The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook

by Stephenson; Ralph L.

• ISBN13: 9781566702096
• ISBN10: 1566702097
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-10-23
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

From explanations of laws and regulations to hands-on design and operation-the Handbook has it covered!

Table of Contents

Prologue -- What is Water?
Introduction	P-1
Characteristics of Water	P-2
How to Use this handbook	P-25
References	P-25
Chapter 1 U.S. Laws and Regulations	1	(62)
Introduction	1	(1)
Reference Sources for Laws and Regulations	2	(1)
Summary of U.S. Government Laws and Regulations	3	(1)
Natural Resource Statutes	3	(5)
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969	3	(1)
Endangered Species Act	4	(1)
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966	5	(1)
Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899	5	(1)
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act	6	(1)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958	7	(1)
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972	7	(1)
Residual Management Statutes	8	(2)
The Clean Water Act	8	(1)
The Clean Air Act	8	(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)	9	(1)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)	9	(1)
Safe Drinking Water Act	10	(1)
Clean Water Act -- An Overview	10	(6)
Objectives and Goals	11	(1)
Illegality of Discharge Without a Permit	11	(1)
Authority of the Federal Government to Issue Permits	12	(1)
Technology-Forcing Requirements	12	(1)
Water Quality Limitations	13	(1)
XXX 404 Permit Requirements	13	(1)
XXX 401 Certification	14	(1)
Federal Enforcement	14	(1)
Spill Reporting	15	(1)
Spill Liability	15	(1)
Public Involvement	15	(1)
Federal Funds for Publicly Owned Treatment Works	16	(1)
Summary of P. L. 92-500	16	(1)
Water Quality-Based Controls Under CWA	16	(1)
Water Quality Standards	16	(2)
Permitting and Water Quality Standards	18	(11)
NPDES Permitting	18	(1)
404 Permitting	19	(1)
401 Certification	19	(1)
Anti-Degradation	20	(1)
Summary	20	(1)
The NPDES Permit Process	21	(1)
Substantive Elements of the NPDES Permit Program	21	(1)
Scope of the NPDES Permit Program	21	(2)
Prohibitions Against Issuance of 402 Permits	23	(1)
The Permit Application Process	24	(4)
General Information Requirements	25	(1)
Application Requirements for Existing Manufacturing, Commercial Mining and Silvicultural Discharges -- Process Wastewater	25	(2)
Nonprocess Wastewater Dischargers In the Manufacturing, Commercial Mining and Silvicultural Point Source Categories	27	(1)
Application Requirements for New and Existing Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Aquatic Animal Production Facilities	27	(1)
Application Requirements for New and Existing Publicly Owned Treatment Works	27	(1)
Application Requirements for New Sources and New Discharges	27	(1)
Conditioning of NPDES Permits	28	(1)
Duty To Comply	28	(1)
Property Rights, Inspections, Monitoring and Reporting	29	(1)
Zero Discharge	29	(5)
The Debate over Zero Discharge	29	(1)
Problems with Zero Discharge	30	(1)
Arguments in Favor of Zero Discharge	30	(1)
Water -- the Resource	31	(1)
Holistic Analysis	32	(1)
Practical Issues Associated with Zero Discharge	32	(2)
Conclusion	34	(1)
Technology-Forcing Standards under the Clean Water Act	34	(4)
Overview of BPT and BAT Standards	34	(4)
Enforcement under the Clean Water Act	38	(4)
Criminal Sanctions	38	(1)
Civil Penalties	39	(1)
Civil Enforcement in the Federal Court System	39	(1)
Compliance Orders and Administrative Penalties	40	(1)
Citizen Suits	41	(1)
Conclusion	42	(1)
Spill Liability: XXX 311 of the CWA and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990	42	(2)
Reporting Requirement under XXX 311	42	(1)
Liability for Failure to Report	43	(1)
Liability for Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances	44	(1)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990	44	(2)
Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation (Title I)	44	(2)
Natural Resource Damages	46	(1)
Title IV of OPA -- Spill Prevention and Removal	46	(1)
The Corps of Engineers' XXX 404 Permit Program	46	(13)
Historical Overview of XXX 404 Permit Program	47	(2)
Corps Permits: Procedure and Substance	49	(1)
Corps' Procedural Regulations	49	(1)
The Substantive Regulations	50	(1)
The EPA's 404(b)(1) Guidelines	50	(6)
1990 Memorandum of Agreement between EPA and the Corps Regarding Mitigation under the 404(b)(1) Guidelines	52	(4)
Avoidance	52	(2)
Minimization	54	(1)
Compensatory Mitigation	54	(2)
The Corps' Public Interest Test	56	(1)
Special 404 Issues	56	(3)
Jurisdictional Limits of the 404 Program	56	(2)
Point Source Discharge of Pollutants	58	(1)
Nationwide Permits	58	(1)
Conclusion	59	(1)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Title III (SARA Title III)	59	(1)
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA)	60	(1)
Summary	60	(1)
References	61	(2)
Chapter 2 International Treaties, Laws, and Regulations	63	(12)
Introduction	63	(1)
International Treaties	63	(5)
The Rio Convention	63	(1)
Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel 1989)	63	(5)
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention) 1972/1976	68	(1)
Oil-Related Treaties	68	(1)
ISO 14000	69	(4)
Environmental Policy	69	(1)
Environmental Planning	69	(1)
Legal and Regulatory Requirements	70	(1)
Goals	70	(1)
Programs	70	(1)
Organization	70	(1)
Training	70	(1)
Communication	71	(1)
Documentation	71	(1)
Operational Control	71	(1)
Emergency Preparedness and Response	71	(1)
Monitoring and Management	72	(1)
Corrective and Preventative Actions	72	(1)
Record Keeping	72	(1)
Audits	72	(1)
Management Review	72	(1)
World Bank Standards	73	(1)
Miscellaneous Foreign Laws and Regulations	73	(2)
Chapter 3 Wastewater System Planning and Analysis	75	(10)
Introduction	75	(1)
References and Standards	75	(1)
Planning the Plan	76	(4)
1. Comprehensive Flow Diagram and Description of Existing System	76	(1)
2. Source Database	77	(1)
3. Document Planned and Potential Facility Expansions	77	(1)
4. Evaluate Regulatory Requirements	78	(1)
5. Determine if Conveyance and or Treatment Improvements are Required	78	(1)
6. Develop and Evaluate Options for Waste Prevention Minimization, System Modifications, and New Construction	79	(1)
7. Develop an Integrated Conceptual Plan of Upgrades, Schedules, and Cost Estimates	79	(1)
8. Check for Constructability, Safety, and Schedule	79	(1)
9. Comprehensive Facility Group Review	80	(1)
10. Implementation of the Compliance Plan	80	(1)
Wastewater System Base Line Data Production	80	(1)
Statistical Analysis	81	(1)
Sampling and Analysis Plans	81	(1)
Treatability and Pilot Studies	82	(1)
Design Basis and Regulatory Reviews	83	(1)
Construction Materials	83	(1)
References	84	(1)
Chapter 4 Wastewater Collection Systems	85	(26)
Introduction	85	(1)
References and Standards	85	(1)
Regulatory Requirements	85	(1)
RCRA	86	(1)
NESHAP and HON	86	(1)
VOC	86	(1)
Other Regulations, Permits, Etc	86	(1)
Collection and Conveyance (Sewer) Systems	86	(1)
Stormwater Systems	86	(1)
Process Wastewaters	87	(2)
Ballast Water	87	(1)
Sanitary Wastewater	88	(1)
Process (effluent) System	88	(1)
Spent Amine System	89	(1)
Spent Caustic System	89	(1)
Spent Acid System	89	(1)
Stormwater System Design and Analysis	89	(14)
The First Flush Principle	90	(1)
Stormwater Flows and Volumes	90	(1)
Macro Stormwater Calculations	91	(5)
Micro Stormwater Calculations	96	(1)
First Flush Calculations	96	(7)
Process Sewer System Design and Analysis	103	(3)
Computer Programs	106	(3)
References	109	(2)
Chapter 5 Equalization and Storage Systems	111	(10)
Introduction	111	(1)
Equalization Techniques	111	(1)
Flow Equalization	112	(2)
Constituent Equalization	114	(3)
Design of Equalization Tanks	117	(4)
Chapter 6 Physical Processes	121	(116)
Introduction	121	(1)
Grit Removal and Screens	121	(1)
Low Solids flux Rate Unit Processes	122	(15)
Primary Clarifiers and Grit Chambers	122	(8)
Clarifier Design	122	(2)
Design of Grit Chambers	124	(1)
Design of Primary Clarifiers	125	(5)
Oil-Water Separation Devices	130	(7)
API Separators	130	(1)
CPI Units	131	(1)
DAF Units	132	(5)
Coalescers	136	(1)
Other Devices	137	(1)
High Solids Flux Rate Unit Processes	137	(2)
Thickeners	137	(1)
Dewatering Machines	138	(1)
Centrifuges	138	(1)
Presses and Filters for Sludge Dewatering	139	(3)
Vacuum Filters	140	(1)
Belt Presses	140	(1)
Plate and Frame Presses	141	(1)
Incineration	142	(1)
Teritary Treatment Physical Unit Processes	142	(1)
Filtration	142	(12)
Diatomaceous Earth Filters	142	(1)
Granular Media Filters	143	(4)
Carbon Adsorption	147	(7)
Stripping	154	(6)
Air Stripping	155	(2)
Steam Stripping	157	(2)
Natural Gas Stripping	159	(1)
Vacuum Stripping	159	(1)
Membrane Separation	160	(8)
Ultrafiltration	161	(2)
Reverse Osmosis	163	(5)
Mixing	168	(15)
Designing Turbine Agitators	169	(5)
Classification of the Agitation Problem	170	(2)
Magnitude of Agitation Required	172	(1)
Selecting Equipment for Dynamic Response	173	(1)
Economic Evaluation of Equipment	174	(1)
Fluid Mixing Systems Dimensional Analysis	174	(9)
Dimensional Analysis	174	(1)
The Navier-Stokes Equation	175	(2)
Other Dimensionless Relationships	177	(1)
Mixing Power Requirements	177	(1)
Limiting Cases	178	(1)
Power Correlation	179	(1)
Fluid Velocity	180	(1)
Flow Patterns in Mixed Vessels	181	(1)
Velocity and Pumping	181	(1)
Blending and Blend Time	182	(1)
Correlation Method for Blend Time	182	(1)
Blend Time Correlation	183	(1)
Mixing Fundamentals	183	(12)
Heat Transfer	183	(3)
Heat Transfer Coeffcient Dimensional Analysis	186	(1)
Correlations for Heat Transfer	187	(1)
Design Aspects of Heat Transfer	188	(1)
Suspending Solids	188	(1)
Settling Velocity	189	(1)
Mass Transfer in Solids Suspension	190	(1)
Gas Dispersion	191	(1)
Bubble Breakup and Interfacial Area	191	(1)
Flooding and Power	192	(1)
Mass Transfer and Gas Dispersion	192	(1)
Agitation and Viscosity	193	(1)
Power-Law Fluids	193	(1)
Design Considerations	194	(1)
Designing Mixers for the Desired Process Response	195	(6)
Problem Classification	196	(1)
Severity and Size	196	(1)
Defining the Desired Process Result	196	(1)
Defining the Required Dynamic Response	196	(1)
Selecting an Agitator Drive	197	(1)
Impeller Design	197	(4)
Mixing Systems for Suspension of Solids in Liquids	201	(6)
Size and Difficulty	202	(2)
Dynamic Response Required	204	(1)
Scale of Agitation	204	(1)
Selecting an Agitator Drive	204	(1)
Impeller Design	204	(3)
Incorporating Dry Solids	207	(1)
Resuspending Settled Solids	207	(1)
Selecting Agitators for Dispersing Gas into Tanks	207	(8)
Gas Dispersion	208	(1)
Gas Dispersion Process Result	209	(1)
Gas Dispersion Dynamic Response	209	(1)
Scale of Agitation	210	(1)
Agitator Drive Design	211	(1)
Impeller System Design	211	(1)
Gas Dispersion Turbine Diameter	212	(3)
Gas Dispersion Design Considerations	215	(1)
Drive Trains for Turbine Agitators	215	(6)
Agitator Environment	216	(2)
Mounting Configurations	218	(1)
Turbine Agitator Prime Movers	218	(1)
Drive Train Couplings	219	(1)
Turbine Mixer Drives	219	(1)
Gears for Turbine Drives	220	(1)
Shafts, Seals, and Impellers	221	(7)
Natural Frequency of Vibration	222	(2)
Calculating the First Lateral Frequency	224	(1)
Estimating the Weight of Impellers	225	(1)
Shaft Seals	226	(2)
Mechanical Seals	227	(1)
Scale-Up Techniques for Turbine Agitators	228	(7)
Similarity Concepts	229	(1)
Scale Up Procedure	229	(1)
Geometrical Similarity	229	(1)
Scaling Up to Standard Equipment	230	(1)
Scale-Up Rules	230	(1)
Scale-Up Exponents	231	(1)
Selecting a Mixer	232	(2)
Mixing Experiment Design	234	(1)
Mechanical Evaluation of Mixers	234	(1)
References	235	(2)
Chapter 7 Chemical Treatment Processes	237	(10)
Introduction	237	(1)
Precipitation	237	(2)
Solids Removal	237	(1)
Heavy Metals Removal	238	(1)
Chemical Feed System Design	239	(1)
Solution Make Up	239	(1)
Calculations for Feed Rate	239	(1)
Mixing	240	(1)
Oxidation	240	(3)
Air and Pure Oxygen	240	(2)
Chemical Oxidants	242	(1)
Ozonation	242	(1)
Ion Exchange	243	(1)
Electrodialysis	244	(1)
References	245	(2)
Chapter 8 Biological Treatment Processes	247	(54)
Introduction	247	(8)
Biological Reactors	249	(3)
Suspended Growth Reactors	249	(2)
Fixed Film Reactors	251	(1)
Reaction Kinetics	252	(3)
First Order Approximation	253	(2)
Acclimation	255	(1)
Inhibition	255	(1)
Minimum Substrate Concentrations	255	(1)
Anaerobic Treatment	255	(1)
Facultative Treatment	256	(1)
Aerobic Treatment	256	(15)
Modeling	257	(1)
Activated Sludge Models	257	(14)
Calculating Biokinetic Constants	264	(7)
Aerated Stabilization Basin Models	271	(1)
Secondary Clarifiers	271	(6)
How Clarifiers Really Work	271	(2)
Modeling Secondary Clarifiers	273	(4)
Aeration Systems Design	277	(4)
Secondary Clarifier Design	281	(1)
Other Biological Unit Processes	282	(16)
Trickling Filters	282	(5)
Rotating Biological Contactors	287	(6)
The PACT Process	293	(2)
Fluid Bed Granular Activated Carbon	295	(1)
Land Applications	296	(2)
References	298	(3)
Chapter 9 VOCs in Wastewater	301	(44)
Introduction	301	(9)
Industry Descriptions	310	(5)
The Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry	311	(1)
Pesticides Manufacturing Industry	312	(1)
Petroleum Refining Industry	312	(1)
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Industry	313	(1)
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities Industry	314	(1)
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard and Builders' Paper and Board Mills Industry	314	(1)
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions During Wastewater Collection and Treatment	315	(7)
Source of Organic Compound-Containing Wastewater	315	(1)
Direct Contact Wastewater	316	(1)
Indirect Contact Wastewater	316	(1)
Sources of Air Emissions	316	(6)
Drains	317	(1)
Manholes	317	(1)
Junction Boxes	318	(1)
Lift Stations	318	(1)
Trenches	319	(1)
Sumps	319	(1)
Weirs	319	(1)
Oil-Water Separators	320	(1)
Equalization Basins	320	(1)
Clarifiers	321	(1)
Aeration Basins	321	(1)
Treatment Tanks	321	(1)
Surface Impoundments	322	(1)
Volatile Organic Compound Emission Estimation	322	(1)
Volatile Organic Compound Emission Control Techniques	322	(20)
Waste Minimization	323	(1)
Gather Baseline Data	323	(1)
Identify and Rank Sources for Reduction	323	(1)
Implementation of Reduction Recycling	323	(1)
Organic Compound Treatment Technologies	324	(9)
Wastewater Collection and Conditioning	324	(1)
Steam Stripping	324	(2)
Steam Stripper Applicability and Performance	325	(1)
Steam Stripper Removal Efficiency	326	(1)
Air Stripping	326	(5)
Air Stripper Process Description	326	(5)
Air Stripping Removal Performance	331	(1)
Biological Removal	331	(1)
Other Organic Compound Removal Technologies	332	(1)
Volatile Organic Compound Emission Suppression from Collection and Treatment System Components	333	(2)
Collection System Controls	333	(1)
Fixed-Roof Tanks	334	(1)
Floating Roof Tanks	334	(1)
Oil Water Separators	334	(1)
Floating Membrane Covers	335	(1)
Air Supported Structures	335	(1)
Add-on Controls	335	(7)
Carbon Adsorbtion	336	(1)
Thermal Vapor Incinerators	337	(1)
Combination Adsorbtion-Incineration	338	(1)
Catalytic Vapor Incinerators	339	(1)
Flares	339	(1)
Boilers and Process Heaters	340	(1)
Condensers	340	(1)
Solvent Extraction	341	(1)
Biofiltration	341	(1)
Membrane Separation	342	(1)
Computer Modeling	342	(1)
References	343	(2)
Chapter 10 Sludge and Solid Wastes Management	345	(6)
Introduction	345	(6)
Types of Sludge and Solids	345	(1)
Landfills	345	(6)
Dewatering	346	(1)
Drying and Evaporation	346	(1)
Incineration	346	(1)
Kilns	347	(1)
Horizontal Spray Incinerators	348	(1)
Vortex Melting Furnaces	348	(1)
Vertical Spray Incinerators	348	(1)
Multiple Hearth Incinerators	348	(1)
Low Velocity Fluidized Bed Incinerators	349	(1)
High Velocity Fluidized Bed Incinerators	349	(2)
Chapter 11 Specialized Unit Processes	351	(14)
Introduction	351	(1)
Spent Caustic Treatment Systems	351	(9)
Typical Characteristics of Spent Caustic	352	(1)
Impact on Plant's Wastewater Treatment System	352	(1)
Commercially Proven Treatment Technologies	353	(6)
Neutralization with Steam Stripping	353	(1)
Wet Air Oxidation	353	(2)
Low Pressure Oxidation	355	(1)
Medium Pressure Oxidation	355	(1)
High Pressure Oxidation	356	(2)
Incineration	358	(1)
Emerging Treatment Technologies	358	(1)
Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation	359	(1)
Supercritical Water Oxidation	359	(1)
Summary of Spent Caustic Systems	359	(1)
Spent Amines	360	(2)
References	362	(3)
Chapter 12 Instrumentation	365	(64)
Introduction	365	(2)
Instrumentation and Automation Techniques	367	(17)
Pressure Measurement	368	(3)
Temperature	371	(1)
Level Measurement	372	(5)
Flow Measurement	377	(5)
Suspended Solids Measurement	382	(2)
Transducers	384	(5)
Mercury or Filled Well -- Pneumatic Type	384	(1)
Diaphragm Cell -- Pneumatic Type	385	(1)
Mercury or Liquid Filled Well -- Electric Time Impulse Type	386	(2)
Differential Bellows -- Electronic Type	388	(1)
Helix -- Electric Induction Bridge Type	388	(1)
Electronic Type	388	(1)
Transmission Links	389	(1)
Mechanical Transmission	389	(1)
Pneumatic Transmission	389	(1)
Electric Transmission	389	(1)
Pneumatic and Electric Multisignal Scanning	390	(1)
Tone Frequency	390	(1)
Receiving Mechanisms	390	(2)
Pneumatic Receivers	391	(1)
Electric Receiver Power Positioner	391	(1)
Electronic Receiver Servomotor	391	(1)
Electric Receiver Inductance Bridge	392	(1)
Controllers	392	(1)
Pneumatic Controller -- Proportional Reset Mode	392	(1)
Hydropneumatic Controller -- Proportional Speed Floating Mode	393	(1)
Process Measurements	393	(4)
Flow Measurement	393	(1)
Influent Flow	393	(1)
Tertiary Filter Effluent Flow	394	(1)
Tertiary Filter Wash Water	394	(1)
Plant Service Water	394	(1)
Effluent Meter	394	(1)
Temperature Measurement	394	(1)
Pressure Measurement	395	(1)
Level Measurement	395	(1)
Level Sensors	396	(1)
Flow Control	397	(1)
Flow Control of Gravity Supply from Tanks	397	(1)
Tertiary Filter Effluent Flow Control	397	(1)
Tertiary Filter Wash Water Flow Control	397	(1)
Level Control	397	(1)
Overall Process Control	398	(1)
The Waste Treatment Process	399	(6)
Typical Process Measurements	400	(5)
Flow Measurement	400	(3)
Sludge Density Measurement	403	(1)
Temperature	403	(1)
Level Measurement	404	(1)
Component Evaluation of Wastewater Instrumentation and Controls	405	(18)
Differential Producing Flow Meters	405	(1)
Flow Transducers	406	(3)
Stability	406	(1)
Range and Accuracy	406	(2)
Speed of Response	408	(1)
Output Signal Computability	408	(1)
Rejection of Line Noise	408	(1)
Readout Devices	409	(1)
Control Valves	409	(6)
Sizing Control Valves	411	(4)
Automatic Controllers	415	(3)
Open Channel Flow Meters	418	(2)
Temperature Metering	420	(3)
Instrumentation Schematic Drawings	423	(4)
References	427	(2)
Glossary of Wastewater and Environmental Terms	429	(48)
Index	477