multivariate Analysis	58	(2)
Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I)	58	(1)
Regions and Dimension Interpretation of SSA	58	(1)
Partial Order Scalogram Analysis (POSA)	59	(1)
Summary	60	(1)
Descriptive Statistics of Victims	61	(8)
Characteristics of Serial Murder Victims' Ages	61	(1)
Characteristics of Victims' Gender	62	(1)
Characteristics of Victims' Ethnicity	63	(1)
Characteristics of Victim-Offender Relationships	64	(2)
Stranger-to-Stranger	65	(1)
Victim Worked as a Prostitute	66	(1)
Victim---Killer Relationships in Relation to Victims' Ages	66	(2)
Summary	68	(1)
Descriptive Statistics of Offenders	69	(16)
Characteristics of Offenders' Ages	69	(1)
Characteristics of Killers' Age and Victim-Offender Relationship	70	(1)
Characteristics of Serial Murderers' Gender	71	(1)
Characteristics of Serial Murderers' Ethnicity	72	(1)
Serial Killers' Employment History	73	(1)
Serial Killers' Marital Status	74	(1)
Serial Killers' Educational Status	74	(2)
Serial Killers' Mental History	76	(1)
Serial Killers' Sexual History	77	(2)
Offenders' Sexuality	77	(1)
Pornography	77	(1)
Bizarre Sexual Activities	78	(1)
Characteristics of Serial Killers' Criminal History	79	(2)
Burglary Offenses	79	(1)
Violent Offenses	79	(1)
Sex Offenses	80	(1)
Drug Offenses	80	(1)
Fraud Offenses	80	(1)
Domestic Offenses	80	(1)
Offenders on Parole or Probation	81	(1)
Juvenile Criminal History	81	(1)
Miscellaneous Characteristics of Serial Killers' Background Histories	81	(2)
Military Record	81	(1)
Emotional Setback	82	(1)
Offender Attempted or Committed Suicide	82	(1)
Prior Work in Law Enforcement	83	(1)
Summary	83	(2)
Elements of Crime Scene Behavior	85	(20)
Elements of Killers' Method of Gaining Access to the Victim	85	(2)
Blitz, Cons, and Ploys	85	(1)
Solicited for Sex	85	(1)
Forced Entered Victims' Homes at Night	86	(1)
Aliases	86	(1)
Victim was Stalked	86	(1)
Elements of Killers' Method of Controlling the Victim	87	(2)
Victims Bound with Rope	87	(1)
Victims Gagged	87	(1)
Victims Bound with Tape	88	(1)
Victims Bound with Handcuffs	88	(1)
Victims Bound with Own Clothing	88	(1)
Victims Bound with Electrical Cord	88	(1)
Blindfold and Covering the Victim's Face	89	(1)
Elements of Killers' Cognitive Planning	89	(1)
Weapon and Restraint Selection	89	(1)
Crime Kit	89	(1)
Victim Drugged	90	(1)
Killers' Methods of Death	90	(2)
Method of Death: Knife	90	(1)
Method of Death: Ligature Strangulation	91	(1)
Method of Death: Firearm	91	(1)
Method of Death: Bludgeon	92	(1)
Methods of Killers' Sexual Degradation of the Victim	92	(2)
Vaginal Penetration	93	(1)
Anal Penetration	93	(1)
Sex Organs Assaulted and Foreign Objects	93	(1)
Male Sexual Assault	93	(1)
Postmortem Sexual Activities	94	(1)
Elements of Killers' Sadistic Behavior	94	(2)
Tortured Victims	94	(1)
Dismemberment Postmortem	94	(1)
Ritualistic Acts	95	(1)
Piqueurism	95	(1)
Victim's Body Posed	96	(1)
Anthropophagy	96	(1)
Actions Indicating Killers' Psychological Reflection	96	(2)
Offender Retained Trophies	96	(1)
Photos	97	(1)
Kept Diary of Crimes	97	(1)
Offender Interjected Himself Into the Investigation	98	(1)
Actions Indicating Killers' Forensic Disorganization	98	(2)
Semen Found at Crime Scene	98	(1)
Restraint Found at Crime Scene	98	(1)
Body Openly Displayed	98	(1)
Weapon Found at the Crime Scene	99	(1)
Ransacked Victim's Property	99	(1)
Bite Marks on Victim	99	(1)
Victim's Vehicle Stolen	100	(1)
Actions Indicating Killers' Forensic Organization	100	(3)
Body Hidden	100	(1)
Body Transported	101	(1)
Clothing Hidden	101	(1)
Offender Destroyed Evidence	101	(1)
Victim's Body Disfigured	102	(1)
Victim's Body Buried	102	(1)
Body Parts Scattered	102	(1)
Property at Crime Scene Undisturbed	102	(1)
Summary	103	(2)
Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) of Crime Scene Behaviors	105	(32)
Modeling the Crime Scene Actions of Serial Murderers	105	(1)
Explanation of the Smallest Space Analysis Procedure	106	(2)
Preparing the Data for the SSA	107	(1)
Procedure Rationale	108	(1)
Smallest Space Analysis SSA-I: Results	109	(2)
Interpretation of SSA Configurations	109	(2)
SSA Results for the First Offense Series	111	(3)
Focal Aspects of Serial Murder	111	(3)
Facets of Behavior in Serial Murder	114	(3)
Affective Element	114	(2)
Cognitive Element	116	(1)
Attachment to Victim Facet	117	(2)
Victim as Vehicle Element	117	(1)
Victim as Object Element	117	(2)
Regional Themes in Serial Murder	119	(1)
Cronbach Alpha Analysis	119	(2)
Classifying Crime Scene Actions into Themes	121	(9)
Affective-Vehicle (AV) Theme	121	(3)
Affective-Object (AO) Theme	124	(2)
Cognitive-Vehicle (CV) Theme	126	(2)
Cognitive-Object (CO) Theme	128	(2)
Confirmatory SSA Results	130	(1)
Summary	131	(6)
Partial Order Scalogram Analysis of Crime Scene Behaviors	137	(46)
Selecting Behaviors for Partial Order Scalogram Analysis (POSA)	137	(1)
Linear Structure Between Variables in the Affective-Vehicle Behavioral Theme	138	(1)
Linear Structure Between Variables in the Affective-Object Behavioral Theme	139	(1)
Linear Structure Between Variables in the Cognitive-Vehicle Behavioral Theme	140	(1)
Linear Structure Between Variables in the Cognitive-Object Behavioral Theme	141	(2)
Scaling to Order the Crime Scene Behavior of Serial Murderers	143	(2)
Individual Item Diagrams Partitioning	145	(2)
Coding the Data for POSA	147	(1)
POSA Results for the Affective-Vehicle Theme	147	(11)
Interpreting the POSA Individual Item Plots for the Affective-Vehicle Theme	150	(8)
POSA Results for the Affective-Object Theme	158	(7)
Interpreting Individual POSA Item Plots for the Affective-Object Theme	159	(6)
POSA Results for the Cognitive-Vehicle Theme	165	(8)
Interpreting the POSA Individual Item Plots for the Cognitive-Vehicle Theme	167	(6)
POSA Results for the Cognitive-Object Theme	173	(8)
Interpreting the Individual POSA Item Plots for the Cognitive-Object Theme	174	(7)
Summary	181	(2)
Consistency in Serial Murderers and Their Crime Scene Behaviors	183	(10)
Consistency in Serial Murderers' Crime Scene Behaviors	183	(3)
Faceted SSA Model of Crime Scene Behaviors	186	(2)
Assigning Serial Murderers to Themes	188	(1)
Searching for Consistency Between Crime Scene Behaviors Using Cochran's Q Analysis	189	(2)
Consistency of Serial Murderers Across their First, Middle, and Last Offense Series	191	(1)
Summary	192	(1)
Modeling Crime Scene Behavior and Background Characteristics	193	(34)
The Challenge of Linking Crime Scene Actions to Background Characteristics	193	(1)
Point-Biserial Analysis of Crime Scene Behavior and Background Characteristics	194	(1)
Results of the Point-Biserial Analysis	195	(1)
Initial Preparation of the Data	195	(2)
Elements of Crime Scene Behavior and Criminal History	197	(1)
Interpreting POSA Main Item Plots for Crime Scene Actions and Criminal History	197	(1)
Affective-Vehicle Theme and Criminal History	197	(3)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the AV Theme and Criminal History	197	(3)
Affective-Object Theme and Criminal History	200	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the AO Theme and Criminal History	200	(2)
Cognitive-Vehicle Theme and Criminal History	202	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the CV Theme and Criminal History	202	(2)
Cognitive-Object Theme and Criminal History	204	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the CO Theme and Criminal History	204	(2)
Summary	206	(1)
Serial Murderers, Crime Scene Behavior, and Sex	207	(1)
Elements of Crime Scene Behavior and Sexual History	208	(1)
Interpreting the POSA Main Item Plots for Crime Scene Behavior and Sexual History	208	(1)
Affective-Vehicle Theme and Sexual History	209	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the AV Theme and Sexual History	209	(2)
Affective-Object Theme and Sexual History	211	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the AO Theme and Sexual History	211	(2)
Cognitive-Vehicle Theme and Sexual History	213	(1)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the CV Theme and Sexual History	213	(1)
Cognitive-Object Theme and Sexual History	213	(3)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the CO Theme and Sexual History	213	(3)
Summary	216	(1)
Elements of Crime Scene Behavior and Personal History	216	(1)
Interpreting the POSA Main Item Plots for Personal History	216	(1)
Affective-Vehicle Theme and Personal History	217	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the AV Theme and Personal History	217	(2)
Affective-Object Theme and Personal History	219	(1)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the AO Theme and Personal History	219	(1)
Cognitive-Vehicle Theme and Personal History	219	(1)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the CV Theme and Personal History	219	(1)
Cognitive-Object Theme and Personal History	220	(2)
POSA Individual Item Plots for the CO Theme and Personal History	220	(2)
Elements of Crime Scene Behavior and Age	222	(1)
Age and Thematic Classifications	223	(1)
Difference Between Offenders' Ages Across the Four Themes	223	(1)
ANOVA Results	224	(1)
Elements of Crime Scene Behavior, Personal History, and Age	224	(1)
Results of the Point-Biserial Correlation Between Age, Crime Scene Behavior, and Background Characteristics	224	(1)
Summary	225	(2)
Applications To Police Investigations	227	(38)
Case Study Research	227	(2)
Presentation of Case Studies	228	(1)
Inner Themes---Outer Behaviors of an Affective-Vehicle (AV) Serial Murderer	229	(3)
Walker's Victims	230	(1)
Walker's Background History	231	(1)
Summary of Walker	232	(1)
Inner Themes---Outer Behaviors of an Affective-Object (AO) Serial Murderer	232	(6)
Carpenter's Victims	234	(1)
Carpenter's Murders	235	(1)
Carpenter's Background History	236	(2)
Inner Themes---Outer Behaviors of a Cognitive-Vehicle (CV) Serial Murderer	238	(6)
Kraft's Victims	240	(1)
Kraft's Background History	241	(3)
Summary of Kraft	244	(1)
Inner Themes---Outer Behavior of a Cognitive-Object (CO) Serial Murderer	244	(5)
Berdella's Victims	246	(1)
Berdella's Background History	246	(3)
Summary of Berdella	249	(1)
The Representation of Crime Information	249	(2)
Profiling a Serial Murderer and his Offenses: Linking Crimes Using the Facet Model	251	(1)
The Victims	252	(2)
Linking Behaviors Using Jaccard's Coefficients	254	(1)
Co-occurrence of Behaviors Across a Series of Murders	254	(1)
Preparing the Data for SSA-I Analysis	254	(1)
SSA Results of Raleigh Murders	255	(4)
Original Psychological Profile Offered in the Five Unsolved Murders in Raleigh, North Carolina	259	(2)
Discussion of Offender Profile	261	(1)
Summary	262	(3)
General Discussion and Conclusions	265	(2)
Appendix A: Crime Scene Variables	267	(12)
Appendix B: Victim and Offender Background Characteristics	279	(8)
References	287	(12)
Index	299