The Inclusive Classroom: Strategies for Effective Instruction

by Mastropieri, Margo A.; Scruggs, Thomas E.

• ISBN13: 9780134964720
• ISBN10: 0134964721
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For courses in Inclusion, Mainstreaming or Intro to Special Education. This text has a strong emphasis on inclusive teaching with a wealth of ideas and lessons for K-12 teaching strategies in the content areas. As highly respected researchers, the authors write from a fact-based perspective, which delivers proven strategies that will help both general and special education teachers instruct students with special needs most effectively.

Table of Contents

Part I: The Fundamentals
Introduction to Inclusive Teaching	3	(34)
What Were the Educational Rights for Individuals with Disabilities?	6	(1)
The Least-Restrictive Environment	7	(5)
Where Are Students with Disabilities Served?	7	(1)
Mainstreaming and Inclusion	7	(2)
Who Is Served Under IDEA?	9	(2)
Other Instances of Classroom Diversity	11	(1)
Legal Foundations	12	(5)
Legal Proceedings and Legislation	12	(1)
Section 504	13	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act	13	(1)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)	14	(3)
Models of Service Delivery	17	(11)
The Continuum of Services	17	(1)
Where Are Most Students with Disabilities Served?	18	(1)
What Other Related Services Are Available?	19	(1)
What Are Consultation Services?	19	(1)
What Are Resource and Self-Contained Services?	20	(1)
Regular Education Initiative	20	(1)
Full-Inclusion Movement	21	(4)
What Does This Debate mean for Teacher?	25	(1)
Teacher Attitudes	25	(3)
Teaching in Inclusive Settings: The PASS Variables for Promoting Effective Inclusive Instruction	28	(9)
Prioritize Objectives	29	(1)
Adapt Instruction, Materials, or the Environment	29	(1)
Systematic Teaching, or the SCREAM Variables	30	(1)
Systematic Evaluation	31	(6)
Collaboration: partnerships and Procedures	37	(34)
Collaboration to Establish Need	38	(8)
Shared Goals	38	(1)
Effective Communication	39	(3)
Collaboration and Communication for Intervention	42	(2)
The Intervention Process	44	(2)
Collaboration for Referrals and Placements	46	(12)
Collaboration as Partnerships	58	(13)
Partnerships Between Special and Regular Educators	58	(1)
Designing Adaptations	59	(1)
Co-Teaching	59	(2)
Collaboration with Paraprofessionals	61	(1)
Parents and Families as Partners	62	(9)
Teaching Students with Higher-Incidence Disabilities	71	(32)
Communication Disorders	72	(5)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics	72	(1)
Causes of Communication Disorders	73	(1)
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Communication Disorders	74	(1)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Communication Disorders	74	(3)
Learning Disabilities	77	(8)
Prevalence and Definitions of Learning Disabilities	77	(2)
Causes of Learning Disabilities	79	(1)
Issues in Identifications and Assessment of Learning Disabilities	80	(1)
Characteristics of Learning Disabilities	80	(3)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Learning Disabilities	83	(2)
Mental Retardation	85	(7)
Prevalence and Definitions of Mental Retardation	85	(1)
Causes of Mental Retardation	86	(1)
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Mental Retardation	87	(1)
Characteristics of Mental Retardation	88	(2)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Mental Retardation	90	(2)
Behavioral Disorders and Serious Emotional Disturbance	92	(11)
Prevalence and Definitions	92	(1)
Causes of Emotional Disturbance	93	(1)
Issues in Identification and Assessment	93	(1)
Characteristics of Emotional Disturbance	93	(2)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Emotional Disabilities	95	(8)
Lower-Incidence Disabilities	103	(36)
Visual Disabilities	104	(3)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics	104	(1)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Disabilities	105	(2)
Hearing Disabilities	107	(6)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics	107	(2)
Educational Programming	109	(1)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Hearing Disabilities	110	(3)
Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments	113	(13)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics	113	(1)
Physical and Health-Related Disabilities	114	(6)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Physical and Other Health Impairments	120	(6)
Severe and Multiple Disabilities	126	(5)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics	126	(1)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Severe Disabilities	127	(4)
Autism	131	(8)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics	131	(1)
Classroom Adaptations for Students with Autism	132	(7)
Teaching Students with other Special Learning Needs	139	(32)
Students Served Under Section 504	140	(6)
Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	140	(1)
Causes of ADHD	141	(1)
Issues in Identification and Assessment of ADHD	141	(2)
General Classroom Adaptations for Students with ADHD	143	(3)
Gifted, Creative, and Talented	146	(7)
Definitions, Prevalence and Characteristics of Gifted, Creative, and Talented	146	(3)
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Gifted, Creative, and Talented	149	(1)
General Classroom Accommodations for Students Who Are Gifted, Creative, and Talented	150	(3)
Students Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse	153	(7)
Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Cultural and Linguistic Diversity	153	(4)
Issues in Identification and Assessment	157	(1)
General Classroom Adaptations for Students from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds	158	(2)
Students at Risk	160	(11)
Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Students at Risk	160	(6)
Issues in Identification and Assessment of Students at Risk	166	(1)
General Classroom Adaptations for Students at Risk	166	(5)
Part II: Developing Effective Teaching Skills
Effective Instruction for All Students	171	(34)
Overview of Effective Instruction	172	(1)
Planning for Content Coverage	172	(8)
Objectives	173	(1)
Scope and Sequence	173	(1)
Curriculum	173	(1)
Pacing	174	(1)
Planning for Learning	175	(4)
Addressing Learning Problems	179	(1)
Using Effective Teaching Strategies	180	(25)
Maximizing Academic Engagement (Time on Task)	180	(7)
Making Effective Teacher Presentations	187	(8)
Monitoring Practice Activities	195	(2)
Review	197	(1)
Formative Evaluation	198	(1)
Components of a Model Lesson	198	(7)
Improving Classroom Behavior and Social Skills	205	(40)
Managing Classroom Behavior	205	(26)
Understanding Behavior Problems	206	(1)
Observe and Record Classroom Behavior	207	(3)
Use Effective Classroom Management Strategies	210	(17)
Handling Confrontations	227	(3)
Schoolwide Discipline Systems	230	(1)
Teaching Social Skills	231	(14)
Social Skills Assessment	233	(2)
Train Students to Improve Social Skills	235	(1)
Choose Curriculum Materials Thoughtfully	236	(1)
Conduct On-the-Spot Training	236	(2)
Train for Generalization	238	(2)
Validate Treatments	240	(5)
Promoting Inclusion with Classroom Peers	245	(30)
Promoting Social Acceptance	246	(1)
Circle of Friends	247	(1)
Special Friends	247	(1)
Peer Assistance	247	(5)
What Is Peer Assistance?	247	(1)
Peer Training	248	(4)
Peer Tutoring	252	(10)
Why Use Peer Tutoring?	252	(4)
Tutoring to Improve Academic Skills and Attitudes	256	(2)
Implementing a Tutoring Program	258	(1)
Classwide Peer Tutoring	258	(4)
Cooperative Learning	262	(13)
Important Teacher Functions in Implementing Cooperative Learning	263	(3)
Integrating Students with Special Needs into Cooperative Groups	266	(2)
Types of Cooperative Group Arrangements	268	(1)
Conflict Resolution	269	(1)
Advantages and Limitations of Cooperative Learning	269	(6)
Enhancing Motivation and Affect	275	(32)
Preconditions for Improving Motivation and Affect	276	(6)
Create and Supportive, Organized Classroom Environment	276	(2)
Ensure Materials Are of an Appropriate Difficulty Level	278	(1)
Ensure That Tasks Are Meaningful	279	(1)
Create Task-Oriented, Not Ego-Oriented Classrooms	280	(2)
Techniques for Improving Motivation and Affect	282	(25)
Raising Students' Self-Esteem	282	(1)
Provide Opportunities to Increase Self-Efficacy	282	(3)
Teach Students to Set Goals	285	(1)
Train Students to Use Positive Attributions	286	(2)
Arrange Counseling Interventions When Needed	288	(2)
Increase Students' Personal Investment in the Classroom	290	(1)
Make Learning More Fun and Enjoyable	291	(6)
Praise Students and Reward Their Efforts	297	(10)
Improving Attention and Memory	307	(30)
Attention	308	(8)
Attention and Students with Special Needs	308	(1)
Strategies for Improving Attention	308	(8)
Memory	316	(21)
Aspects of Memory	316	(1)
Memory and Students with Special Needs	317	(1)
Preconditions for Improving Memory	317	(1)
Strategies for Improving Memory	317	(9)
Improve Memory with Mnemonic Techniques	326	(11)
Teaching Study Skills	337	(36)
Tools to Develop Independent Learners	338	(21)
Help Students Develop Personal Organizational Skills	338	(11)
Promote Listening Skills	349	(4)
Notetaking	353	(6)
Research and Reference Skills	359	(14)
Teach Library Skills	359	(4)
Help Students Prepare Reports and Projects	363	(10)
Assessment	373	(38)
Types of Tests	374	(2)
Adapting Tests for Students with Special Needs	376	(9)
Norm-Referenced Tests	376	(3)
Adapt Competency-Based Assessment	379	(1)
Adapt Teacher-Made and Criterion-Referenced Tests	380	(5)
Using Curriculum-Based Measurement	385	(1)
Using Performance Assessment	386	(8)
Using Portfolio Assessment	394	(2)
Applications for Students with Special Needs	394	(2)
Teaching Test-Taking Skills	396	(7)
General Preparation Strategies	396	(1)
Strategies for Standardized Tests	397	(1)
Teach Specific Strategies for Standardized Tests	397	(3)
Teacher-Made Tests	400	(2)
Other Test-Taking Strategies	402	(1)
Grading and Scoring	403	(8)
Report Card Grades	403	(8)
Part III: Teaching in the Content Areas
Literacy	411	(48)
Reading	412	(14)
Using Basal Textbooks	412	(1)
The Whole Language Approach	413	(1)
Reading Recovery	414	(1)
Direct Instruction and Code Emphasis	415	(8)
Adaptations for Promoting Word Identification	423	(2)
Adaptations for Promoting Reading Fluency	425	(1)
Technological Adaptations to Promote Reading	425	(1)
Reading Comprehension	426	(9)
Strategies for Teaching Reading Comprehension in Inclusive Settings	426	(8)
Instructional Adaptations That Foster Reading Comprehension	434	(1)
Written Expression	435	(24)
Handwriting	435	(3)
Spelling	438	(4)
Written Communication	442	(17)
Mathematics	459	(48)
Mathematics Education	460	(1)
Mathematics and Students with Disabilities	461	(1)
Strategies for Teaching Math in Inclusive Settings	462	(4)
Early Number Concepts	463	(1)
Teaching Students to Count	463	(1)
One-to-One Correspondence	464	(1)
Helping students Master Numeration	464	(1)
Introducing Geometry in Early Years	465	(1)
Addition and Subtraction Concepts	466	(41)
Counting with Number Lines	466	(1)
Writing Numbers	467	(1)
Understanding Symbols	467	(1)
Addition and Subtraction Computation	468	(1)
Remembering Addition and Subtraction Facts	469	(3)
Place Value and Regrouping	472	(4)
Teaching Early Problem Solving with Addition and Subtraction	476	(1)
Multiplication and Division Concepts	477	(1)
Multiplication and Division Facts	477	(3)
Calculators	480	(1)
Arithmetic Vocabulary	480	(1)
Multiplication and Division Algorithms	481	(2)
Error Analysis for Diagnosis	483	(1)
Problem Solving	483	(3)
Metacognition and Mathematics	486	(1)
Money	486	(2)
Time	488	(2)
Fractions	490	(1)
Decimals	491	(1)
Area and Volume Concepts	491	(2)
Algebra	493	(4)
Mathematical Reasoning Problems	497	(2)
Teach Functional math	499	(8)
Science and Social Studies	507	(42)
Adapting Textbook/Content-Oriented Approaches	508	(20)
Adapting Science and Social Studies Instruction	508	(1)
Effective Teacher Presentations	508	(6)
Promoting Independent Learning from Textbooks	514	(10)
Adapting Textbook Materials to Accommodate Diverse Learners	524	(4)
Adapting Activities-Oriented Approaches in Science and Social Studies	528	(12)
Adapting Science Activities	529	(9)
Social Studies Adaptations	538	(2)
Inquiry Learning in Science and Social Studies	540	(9)
Promote Active Thinking with Guided Questioning	541	(2)
Developmental Considerations	543	(1)
Develop Students' Abilities to Use Deductive Reasoning	544	(5)
Art, Music, Physical Education, Foreign Languages, Vocational Education, and Transitions	549	(36)
Art, Music, and Physical Education	550	(7)
Teaching Strategies	550	(6)
Foreign Languages	556	(1)
Vocational and Career Education	557	(12)
Overview of Vocational and Career Education	557	(1)
The Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act of 1984	557	(3)
Modifications for Students with Special Needs	560	(7)
Instructional Strategies	567	(2)
Transitions	569	(16)
What Does Transition Mean?	569	(3)
Self-Advocacy and Self-Determination Preparation	572	(4)
Assessment	576	(1)
Curriculum	577	(1)
Planning for Graduation	577	(2)
Planning for Future Education	579	(1)
Planning for Future Job Opportunities	580	(1)
Planning for Independent Living Situations	580	(5)
Appendix	585	(10)
Individualized Education Program	586	(6)
Individualized Transition Plan	592	(3)
References	595	(26)
Name Index	621	(8)
Subject Index	629