Imperial Rivals

by Paine, S. C. M.

• ISBN13: 9781563247248
• ISBN10: 1563247240
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-06-01
• Publisher: M E Sharpe Inc

Table of Contents

List of Maps	x
Acknowledgments	xi
Technical Note	xiii
Abbreviations	xv
Introduction	1	(2)
International Issues: The Russian and Chinese Empires in the Industrial Age	3	(4)
Regional Issues: The Militarization of the Russo-Chinese Frontier	7	(2)
Bilateral Issues: The Nature of Russo-Chinese Relations	9	(3)
Domestic Issues: Political Legitimacy and Economic Backwardness	12	(4)
Notes	16	(9)
Part I. From Manchuria to Sinkiang, 1858-1864: The Demise of Traditional Chinese Diplomacy	25	(82)
Background: Revival of Russian Interest in the Far East	28	(21)
Russia and China in the Age of Commercial Maritime Empires	29	(2)
The Demise of the Overland Trade and Geographic Exploration	31	(4)
Local Officials and the Myth of Russian Original Sovereignty	35	(4)
The Crimean War of 1853 to 1856 and Russia's Turn to the East	39	(4)
Notes	43	(6)
Traditional Chinese Diplomacy in Retreat: The Treaty of Aigun	49	(30)
The Tribute System and the Russian ``Barbarians''	50	(4)
The Chinese Concept of ``Face''	54	(3)
China's Missed Opportunity	57	(7)
The Treaties of Tientsin and Aigun of 1858	64	(6)
Notes	70	(9)
Capitulation: The Treaty of Peking	79	(28)
International Law versus Moral Suasion	79	(5)
Russian International Weakness and Chinese Intransigence	84	(3)
Russian Mediation of the Treaty of Peking of 1860	87	(5)
The Ramifications and the Myths of Friendship and Original Sovereignty	92	(5)
Notes	97	(10)
Part II. Ili, Sinkiang, 1871-1881: A Turning Point in Chinese Foreign Policy	107	(68)
Ethnic Tensions: The Muslim Uprising and Russian Invasion	110	(22)
The Myth of Chinese Original Sovereignty over Sinkiang	112	(2)
Russian Expansion into Central Asia	114	(3)
The Muslim Uprising of 1862 to 1878 and the Myth of Chinese Moderation	117	(3)
The Russian Invasion of 1871	120	(5)
Notes	125	(7)
Chinese Diplomacy in Disarray: The Treaty of Livadia	132	(19)
The Treaty of Livadia of 1879	133	(2)
``Saving Face'' and the Myth of Diplomatic Incompetence	135	(2)
Institutional Failures of the Chinese Government	137	(4)
The Foreign Policy Debate in China	141	(4)
Notes	145	(6)
A Reprieve: The Treaty of St. Petersburg	151	(24)
The Chinese Negotiating Strategy	152	(1)
Russian National Dignity	153	(3)
The Negotiations and the Myth of Russo-Chinese Friendship	156	(5)
The Treaty of St. Petersburg of 1881	161	(6)
Notes	167	(8)
Part III. Manchuria, 1896-1905: Russian Railroad Imperialism and the Russo-Japanese War	175	(94)
The Apogee of Tsarist Imperialism: The Chinese Eastern Railway	178	(31)
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to 1895 and the New Balance of Power in Asia	181	(4)
The Russo-Chinese Anti-Japanese Alliance of 1896	185	(5)
The Liao-tung Peninsula Concession of 1898	190	(4)
Exclusive Zones and the Militarization of the Border	194	(4)
Notes	198	(11)
Over-Extension: The Boxer Uprising and the Russian Invasion	209	(25)
The Boxer Uprising of 1900	211	(4)
The Russian Occupation of Manchuria	215	(4)
The Russian Troop Withdrawal Agreement of 1902	219	(4)
Escalating Russian Demands and the Myth of Diplomatic Incompetence	223	(3)
Notes	226	(8)
Roll-Back: The Russo-Japanese War	234	(35)
Russia's ``Civilizing Mission'' versus Japan's Foreign Policy Concerns	235	(5)
The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905	240	(7)
Political Weakness: Instability within the Russian Government	247	(3)
The Price of Empire: Economic Backwardness and International Competition	250	(7)
Notes	257	(12)
Part IV. Outer Mongolia, 1911-1924: Shifting Spheres of Influence	269	(74)
Mongolia: The Last Frontier	272	(15)
Spheres of Influence Agreements with Britain and Japan	272	(4)
Traditional Ch'ing Administration of Mongolia	276	(2)
Ethnic Tensions in Mongolia and the Myth of Chinese Moderation	278	(2)
The Chinese Attempt to Absorb Mongolia via Administrative Reforms	280	(2)
Notes	282	(5)
Tsarist Foreign Policy: Mongolian Autonomy and Chinese Suzerainty	287	(27)
Russian Support for the Separation of Mongolia from China	288	(4)
The Russo-Mongolian Agreement of 1912	292	(3)
The Russo-Chinese Declaration of 1913	295	(3)
The Tripartite Kiakhta Conference of 1915	298	(7)
Notes	305	(9)
Soviet Foreign Policy: Mongolian Independence under Soviet Tutelage	314	(29)
The Russian Civil War in Mongolia: Ataman Semenov	316	(3)
The Russian Civil War in Mongolia: Baron Ungern	319	(2)
Soviet Imperialism in the Far East	321	(4)
The Myths of the Discontinuity of Soviet Policy and Chinese Moderation	325	(7)
Notes	332	(11)
Conclusion	343	(20)
The Evolution of China's Russia Policy	343	(3)
The Evolution of Russia's China Policy	346	(4)
The Paradoxes of Empire	350	(5)
The Past as an Indicator for the Future	355	(3)
Notes	358	(5)
Bibliographic Essay	363	(7)
Secondary Sources in English	363	(1)
Secondary Sources in Russian and Chinese	364	(2)
Primary Sources	366	(1)
Archives	367	(1)
Notes	368	(2)
Bibliography	370	(33)
Archives	370	(1)
Published Primary Sources	371	(9)
Published Secondary Sources	380	(19)
Reference Works	399	(2)
Dissertations	401	(2)
Index	403