IEEE 802 Wireless Systems Protocols, Multi-Hop Mesh / Relaying, Performance and Spectrum Coexistence

by Walke, Bernhard H.; Mangold, Stefan; Berlemann, Lars

• ISBN13: 9780470014394
• ISBN10: 0470014393
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-02
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Throughout the next decade, 802 wireless systems will become an integral part of fourth generation (4G) cellular communication systems, where the convergence of wireless and cellular networks will materialize through support of interworking and seamless roaming across dissimilar wireless and cellular radio access technologies. IEEE 802 Wireless Systems clearly describes the leading systems, covering IEEE 802.11 WLAN, IEEE 802.15 WPAN, IEEE 802.16 WMAN systems' architecture, standards and protocols (including mesh) with an instructive approach allowing individuals unfamiliar with wireless systems to follow and understand these technologies. Ranging from digital radio transmission fundamentals, duplex, multiplexing and switching to medium access control, radio spectrum regulation, coexistence and spectrum sharing, this book also offers new solutions to broadband multi-hop networking for cellular and ad hoc operation. The book Gives a comprehensive overview and performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11, 802.15 and 802.16 Includes a tutorial like introduction to the basics of wireless communication Discusses challenges in mesh/multi-hop relaying networks and provides profound solutions for their realization with 802 Wireless Systems Covers spectrum sharing on different levels and provides solutions for coexistence, cooperation and interworking of 802 Wireless Systems that are following the same or different standards, but share the same spectrum Includes a detailed overview and introduction on cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access Accompanying website contains simulation software and provides slides of the figures and tables from the book ready for course presentation This book is an essential text for advanced undergraduate students with a basic working knowledge of wireless communication, graduate students and engineers working in the field of wireless communications.

Author Biography

Dr.Bernhard H.Walke is the founder and member of the Steering Committee of the European Personal and Mobile Communications Conference (EPMCC) and a cofounder and member of the Steering Committee of the European Wireless Conference (EW). Since 1999 he has been a member of the Advisory Board of Wireless Communications. Since 2001, he has been an elected chair for Working Group 4 “Spectrum Issues, New Air-Interfaces and Ad-Hoc Networking” of the Wireless World Research Forum.

Dr. Stefan Mangold has worked for ComNets, Aachen, Germany and since 2003 has been with Philips Research, Briarcliff Manor, new York, USA, where he is currently conducting further research in the field of wireless communication networks, radio resource management and regulation. His research interests include social science and game theory, agile “cognitive” radio, spectrum etiquette and ontology engineering.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xviii
Introduction	p. 1
Standardization	p. 1
Next-generation Systems	p. 3
The IEEE 802 Project	p. 4
Motivation and Outline	p. 5
Wireless Communication - Basics	p. 7
Radio Transmission Fundamentals	p. 7
Free-space Propagation	p. 8
Two-path Propagation Over Flat Terrain	p. 9
Attenuation	p. 10
Fading	p. 11
Shadowing	p. 12
Filtering and Transmit Spectrum Masks	p. 13
Propagation Models	p. 13
One-slope Model	p. 14
Hata-Okumura Model	p. 14
Walfish-Ikegami Model	p. 15
Dual-slope Model	p. 15
Berg Model	p. 16
Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR)	p. 17
Noise - An Additional Source of Interference	p. 18
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)	p. 18
Interference Range	p. 19
Digital Modulation	p. 19
Modulation and Coding of Radio Signals	p. 20
Duplexing Schemes	p. 22
Time Division Duplex	p. 22
Frequency Division Duplex	p. 23
Multiplexing	p. 23
Frequency Division Multiplex	p. 23
Time Division Multiplex	p. 24
Code Division Multiplex	p. 25
Space Division Multiplex	p. 25
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex	p. 25
Pilot Tones and Preambles	p. 26
Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT)	p. 27
Cyclic Prefix	p. 28
Switching in Communication Networks	p. 29
Circuit Switching	p. 29
Packet Switching	p. 29
Channel Coding for Error Correction and Error Detection	p. 30
Forward Error Correction	p. 30
Automatic Repeat Request Protocols	p. 30
Send-and-Wait	p. 31
Go-back-N	p. 32
Selective-Reject	p. 32
Summary	p. 32
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request	p. 33
Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols	p. 33
ALOHA	p. 34
Pure ALOHA	p. 35
Slotted ALOHA	p. 36
Comparison of Pure and Slotted ALOHA	p. 37
Carrier Sense Multiple Access	p. 37
CSMA Variants	p. 38
CSMA/CD	p. 40
CSMA/CA	p. 41
Polling	p. 41
Summary	p. 41
Radio Spectrum Regulation	p. 43
Regulation Bodies and Global Institutions	p. 44
International Telecommunication Union	p. 44
Europe	p. 45
Germany	p. 45
Japan	p. 46
China	p. 46
United States	p. 46
Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum	p. 47
Licensed Spectrum	p. 47
The Problem with Licensing	p. 47
Unlicensed Spectrum	p. 48
Europe	p. 48
United States	p. 49
Part 15 Regulation	p. 50
Tragedy of the Commons in Spectrum Regulation	p. 50
Open Spectrum	p. 51
Summary	p. 52
Mesh Networks - Basics	p. 53
Introduction	p. 54
Classification of Wireless Mesh Networks	p. 57
General Problem Statement	p. 58
Path Selection	p. 58
Medium Access Control	p. 59
Exploiting the Capacity of the Radio Channel by Spatial Reuse	p. 59
Hidden Devices - Potential Interferers	p. 61
Exposed Devices - Unused Capacity	p. 62
Fairness and Congestion Avoidance	p. 63
Routing	p. 65
Routing Algorithms	p. 65
Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)	p. 66
Route Discovery	p. 66
Route Maintenance	p. 68
Local Repair	p. 68
Common Link Layer Behavior (Link Adaptation)	p. 68
Link Breakage Prediction	p. 70
Actions for Expected Link Break	p. 71
Early Route Rearrangement (ERRA)	p. 72
Early Route Update (ERU)	p. 73
Simulation Results	p. 74
Conclusions	p. 75
Summary	p. 75
IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks	p. 77
Scope of 802.11	p. 77
Reference Model, Architecture, Services, Frame Formats	p. 78
Reference Model	p. 78
Architecture	p. 79
Services	p. 80
802.11 Frame Formats	p. 80
Physical Layer	p. 82
Frequency Hopping, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, and Infrared	p. 83
802.11B Complementary Code Keying, CCK	p. 83
802.11A/G Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	p. 83
Medium Access Control Protocol	p. 84
Distributed Coordination Function	p. 84
Listen Before Talk	p. 85
Timing and Interframe Spaces	p. 85
Collision Avoidance	p. 87
Recovery Procedure and Retransmissions	p. 88
Post-backoff	p. 88
Fragmentation	p. 89
Hidden Stations and RTS/CTS	p. 90
Synchronization and Cell Search	p. 91
Scanning Procedures in WLAN 802.11	p. 93
Passive Scanning	p. 93
Active Scanning	p. 93
Medium Access Control with Support for Quality-of-Service	p. 94
Point Coordination Function	p. 94
QoS Support with PCF	p. 95
QoS Support Mechanisms of 802.11E	p. 95
Improvements of the Legacy 802.11 MAC	p. 96
Contention-based Medium Access	p. 97
EDCA Parameters Per AC	p. 98
Evaluation of Contention-based Medium Access	p. 100
Related Work	p. 101
EDCA throughput Capacity in an Isolated QBSS with Four Stations	p. 101
EDCA throughput with Increasing Number of Stations	p. 101
Controlled Medium Access	p. 103
QoS Guarantee with HCCA vs. EDCA	p. 103
The Superframe	p. 105
Block Acknowledgment	p. 105
Direct Link Protocol (DLP)	p. 107
Radio Spectrum Management	p. 107
Measurements in 802.11	p. 107
Information Transfer	p. 107
Specific Measurements in 802.11h	p. 108
Basic Report	p. 109
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) Report	p. 109
Receive Power Indication (RPI) Histogram Report	p. 109
Specific Measurements in 802.11K	p. 110
Channel Load Report	p. 111
Noise Histogram Report	p. 112
Beacon Report	p. 112
Frame Report	p. 113
Hidden Station Report	p. 113
Medium Sensing Time Histogram Report	p. 113
STA Statistics Report	p. 114
LCI Report	p. 114
Measurement Pause Request	p. 115
History and Selected Sub-standards, i.e., Amendments	p. 115
IEEE 802.11	p. 115
IEEE 802.11a	p. 115
IEEE 802.11b	p. 115
IEEE 802.11c	p. 116
IEEE 802.11d	p. 116
IEEE 802.11e	p. 116
IEEE 802.11f	p. 116
IEEE 802.11g	p. 116
IEEE 802.11h	p. 117
IEEE 802.11i	p. 117
IEEE 802.11k	p. 117
IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks	p. 119
Scope of 802.15	p. 120
Objectives	p. 120
Different Subgroups	p. 120
802.15.3 - High-speed Wireless Personal Area Networks	p. 121
Task Group 3	p. 122
802.15.3 Medium Access Control	p. 122
802.15.3 Network Topology	p. 123
802.15.3 Medium Access Control	p. 124
Contention Access Period (CAP)	p. 124
Channel Time Allocation Period (CTAP)	p. 126
802.15.3 Data Transmission	p. 126
802.15.3 Network Security and Robustness	p. 127
802.15.3 Power Management	p. 127
802.15.3 Physical Layer	p. 127
Task Group 3a	p. 128
DS-UWB Proposal	p. 129
MB-OFDM Proposal	p. 130
Task Group 3b	p. 133
Task Group 3c	p. 133
WiMedia (Multiband OFDM) Alliance MAC Layer	p. 134
Overview	p. 135
Next Generation WPAN- WiMedia MAC	p. 135
Medium Access	p. 135
Prioritized Contention Access	p. 135
Distributed Reservation Protocol	p. 136
Transmission Opportunities	p. 138
Acknowledgement Policies	p. 138
Minimum Interframe Space and Frame Aggregation	p. 138
Fragmentation and RTS/CTS Handshake	p. 138
Beacon Period and Beacon Frames	p. 138
Simulative Performance Analysis	p. 140
Conclusion	p. 145
Next-generation WPAN Technologies	p. 145
Market Perspective	p. 145
PHY Technology	p. 145
MAC Design	p. 145
IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
Scope of 802.16	p. 147
Deployment Concept, Reference Model and Target Frequency Bands	p. 148
Deployment Concept	p. 148
Reference Model	p. 149
Target Frequency Bands	p. 150
History and Different Subgroups	p. 151
History	p. 151
IEEE 802.16-2004 - Base Document	p. 152
IEEE 802.16/Conformance	p. 152
IEEE 802.16.2 Coexistence	p. 152
IEEE 802.16e Mobility	p. 153
IEEE 802.16f/g/i Network Management	p. 153
IEEE 802.16h License Exempt	p. 153
IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay Study Group	p. 153
ETSI BRAN HiperACCESS and HiperMAN	p. 154
WiMAX Forum	p. 154
Wireless Broadband (WiBro)	p. 154
Physical Layer	p. 154
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing in 802.16	p. 155
Randomizer	p. 157
Forward Error Correction	p. 157
Interleaving	p. 157
Medium Access Control Layer	p. 157
Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer	p. 158
Packet Convergence Sublayer	p. 158
ATM Convergence Sublayer	p. 159
MAC Common Part Sublayer	p. 159
Duplex Modes	p. 160
Frame Structure	p. 160
Frame Control	p. 162
Packet Data Unit Format	p. 165
Fragmentation and Packing	p. 166
Automatic Repeat Request	p. 166
Connection Identifier	p. 167
Network Entry	p. 168
Connection Management	p. 169
Bandwidth Requests and Uplink Scheduling Services	p. 171
Security Sublayer	p. 173
System Profiles	p. 173
MAC Profiles	p. 173
Physical Layer Profiles	p. 174
F Profiles, Duplexing Modes and Power Classes	p. 174
Space Division Multiple Access	p. 174
PHY Layer Comprising an Antenna Array	p. 175
Enhanced PHY Service Access Point	p. 176
SDMA Enhanced Medium Access Control Layer	p. 178
SDMA Scheduling	p. 179
Performance Evaluation of 802.16	p. 180
Multi-user Multi Phy Mode Scenario	p. 180
PHY Layer Configuration and PHY Mode Distribution	p. 180
MAC Layer Configuration and Performance Metric	p. 182
Performance Analysis	p. 182
System Performance of the Example Scenario	p. 183
Simulative Performance Evaluation	p. 188
IEEE 802.16 Simulator	p. 188
Simulation Results	p. 189
Performance of SDMA Enabled 802.16 Networks	p. 192
Scenario and Simulation Environment	p. 192
Downlink Cell Throughput	p. 193
Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio	p. 194
Conclusion	p. 195
IEEE 802.11, 802.15 and 802.16 for Mesh Networks	p. 197
Approaches to Wireless Mesh Networks in IEEE and Industry	p. 198
Differences between Mesh WPAN, WLAN and WMAN	p. 198
Mesh WLAN	p. 201
802.11s	p. 201
Summary	p. 207
Mesh WPAN	p. 208
Status of Standardization in TG 802.15.5	p. 208
Mesh WMAN	p. 209
802.16 Mesh Option	p. 210
802.16j	p. 211
Extensions to IEEE 802 MAC Protocols - Homogeneous Multi-hop Networks	p. 212
IEEE 802.16 Multi-hop Networks	p. 213
Multi-hop Operation in the Time and Frequency Domain	p. 213
MAC Subframe Embedding	p. 214
Hierarchical Beacon with Fixed Slot Allocation	p. 215
Time Sharing Wireless Router	p. 216
Time Sharing Wireless Router with Spatial Reuse	p. 217
IEEE 802.11e Multi-hop Networks	p. 218
Collision Avoidance through Channel Reservation	p. 219
Collision Avoidance by Channel Reservation with Spatial Reuse	p. 220
Performance Evaluation Results	p. 220
Scenario Description	p. 220
Mean Delay vs. Offered Traffic	p. 222
System Capacity vs. Distance between BS/HC and FRS	p. 223
Summary	p. 223
Extensions to IEEE 802 MAC Protocols for Heterogeneous Multi-hop Networks	p. 224
Overview	p. 224
Medium Access Control in Heterogeneous Mesh Networks	p. 225
802.11 Mesh Network to Serve 802.11 Stations	p. 225
802.16 Mesh Network to Serve 802.11 Stations	p. 225
New Mesh Network Protocol to Connect 802.16 BSs	p. 225
Interworking Control of 802.16 and 802.11	p. 227
Scenario	p. 228
Medium Access Control	p. 229
BSHC and Legacy 802.11 Stations	p. 232
Performance Evaluation Results	p. 233
Summary	p. 235
Conclusion	p. 235
Coexistence in IEEE 802 Networks	p. 237
Homogeneous Coexistence - Spectrum Sharing 802.11e Networks	p. 238
Coexistence Scenario	p. 238
Overview	p. 239
Single Stage Game	p. 240
Quality-of-Service as Utility	p. 241
Utility under Competition	p. 243
Behaviors in Single Stage Games	p. 243
Cooperation through Predictable Behavior	p. 243
Classification of the Opponent's Behavior	p. 243
Equilibrium Analysis of Single Stage Game	p. 244
Multi Stage Game	p. 245
Strategies in Multi Stage Games	p. 246
Static Strategies	p. 246
Dynamic (Trigger) Strategies Grim and TitForTat	p. 247
RANDOM Strategy	p. 248
QoS Support in Multi Stage Games of Competing WLANs	p. 248
Coexistence Among 802.16 Systems	p. 249
Heterogeneous Coexistence - Unlicensed Operation of 802.16	p. 250
Coexistence Scenario	p. 250
Protecting the Beginning of 802.16 MAC Frame	p. 252
Protecting the 802.16 UL Subframe	p. 253
Shifting the Contention Slots	p. 253
Summary and Conclusion	p. 253
Broadband Cellular Multi-hop Networks	p. 255
Definitions	p. 255
Rationale	p. 256
Related Work	p. 258
Relay-based Deployment Concept for Cellular Broadband Networks	p. 259
Relaying Use Cases	p. 260
Relay to Increase Coverage Range	p. 260
Relay to Increase Cell Capacity	p. 261
Relay to Cover Locations Heavily Shadowed from Access Point	p. 261
Exploiting Spatial Separation of Subcells in REC	p. 263
Estimation of Subcell Capacity in a Relay Enhanced Cell	p. 264
Multi-hop throughput in Cellular Deployment	p. 264
Subcell Capacity served by an FRS	p. 264
Capacity of Multi-hop Links under Delay Constraint	p. 266
Conclusions	p. 267
Mutual Integration and Cooperation of Radio Access Networks	p. 269
State-of-the-Art Overview	p. 270
ETSI BRAN/3GPP	p. 270
IEEE	p. 272
IEEE 802.11u: Interworking with External Networks	p. 272
802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group	p. 273
IETF	p. 274
ITU-T	p. 274
WWRF	p. 275
Mobility and Handover	p. 275
General Aspects of Mobility	p. 276
Handover Aspects	p. 277
Definition	p. 278
Reasons for Handover	p. 278
Types of Handover	p. 279
Handover Control	p. 282
Layer 2 Handover	p. 283
Higher Layer Handover	p. 283
Horizontal and Vertical Handover	p. 284
Trigger	p. 286
Definition and Classification	p. 286
Decision Criteria	p. 287
Future Mesh Technologies	p. 289
Facts on Medium Access Control	p. 289
State of the Art in Medium Access Control Protocols - A Taxonomy	p. 291
HiperLAN 2 (H/2)	p. 291
DECT	p. 292
GPRS	p. 292
Potentials and Limitations of the State-of-the-art MAC Protocols	p. 292
Reservation per Packet	p. 293
TDMA in the Short	p. 295
TDMA in the Long	p. 296
Key Methods for QoS Supporting Medium Access Control Protocols	p. 296
Single-hop Links	p. 296
Multi-hop Links	p. 297
Mesh Networking for 802.11 WLAN	p. 298
Mesh Distributed Coordination Function	p. 299
TDMA Frame and Energy Signals	p. 299
Prioritized Channel Access	p. 300
Link Setup and Traffic Channel Reservation	p. 303
Transmission and On-demand-TCH Turnaround	p. 303
Packet Multiplexing and Multi-hop Operation	p. 304
Coexistence	p. 305
Performance Evaluation Results	p. 305
Simulation Tool	p. 305
Simulation Results - QoS Performance in Mesh Networks	p. 306
Conclusion	p. 308
Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Sharing	p. 311
From Software-defined Radio to Cognitive Radio	p. 311
Software-defined Radio and Software Radio	p. 311
Composite Radio and Reconfigurable Radio	p. 312
Cognitive Radio	p. 312
Cognitive Radio Networks	p. 314
Essential Characteristics	p. 315
Spectrum Information Base	p. 316
Similar Approaches and Related Work	p. 317
Spectrum Sharing and Flexible Spectrum Access	p. 317
Spectrum Trading	p. 317
Underlay and Overlay Spectrum Sharing	p. 319
Opportunistic Spectrum Usage	p. 320
IEEE 802.11k	p. 321
Vertical and Horizontal Spectrum Sharing	p. 321
Coexistence, Coordination and Cooperation	p. 324
Coexistence-based Spectrum Sharing	p. 324
Dynamic Frequency Selection	p. 325
Transmit Power Control	p. 325
Ultra-wide Band	p. 325
IEEE 802.16.2	p. 326
IEEE 802.16h	p. 326
IEEE 802.19	p. 326
Coordination-based Horizontal Spectrum Sharing	p. 326
Common Spectrum Coordination Channel	p. 326
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation	p. 327
Brokerage-based Spectrum Sharing	p. 321
Inter-operator Spectrum Sharing	p. 328
IEEE 802.11y	p. 328
Spectrum Sharing Games	p. 328
Coordination-based Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 329
Common Control Channel	p. 329
IEEE 802.22	p. 330
Spectrum Pooling	p. 330
Value Orientation	p. 330
Spectrum Load Smoothing	p. 330
Policies and Etiquette in Spectrum Usage	p. 331
Policy Framework	p. 331
Spectrum Navigation	p. 332
Reasoning-based Spectrum Navigation	p. 332
Reasoning	p. 333
Knowledge Representation	p. 333
Traceability of Decision Making	p. 334
Policy-defined Medium Access Control	p. 334
Summary and Conclusion	p. 334
Conclusions	p. 337
Abbreviations	p. 345
References	p. 355
Index	p. 375
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.