Identifying and Exploring Security Essentials

by Clifford, Mary

• ISBN13: 9780131126206
• ISBN10: 0131126202
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-10-06
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This new book gives readers a unique approach to the study of security issues, useful for either those already in the field or before they actually find themselves employed in a specific security-related job. Written in a clear, easy-to-understand style, this book gives readers the opportunity to look at security from various perspectives; it grounds them firmly in the history and fundamentals of the field, as well as prepares them for today's most difficult security challenges.Topics comprehensively covered in this book include: the use of technology in physical security; understanding security in the context of setting; security scenarios; public and private police relations; legal liability; internal resource identification; external community connections; and more.Homeland security means security issues arenotjust for security practitioners anymore. Everyone should beactivelyeducating themselves about security-related subjects, and become familiar with security needs in various target environments. As such, this book is not only for those in the security field, but for others such as school principals, hospital workers, office managers and business executives, and owners and managers of all types of businesses.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART I REVIEWING THE BASICS	1	(118)
Introducing Security Essentials: A Prelude	5	(1)
The Security Body of Knowledge: An Emerging Academic Discipline?	6	(11)
What is Security?	7	(4)
Professionalizing the Security Industry	11	(1)
Security Education	12	(3)
Moving Beyond Anecdotal Research: A Focus on Method	15	(2)
Emphasizing a Sense of Place	17	(5)
Site-Specific Attention and Attention to Security Themes	18	(1)
Security as a Relative Concept	19	(3)
Distinguishing between Crime and the Fear of Crime	22	(1)
Links with Law Enforcement: A Tenuous Relationship?	23	(6)
Definitions of Public and Private Space	25	(2)
Responsibilities for Self-Protection: A Personal Security Issue or a Police Issue?	27	(2)
The Challenges of Integration: Many Levels	29	(2)
Assessing Security in Everyday Life	30	(1)
Security as a Concept for the Powerful	31	(1)
Identifying Information as Essential	31	(1)
Conclusion	32	(5)
Review Questions	34	(1)
Discussion Questions	34	(3)
A History of Private Security: A Pervasive Enterprise	37	(27)
Early Security and the Development of Laws	40	(9)
Prehistoric Security	41	(4)
Development of Laws to Protect Citizens	45	(2)
Early England	47	(2)
Early America: 1700s to 1800s	49	(4)
The Next 100 Years	53	(3)
World Wars I and II	54	(1)
Post-World War II	55	(1)
September 11, 2001	56	(1)
The Future of Security Is in Planning for Tomorrow	56	(1)
Conclusion	57	(7)
Review Questions	59	(1)
Discussion Questions	60	(4)
Identifying the Essentials	64	(27)
Beginning with the Basics: Ever Changing and Never Ending	68	(1)
Studies In Human Behavior: An Essential Need for Security	69	(2)
Outlining and Defining ``Security''	71	(3)
Creating and Maintaining a Stable and Predictable Environment	72	(1)
Threats, Risk and Vulnerabilities	73	(1)
Introducing Essential Security Tools: Identifying Threats, Risk, and Vulnerabilities	74	(9)
Threats and Related Risk Levels	74	(6)
Identifying Vulnerabilities and Determining Countermeasures	80	(2)
A Final, All-Important Term	82	(1)
A Few Miscellaneous Essentials	83	(6)
Proactive vs. Reactive Response	83	(1)
Contract Officers versus Proprietary Officers	84	(1)
Contract Outsourcing Decisions	84	(5)
Conclusion	89	(2)
Review Questions	89	(1)
Discussion Questions	89	(2)
Studying Security Threats and the Related Risk Levels	91	(11)
Prison Inmate Escapes from Private Transportation Firm	92	(2)
Tragic Portent: Slain Doctor Predicted Violent Abortion Protest	94	(1)
Turkey Farm Cries Foul over Parrots: Disease Threatens Pt. Arena Ranch	95	(3)
``Biotech Terroist'' Threats Taken Seriously: Iowa State, Pioneer Hi-Bred May Be Targets	98	(2)
Teamsters Strike Overnight Trucking	100	(2)
A Prevention System Overview: Defining the Overall Security Objective	102	(17)
Revisiting Risk	105	(1)
Risk Management Options	106	(4)
The Security Objective	110	(3)
The Overall Security Objective: A Seamless, Integrated Security Design	113	(2)
Conclusion	115	(4)
Review Questions	116	(1)
Discussion Questions	116	(3)
PART II INTERNAL RESOURCES AND INTEGRATION: IDENTIFYING RESOURCES FROM WITHIN	119	(116)
Physical Security and Asset Protection	123	(19)
Early Academic Efforts: Crime Prevention through Environmental Design	125	(1)
Three Models for Discussing Physical Security	126	(7)
The Three, Four, and Five Ds: The D Is for Defense	127	(1)
Lines of Defense	128	(3)
External and Internal Threats	131	(2)
The Role of Physical Security in the Overall Security Objective	133	(1)
Tools for a Basic Plan: Locks, Lights, Alarms, and Access Control	133	(3)
Other Aspects of a Physical Security Plan	136	(3)
Asset Protection	136	(1)
The Use of Technology as/in Physical Security	137	(1)
Security Procedures Manuals	138	(1)
Conclusion	139	(3)
Review Questions	139	(1)
Discussion Questions	139	(3)
Information and Computer Security	142	(21)
Trade Secrets: Important Information in a Competitive Marketplace	143	(4)
Computer Crime Enforcement: A Return to the Wild West	147	(2)
Who Needs Computer Security?	149	(1)
Computer Security Operations and Occupations	150	(1)
Law Enforcement and Industry Respond	151	(6)
Computer Security: A Scarce Resource	153	(1)
Security Countermeasures	154	(3)
Conclusion	157	(6)
Review Questions	159	(1)
Discussion Questions	159	(4)
Personnel and Security Management	163	(29)
The Role of Security in Personnel Matters	164	(7)
Security Management	165	(3)
Policies and Procedures: Enchancing Security from Within	168	(2)
The Role of Technology in Personnel Security Concerns	170	(1)
Maintaining Safe Working Conditions for Employees	171	(6)
Workplace Violence	171	(2)
Sexual Harassment and Discrimination	173	(1)
Drug Use and Abuse	174	(1)
Disruptive Employee Behavior	174	(1)
Promoting Ethical Conduct	175	(2)
Protecting Assets in the Target Environment	177	(1)
Managing Security Personnel	178	(9)
Determining the Structure of a Security Department	181	(1)
A Guard No Longer	181	(1)
Identifying Qualifications for Security Personnel	182	(1)
Training and Supervising	183	(1)
Equipment, Tactics, and Uniforms	184	(3)
Conclusion	187	(5)
Review Questions	188	(1)
Discussion Questions	189	(3)
Integration as the Centerpiece: Meeting Overall Security Objectives	192	(21)
One-Dimensional Thinking: Restrictions No One Can Afford	193	(3)
The Essence of Integration	196	(5)
Know the Environment	196	(2)
Know the Security Field	198	(1)
Rely on Other Security Experts	199	(2)
The Importance of an Integrated Security Design	201	(8)
Integrating to Move outside of the Box	204	(2)
A Model for Integration: It Is ``Magic''	206	(3)
Conclusion	209	(4)
Review Questions	210	(1)
Discussion Questions	211	(2)
A Sampling of Settings	213	(22)
Using the Structure of the Text as a Guide	214	(2)
The Selected Settings	214	(2)
Target Environment: Hospital	216	(2)
Target Environment: Airport	218	(3)
School Security	221	(3)
Bank Security	224	(3)
Convenience Store Security	227	(8)
PART III EXPLORING ESSENTIAL EXTERNAL CONNECTIONS	235	(88)
Public and Private Police Interactions	237	(33)
Public and Private Police Relations: A Dynamic Interaction	238	(7)
Unhappy Associations from the Past	239	(2)
Conflict Surrounding the Definition of Public and Private Space	241	(1)
Securing Public Places: Who Provides Security?	242	(3)
Who Is Qualified to Provide Security?	245	(6)
Mistrust of Police---In Whatever Form	247	(2)
Demand for Public Safety	249	(2)
Market Demands Require Competitive Market Responses	251	(6)
A Shift in Past Policing Practice	253	(1)
Everyone Has a Role to Play in Personal Protection	253	(1)
High-Profile Protection	254	(3)
Acknowledging Essential Connections: Developing Respect among Professionals	257	(3)
Ethics	257	(1)
The Importance of Public Relations	258	(1)
A Professional Presence and Order Maintenance	258	(1)
Random and/or Structured Patrols	258	(1)
Community Resource Officers	259	(1)
Structured Emergency Response Coordination	259	(1)
Targeting Areas of Public Concern	259	(1)
Some Questions Remain	260	(3)
Conclusion	263	(7)
Review Questions	264	(1)
Discussion Questions	264	(6)
Legal Liability Issues	270	(17)
Foundations of Law	271	(7)
Basic Organization of Law: Criminal, Civil, and Administrative Functions	272	(1)
Federal, State, and Local Regulation of the Security Industry	273	(2)
Employee Rights Granted through Legal Protections	275	(2)
Primer in Basic Crime Classifications	277	(1)
Legal Authority of the Security Professional	278	(1)
Basics Concepts of Criminal Procedure and Their Application to Private Security	278	(3)
Stop and Frisk	279	(1)
Arrest, Detention, and False Imprisonment	279	(1)
Search and Seizure/Probable Cause	280	(1)
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy	281	(1)
Use of Force	281	(1)
Tort Law	281	(2)
Miscellaneous Legal Issues	283	(1)
Nondelegable Duty	283	(1)
Color of Law	283	(1)
Conclusion	284	(3)
Review Questions	284	(1)
Discussion Questions	285	(2)
Preparing an Emergency Plan and a Disaster Repsonse	287	(16)
Defining Safety and Security Issues	289	(1)
The Biggest Disaster Is Not Being Prepared	290	(9)
A Documented Emergency Protocol	299	(1)
Conclusion	300	(3)
Review Questions	301	(1)
Discussion Questions	301	(2)
Securing Tomorrow: Drafting the Future of Public Safety	303	(16)
Making a Case for Integrated External Resources	304	(7)
Case Study 1: Compstat and Integrated Community-Based Applications	304	(4)
Case Study 2: Ridgedale Mall, Minnetonka, Minnesota	308	(1)
Case Study 3: Retailers Protection Association, St. Paul, Minnesota	309	(2)
Expanding Agendas for Law Enforcement?	311	(2)
The Role of Private Security within the Criminal Justice Community	313	(1)
The Future of Security	314	(1)
Conclusion	315	(4)
Review Questions	315	(1)
Discussion Questions	316	(3)
Review of the Target Environments	319	(4)
Appendix A Basic Security Plan	323	(19)
Appendix B Company X Request for Proposal: Contract Security Service Specifications	342	(17)
Appendix C Protection Officer Code of Ethics	359	(6)
Appendix D Security Time Line	365	(8)
Index	373

Excerpts

This text is offered to those interested in developing a better understanding of security and security-related concerns. On September 11, 2001 we saw clearly how security-related concerns affect everyone. The importance of the ideas presented here have been eerily illustrated in horrific fashion by the events on that day and in the days since. As a result, how we think about security concerns as a nation has changed in the United States and throughout the world. Security as a discipline and as a popular concern has been changed and awareness everywhere has been heightened. The security-related themes presented here were originally organized for students in an upper-level security course. The information included here, however, will prove useful to anyone interested in security. Readers will see how to begin thinking strategically not only about security options but also about how to assess their own environment to determine which option will be most effective for them under what circumstances. More than a "how-to" book, this is a "how-to-think-about" book. After reviewing and integrating years of security-related information from various security texts, articles, and trade journals, teaching security and crime prevention classes, and talking with security professionals, I came to realize that people (including security professionals) often use the same words and terms to describe different security-related issues and concepts. This can be confusing. Furthermore, the few social science research studies that have been done in this area suggest that even security practitioners do not agree about whatsecuritymeans. In an effort to provide better service to students, I began offering them a collection of ideas, rather than espousing one particular definition. I decided to focus on providing a definition supplemented by a presentation of, and discussion about, general security concepts. This text is the result of my effort to take various uses of security-related terms, concepts, and activities and synthesize these ideas into what I am calling "security essentials." One factor motivating me to put together a textbook was my own frustration when reading and researching within the field. My initial goal was to find a means by which I could define terms easily for students who were just learning the field while at the same time not create confusion for them when they began reading security materials on their own. One of my concerns, however, is the importance of organizing and discussing the material in a way that makes sense to both researchers and academic types and security practitioners. The reader should be aware that similar efforts to synthesize and prioritize security-related material are under way from within one of the largest, and perhaps most well-known, international security organizations, the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). Although I decided this text should reflect my academic leanings, I also try to acknowledge the importance of the practitioner perspective. Information from the ASIS organization's education committee should also prove useful. My hope is that by making comparisons between the efforts of academics and the efforts of practitioners, we can move a step closer to a fuller integration of what have traditionally been separate orientations to security-related information. Some security concepts discussed throughout this text can and should be applied to any and all settings, but it is essential to highlight the fact that each secured environment is different. For students, this is a critical concept. No one book can speak to every security issue. People who look exclusively to textbooks for their security solutions are not utilizing the one thing that they may know the most about: the specific and specialized environmental conditions in the "target environment," or the setting they seek to protect. Security professionals responsible for a specific envir