Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies discusses promising, more efficient directions in the energy industryfuel cells and hydrogen-based energy. This book covers the fundamentals of catalysis and proceeds to discuss applications in practical systems, including nuclear and gas power plants. Written by leading researchers and professionals, it is a practical reference for engineers working on fuel processing or fuel cell technologies in industry, NASA, and the military, as well as a great text for graduate courses in chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and chemistry.

Ke Liu, PhD, MBA, is the Principle Scientist and Project Leader of the Energy and Propulsion Technologies Division of GE Global Research Center, working on different technologies related to gasification, IGCC, syngas, and fuel conversion. Currently, he leads a team of engineers to develop the dry feeding technology for next-generation GE gasifier for high-moisture, low-rank coal and biomass gasification. Dr. Liu started his career at Exxon-Mobil and then UTC Fuel Cells, working on various fuel and H2 production technologies. He is not only a leading expert on energy, fuels, and gasification, but also an industrial leader who led many large RD projects funded by DOE and large U.S. energy corporation such as GE, Shell-UTC, and Exxon-Mobil. A recipient of numerous awards, including the 2006 National Emerald Honors Special Recognition Award, Dr. Liu has served as a board member and program chair of International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, a board member of the Energy Center of CalTech (PEER), and the associate editor of Energy and Fuels Journal. Chunshan Song, PhD, is a Professor of Fuel Science and Chemical Engineering and the Director of the EMS Energy Institute at Pennsylvania State University. A recipient of numerous awards, he has been extensively published, and his research on clean fuels and catalysis has been funded by government and industry. Also, Dr. Song has served as chair for the ACS Division of Petroleum Chemistry; chair for ACS Fuel Chemistry Division; and advisory board chair and program chair for International Pittsburgh Coal Conference. Velu Subramani, PhD, is a Research Scientist working for the BP Refining and Logistics Technology team. He has over fifteen years of research experience in heterogeneous catalysis for fine chemicals synthesis, energy production, and environmental protection. He is the recipient of research fellow-ships from Switzerland and the Science and Technology Agency (STA) of Japan. Dr. Subramani is the author of over fifty peer-reviewed articles in international journals and the author or co-author of several patents. He served as the program chair for the ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry.

Preface	p. xiii
Contributors	p. xv
Introduction to Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies	p. 1
Importance of Hydrogen and Syngas Production	p. 1
Principles of Syngas and Hydrogen Production	p. 4
Options for Hydrogen and Syngas Production	p. 6
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells	p. 8
Fuel Processing for Fuel Cells	p. 9
Sulfur Removal	p. 10
CO₂ Capture and Separation	p. 11
Scope of the Book	p. 11
Acknowledgments	p. 12
References	p. 12
Catalytic Steam Reforming Technology for the Production of Hydrogen and Syngas	p. 14
Introduction	p. 14
Steam Reforming of Light Hydrocarbons	p. 17
Steam Reforming of Natural Gas	p. 17
Steam Reforming of C₂-C₄ Hydrocarbons	p. 36
Steam Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons	p. 46
Chemistry	p. 46
Thermodynamics	p. 47
Catalyst	p. 52
Kinetics	p. 58
Mechanism	p. 61
Prereforming	p. 61
Steam Reforming of Alcohols	p. 65
Steam Reforming of Methanol (SRM)	p. 65
Steam Reforming of Ethanol (SRE)	p. 77
Carbon Formation and Catalyst Deactivation	p. 106
Recent Developments in Reforming Technologies	p. 109
Microreactor Reformer	p. 109
Plate Reformer	p. 110
Membrane Reformer	p. 110
Plasma Reforming (PR)	p. 112
Summary	p. 112
References	p. 112
Catalytic Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Natural Gas Reforming Technologies: Fundamental Chemistry	p. 130
ATR	p. 130
Homogeneous POX	p. 132
CPO	p. 133
Development/Commercialization Status of ATR, POX, and CPO Reformers	p. 136
CPO Catalysts	p. 138
Nickel-Based CPO Catalysts	p. 138
Precious Metal CPO Catalysts	p. 142
CPO Mechanism and Kinetics	p. 146
Ni Catalyst Mechanism and Reactor Kinetics Modeling	p. 146
Precious Metal Catalyst Mechanism and Reactor Kinetics Modeling	p. 147
Start-Up and Shutdown Procedure of CPO	p. 149
CPO of Renewable Fuels	p. 150
Summary	p. 151
Acknowledgments	p. 151
References	p. 151
Coal Gasification	p. 156
Introduction to Gasification	p. 156
Coal Gasification History	p. 158
Coal Gasification Chemistry	p. 160
Pyrolysis Process	p. 161
Combustion of Volatiles	p. 163
Char Gasification Reactions	p. 164
Ash-Slag Chemistry	p. 166
Gasification Thermodynamics	p. 169
Gasification Kinetics	p. 173
Reaction Mechanisms and the Kinetics Boudouard Reaction	p. 174
Reaction Mechanisms and the Kinetics Reaction	p. 175
Classification of Different Gasifiers	p. 176
GE (Texaco) Gasification Technology with CWS Feeding	p. 178
Introduction to GE Gasification Technology	p. 178
GE Gasification Process	p. 179
Coal Requirements of the GE Gasifier	p. 184
Summary of GE Slurry Feeding Gasification Technology	p. 186
Shell Gasification Technology with Dry Feeding	p. 187
Introduction to Dry-Feeding Coal Gasification	p. 187
Shell Gasification Process	p. 189
Coal Requirements of Shell Gasification Process	p. 193
Summary of Dry-Feeding Shell Gasifier	p. 194
Other Gasification Technologies	p. 195
GSP Gasification Technology	p. 195
East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) Gasifier	p. 198
TPRI Gasifier	p. 199
Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers	p. 199
ConocoPhillips Gasifier	p. 202
Moving-Bed and Fixed-Bed Gasifiers: Lurgi's Gasification Technology	p. 203
Summary of Different Gasification Technologies	p. 205
Challenges in Gasification Technology: Some Examples	p. 206
High AFT Coals	p. 206
Increasing the Coal Concentration in the CWS	p. 207
Improved Performance and Life of Gasifier Nozzles	p. 208
Gasifier Refractory Brick Life	p. 208
Gasifier Scale-Up	p. 209
Syngas Cleanup	p. 210
Integration of Coal Gasification with Coal Polygeneration Systems	p. 215
References	p. 216
Desulfurization Technologies	p. 219
Challenges in Deep Desulfurization for Hydrocarbon Fuel Processing and Fuel Cell Applications	p. 219
HDS Technology	p. 225
Natural Gas	p. 225
Gasoline	p. 226
Diesel	p. 233
Adsorptive Desulfurization	p. 243
Natural Gas	p. 244
Gasoline	p. 246
Jet Fuel	p. 256
Diesel	p. 258
Post-Reformer Desulfurization: H₂S Sorption	p. 264
H₂S Sorbents	p. 265
H₂S Adsorption Thermodynamics	p. 268
Desulfurization of Coal Gasification Gas	p. 272
Absorption by Solvents	p. 275
Hot and Warm Gas Cleanup	p. 291
ODS	p. 293
Natural Gas	p. 293
Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels	p. 295
Summary	p. 298
References	p. 300
Water-Gas Shift Technologies	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
Thermodynamic Considerations	p. 312
Industrial Processes and Catalysts	p. 313
Ferrochrome Catalyst for HTS Reaction	p. 313
CuZn Catalysts for LTS Reaction	p. 314
CoMo Catalyst for LTS Reaction	p. 314
Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics	p. 315
Ferrochrome Catalyst	p. 315
CuZn-Based Catalyst	p. 317
CoMo Catalyst	p. 317
Catalyst Improvements and New Classes of Catalysts	p. 318
Improvements to the Cu- and Fe-Based Catalysts	p. 318
New Reaction Technologies	p. 319
New Classes of Catalysts	p. 321
References	p. 326
Removal of Trace Contaminants from Fuel Processing Reformate: Preferential Oxidation (Prox)	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
Reactions of Prox	p. 331
General Prox Reactor Performance	p. 333
Multiple Steady-State Operation	p. 337
Water-Oxygen Synergy	p. 339
Catalysts Formulations	p. 342
Reactor Geometries	p. 344
Monolithic Reactors	p. 345
SCT Reactors	p. 346
Microchannel Reactors	p. 349
MEMS-Based Reactors	p. 350
Commercial Units	p. 352
Acknowledgments	p. 353
References	p. 353
Hydrogen Membrane Technologies and Application in Fuel Processing	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Fundamentals of Membrane-Based Separations	p. 358
Membrane Purification for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Applications	p. 363
Product Hydrogen Purity	p. 365
Process Scale	p. 367
Energy Efficiency	p. 368
Membrane Modules for Hydrogen Separation and Purification	p. 369
Dense Metal Membranes	p. 372
Metal Membrane Durability and Selectivity	p. 375
Integration of Reforming and Membrane-Based Purification	p. 378
Commercialization Activities	p. 380
References	p. 383
CO₂-Selective Membranes for Hydrogen Fuel Processing	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Synthesis of Novel CO₂-Selective Membranes	p. 388
Model Description	p. 389
Results and Discussion	p. 391
Transport Properties of CO₂-Selective Membrane	p. 391
Modeling Predictions	p. 400
Conclusions	p. 408
Glossary	p. 410
Acknowledgments	p. 410
References	p. 411
Pressure Swing Adsorption Technology for Hydrogen Production	p. 414
Introduction	p. 414
PSA Processes for Hydrogen Purification	p. 418
PSA Processes for Production of Hydrogen Only	p. 418
Process for Coproduction of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide	p. 422
Processes for the Production of Ammonia Synthesis Gas	p. 425
Adsorbents for Hydrogen PSA Processes	p. 426
Adsorbents for Bulk CO₂ Removal	p. 427
Adsorbents for Dilute CO and N₂ Removal	p. 429
Adsorbents for Dilute CH₄ Removal	p. 432
Adsorbents for C₁-C₄ Hydrocarbon Removal	p. 432
Other Adsorbent and Related Improvements in the H₂ PSA	p. 434
Future Trends for Hydrogen PSA	p. 435
RPSA Cycles for Hydrogen Purification	p. 436
Structured Adsorbents	p. 438
Sorption-Enhanced Reaction Process (SERP) for H₂ Production	p. 439
PSA Process Reliability	p. 441
Improved Hydrogen Recovery by PSA Processes	p. 441
Integration with Additional PSA System	p. 441
Hybrid PSA-Adsorbent Membrane System	p. 442
Engineering Process Design	p. 444
Summary	p. 447
References	p. 447
Integration of H₂/Syngas Production Technologies with Future Energy Systems	p. 451
Overview of Future Energy Systems and Challenges	p. 451
Application of Reforming-Based Syngas Technology	p. 454
NGCC Plants	p. 454
Integration of H₂/Syngas Production Technologies in NGCC Plants	p. 455
Application of Gasification-Based Syngas Technology	p. 465
IGCC Plant	p. 468
Application of H₂/Syngas Generation Technology to Liquid Fuels	p. 477
Coal-to-H₂ Process Description	p. 479
Coal-to-Hydrogen System Performance and Economics	p. 481
Summary	p. 483
References	p. 483
Coal and Syngas to Liquids	p. 486
Overview and History of Coal to Liquids (CTL)	p. 486
Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCTL)	p. 488
DCTL Process	p. 488
The Kohleoel Process	p. 490
NEDOL (NEDO Liquefaction) Process	p. 491
The HTI-Coal Process	p. 494
Other Single-Stage Processes	p. 495
Indirect Coal to Liquid (ICTL)	p. 496
Introduction	p. 496
FT Synthesis	p. 498
Mobil Methanol to Gasoline (MTG)	p. 510
SMDS	p. 511
Hybrid Coal Liquefaction	p. 512
Coal to Methanol	p. 513
Introduction of Methanol Synthesis	p. 513
Methanol Synthesis Catalysts	p. 514
Methanol Synthesis Reactor Systems	p. 514
Liquid-Phase Methanol (LPMEOHÖ) Process	p. 516
Coal to Dimethyl Ether (DME)	p. 519
References	p. 520
Index	p. 522
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