Impact of Birthing Practices on Breastfeeding

by Smith, Linda J.; Kroeger, Mary

• ISBN13: 9780763763749
• ISBN10: 0763763748
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-10-08
• Publisher: JONES & BARTLETT PUBLISHERS

Summary

This text examines the research and evidence connecting birth practices to breastfeeding outcomes. It takes an in-depth look at the post-birth experiences of the mother and baby, using the baby’s health as the vehicle and the intact mother-baby dyad as the model to address birth practices that affect breastfeeding. The Second Edition has been completely revised to include new information on infant outcomes, including epidural anesthesia and Cesarean surgery, clinical strategies for helping the mother and baby recover from birth injuries, medications and complications, and information on Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiatives with a Mother-Friendly Module.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. vii
Foreword	p. ix
Foreword	p. xiii
Foreword	p. xv
Introduction to the Second Edition	p. xix
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Historical Perspectives on Childbirth and Breastfeeding	p. 1
The Location for Birth Matters: Home Birth and Institutional Delivery	p. 2
The Natural Childbirth Movement in the West	p. 3
La Leche League International	p. 5
The Natural Childbirth Movement Grows	p. 8
Breastfeeding Rates Are Tracked Separately from Birth Outcomes	p. 11
Global Perspective on Birth, Breastfeeding, and Maternal and Infant Survival	p. 14
Safe Motherhood and Other Initiatives	p. 18
Professional Responsibility for Breastfeeding Success	p. 22
Innocenti Declarations of 1990 and 2005: Call to Action	p. 23
Back to...the Future	p. 24
References	p. 25
Evidence-Based Practice in Perinatal Care	p. 29
Informed Consent	p. 30
What Evidence Really Counts?	p. 30
Challenges of Research on Childbirth and Lactation	p. 32
Resources for Evidence-Based Maternity Care	p. 33
Evidence-Based Breastfeeding Practices	p. 37
The Politics of Research	p. 38
Oxytocin, "The Love Hormone"	p. 39
Technology: Overuse and Underuse	p. 41
Breaking Through the Cul-de-Sac	p. 43
Interventions Can Cascade	p. 44
Research Gaps Still Exist	p. 46
Summary Points for Evidence-Based Practice in Perinatal Care	p. 46
References	p. 46
Companion(s) of the Mother's Choice	p. 49
Background	p. 50
Labor Support and Birth Outcomes	p. 52
Labor Support and Breastfeeding Outcomes	p. 54
Labor Support in Resource-Poor Settings	p. 57
Staff Acceptance or Resistance to Labor Companions	p. 58
Labor Companions and Training Programs	p. 60
Summary Points for Companion(s) of the Mother's Choice	p. 61
References	p. 63
Cascade of Interventions: Physics, Forces, and Mechanics	p. 65
Nerves and Muscles Control Movement	p. 68
Cranial Bones Surround the Developing Infant Brain	p. 70
Mechanical Forces and Instruments During Birth	p. 77
Physics and Forces During Cesarean Delivery	p. 81
Muscle Responses and Mispatterning	p. 82
Effect of Analgesia and Anesthesia on Nerve Function	p. 83
Implications of Poor Suck-Swallow-Breathe	p. 85
Conclusions	p. 87
Summary Points for Cascade of Interventions: Physics, Forces, and Mechanics	p. 88
References	p. 91
Cascade of Interventions: Chance or Choice? The "Seduction of Induction"	p. 97
Predictability in Parturition	p. 98
Outcomes of Labor Induction	p. 100
Effects on Breastfeeding	p. 102
Practice Implications	p. 102
Summary Points for Cascade of Interventions: Chance or Choice	p. 103
References	p. 104
Modifiable Labor Influences: Freely Move About, or "Gravity Works"	p. 107
Background	p. 107
Position in the First Stage of Labor	p. 110
Position During the Second Stage of Labor	p. 110
Electronic Fetal Monitoring	p. 113
Maternal Labor Position in Childbirth Around the World	p. 114
Conclusions	p. 115
Summary Points for Modifiable Labor Influences: Freely Move About, or "Gravity Works"	p. 116
References	p. 117
Modifiable Labor Influences: Eat and Drink, or "Labor Is Work"	p. 121
Why Is Nutrition and Oral Hydration During Labor Still Controversial?	p. 122
Effects of IV Hydration on Maternal Stress, Breast Edema, and Lactogenesis	p. 124
Effects of IV Hydration on Infant Status, Ability to Feed, and Risk of Supplementation	p. 126
Other Effects of IV Hydration and Caloric Restriction in Labor	p. 127
Glohal Aspects of Hydration in Labor	p. 127
Conclusions	p. 128
Summary Points for Modifiable Labor Influences: Eat and Drink, or "Labor Is Work"	p. 128
References	p. 130
Modifiable Labor Influences: Labor Pain Management	p. 137
Background	p. 137
Effect of Labor Drugs on the Infant	p. 138
Effect of Labor Drugs on Maternal Physiology and Breastfeeding Initiation	p. 143
Labor Pain Relief and Medication Use Around the World	p. 144
Nonpharmacologic Pain Relief Strategies	p. 145
Conclusions	p. 146
Summary Points for Modifiable Labor Influences: Labor Pain Management	p. 147
References	p. 148
Modifiable Birth Influences: Surgery and Trauma	p. 153
Cesarean Surgery	p. 156
Birth Injuries to the Mother and Baby	p. 160
Adrenalin Versus Oxytocin: Fear, Stress, and Hormone Effects	p. 166
Labor Stress and Lactogenesis	p. 168
Postpartum Bleeding	p. 169
Long-Term Effects of Birth Interventions	p. 171
Natural Protections Against Stress for Mother and Baby	p. 171
Cumulative Stresses from Induction, Epidural Anesthesia, and Surgery	p. 172
Summary Points for Modifiable Birth Influences: Surgery and Trauma	p. 176
References	p. 181
Restoration and Recovery	p. 189
Immediate and Sustained Skin-to-Skin Contact	p. 189
Risk of Separation, Pain, and Newborn Procedures That Affect Feeding	p. 193
Risks of Supplements	p. 198
The ABC Protocol: Access, Breastmilk Transfer, Maternal Comfort	p. 199
BFHI: Policies That Protect, Promote, and Support the Birth-Breastfeeding Continuum	p. 202
The BFHI's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding	p. 205
Public Health Implications	p. 207
Summary Points for Restoration and Recovery	p. 210
References	p. 212
Appendix: Resources	p. 221
Index	p. 233
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.