Industrial/Organizational Psychology An Applied Approach

by Aamodt, Michael G.

• ISBN13: 9780495093060
• ISBN10: 0495093068
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-11
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Michael Aamodt's Fifth Edition of INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN APPLIED APPROACH appeals directly to students by incorporating a high degree of scholarship along with many real-world examples that make the excitement of this field obvious. This text integrates charts and tables to simplify such complicated issues as employment law, job satisfaction, work motivation and leadership. While striking a balance between research, theory and application, Aamodt introduces humor to make the student's reading more enjoyable. Students will be able to relate to industrial/organizational psychology by viewing such practical applications as how to write a resume, survive an employment interview, write a job description, create a performance appraisal instrument, and motivate employees.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction to I/O Psychology	p. 1
The Field of I/O Psychology	p. 2
Differences Between I/O and Business Programs	p. 2
Major Fields of I/O Psychology	p. 4
Brief History of I/O Psychology	p. 5
Employment of I/O Psychologists	p. 8
Educational Requirements and Types of Programs	p. 9
Career Workshop: Getting into Graduate School	p. 10
Research in I/O Psychology	p. 11
Why Conduct Research?	p. 11
Considerations in Conducting Research	p. 12
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Conducting Research at the Vancouver (British Columbia) International Airport Authority, Canada	p. 27
Chapter Summary	p. 28
Questions for Review	p. 28
Job Analysis and Evaluation	p. 29
Job Analysis	p. 30
Importance of Job Analysis	p. 30
Writing a Good Job Description	p. 32
Employment Profile	p. 33
Preparing for a Job Analysis	p. 38
Conducting a Job Analysis	p. 43
Using Other Job Analysis Methods	p. 49
Evaluation of Methods	p. 57
Job Evaluation	p. 59
Determining Internal Pay Equity	p. 59
Determining External Pay Equity	p. 62
Sex and Race Equity	p. 63
Career Workshop: Negotiating Salary	p. 65
On the Job: Applied Case Study: National Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners	p. 66
Chapter Summary	p. 66
Questions for Review	p. 67
Legal Issues in Employee Selection	p. 68
The Legal Process	p. 69
Resolving the Complaint Internally	p. 69
Career Workshop: What to Do If You Feel You Are Being Discriminated Against at Work	p. 70
Filing a Discrimination Charge	p. 70
Outcomes of an EEOC Investigation	p. 71
Determining Whether an Employment Decision Is Legal	p. 73
Does the Employment Practice Directly Refer to a Member of a Federally Protected Class?	p. 74
Employment Profile	p. 78
Is the Requirement a BFOQ?	p. 82
Has Case Law, State Law, or Local Law Expanded the Definition of Any of the Protected Classes?	p. 83
Does the Requirement Have Adverse Impact on Members of a Protected Class?	p. 84
Was the Requirement Designed to Intentionally Discriminate against a Protected Class?	p. 85
Can the Employer Prove That the Requirement Is Job Related?	p. 85
Did the Employer Look for Reasonable Alternatives that Would Result in Lesser Adverse Impact?	p. 86
Harassment	p. 87
Types of Harassment	p. 87
Organizational Liability for Sexual Harassment	p. 89
Family Medical Leave Act	p. 90
Affirmative Action	p. 91
Affirmative Action Strategies	p. 91
Reasons for Affirmative Action Plans	p. 93
Legality of Preferential Hiring and Promotion Plans	p. 93
Consequences of Affirmative Action Plans	p. 97
Privacy Issues	p. 97
Drug Testing	p. 98
Office and Locker Searches	p. 99
Psychological Tests	p. 99
Canadian Employment Law by Province	p. 100
Electronic Surveillance	p. 100
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Keystone RV Company, Goshen, Indiana	p. 101
Chapter Summary	p. 101
Questions for Review	p. 102
Employee Selection: Recruiting and Interviewing	p. 103
Job Analysis	p. 104
Recruitment	p. 104
Media Advertisements	p. 105
Career Workshop: How to Respond to Newspaper Advertisements	p. 108
Situation-Wanted Ads	p. 109
Point-of-Purchase Methods	p. 110
Recruiters	p. 112
Employment Agencies and Search Firms	p. 112
Employee Referrals	p. 113
Employment Profile	p. 114
Direct Mail	p. 115
Internet	p. 116
Job Fairs	p. 118
Incentives	p. 119
Nontraditional Populations	p. 119
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Recruitment Strategies	p. 119
Realistic Job Previews	p. 121
Effective Employee Selection Techniques	p. 122
Employment Interviews	p. 123
Types of Interviews	p. 123
Advantages of Structured Interviews	p. 124
Problems with Unstructured Interviews	p. 125
Creating a Structured Interview	p. 128
Conducting the Structured Interview	p. 131
Job Search Skills	p. 132
Successfully Surviving the Interview Process	p. 132
Writing Cover Letters	p. 134
Writing a Resume	p. 136
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Recruitment at the Borgata Hotel Casino and Spa	p. 141
Chapter Summary	p. 141
Questions for Review	p. 142
Employee Selection: References and Testing	p. 143
Predicting Performance Using References and Letters of Recommendation	p. 144
Reasons for Using References and Recommendations	p. 144
Career Workshop: Asking for Letters of Recommendation	p. 145
Ethical Issues	p. 153
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Training and Education	p. 155
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Knowledge	p. 156
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Ability	p. 156
Cognitive Ability	p. 157
Perceptual Ability	p. 158
Psychomotor Ability	p. 158
Physical Ability	p. 158
Employment Profile	p. 164
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Skill	p. 164
Work Samples	p. 164
Assessment Centers	p. 165
Predicting Performance Using Prior Experience	p. 167
Experience Ratings	p. 167
Biodata	p. 168
Predicting Performance Using Personality, Interest, and Character	p. 171
Personality Inventories	p. 171
Interest Inventories	p. 173
Integrity Tests	p. 174
Graphology	p. 175
Predicting Performance Limitations Due to Medical and Psychological Problems	p. 176
Drug Testing	p. 176
Psychological Exams	p. 177
Medical Exams	p. 178
Comparison of Techniques	p. 178
Validity	p. 178
Legal Issues	p. 178
Rejecting Applicants	p. 180
On the Job: Applied Case Study: City of New London, Connecticut, Police Department	p. 182
Chapter Summary	p. 182
Questions for Review	p. 182
Evaluating Selection Techniques and Decisions	p. 184
Characteristics of Effective Selection Techniques	p. 185
Reliability	p. 185
Career Workshop: Evaluating Tests	p. 190
Validity	p. 190
Cost-efficiency	p. 195
Establishing the Usefulness of a Selection Device	p. 196
Taylor-Russell Tables	p. 197
Proportion of Correct Decisions	p. 198
Lawshe Tables	p. 201
Brogden-Cronbach-Gleser Utility Formula	p. 202
Determining the Fairness of a Test	p. 205
Adverse Impact	p. 205
Single-Group Validity	p. 206
Differential Validity	p. 206
Employment Profile	p. 207
Making the Hiring Decision	p. 208
Unadjusted Top-Down Selection	p. 208
Rule of 3	p. 208
Passing Scores	p. 208
Banding	p. 211
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Philadelphia Transit Police	p. 212
Chapter Summary	p. 213
Questions for Review	p. 213
Evaluating Employee Performance	p. 214
Determine the Reason for Evaluating Employee Performance	p. 216
Determining Salary Increases	p. 216
Making Promotion Decisions	p. 216
Providing Employee Training and Feedback	p. 217
Making Termination Decisions	p. 217
Conducting Personnel Research	p. 217
Identify Environmental and Cultural Limitations	p. 217
Determine Who Will Evaluate Performance	p. 218
Supervisors	p. 219
Peers	p. 219
Subordinates	p. 220
Customers	p. 220
Self-Appraisal	p. 220
Select the Best Appraisal Methods to Accomplish Your Goals	p. 222
Focus of the Appraisal Dimensions	p. 222
Should Dimensions Be Weighted?	p. 224
Use of Employee Comparisons, Objective Measures, or Ratings	p. 224
Evaluation of Performance Appraisal Methods	p. 233
Train Raters	p. 235
Observe and Document Performance	p. 235
Evaluate Performance	p. 239
Obtaining and Reviewing Objective Data	p. 239
Reading Critical-Incident Logs	p. 239
Completing the Rating Form	p. 239
Employment Profile	p. 240
Communicate Appraisal Results to Employees	p. 246
Prior to the Interview	p. 247
During the Interview	p. 248
Career Workshop: Getting Good Performance Ratings	p. 249
Terminate Employees	p. 249
Employment-at-Will Doctrine	p. 249
Legal Reasons for Terminating Employees	p. 251
The Termination Meeting	p. 253
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Firing an Employee at Kohl's Department Store	p. 254
Chapter Summary	p. 254
Questions for Review	p. 254
Additional Types of Rating Scales	p. 256
Designing and Evaluating Training Systems	p. 262
Determining Training Needs	p. 263
Organizational Analysis	p. 264
Task Analysis	p. 265
Person Analysis	p. 266
Developing a Training Program	p. 268
Establishing Goals and Objectives	p. 268
Motivating Employees	p. 268
Choosing the Best Training Method	p. 273
Conducting Classroom Training	p. 274
Initial Decisions	p. 274
Employment Profile	p. 276
Preparing for Classroom Training	p. 278
Delivering the Training Program	p. 279
Career Workshop: Audience Etiquette	p. 280
Using Case Studies to Apply Knowledge	p. 281
Using Simulation Exercises to Practice New Skills	p. 282
Practicing Interpersonal Skills through Role Play	p. 283
Increasing Interpersonal Skills through Behavior Modeling	p. 283
Providing Individual Training through Distance Learning	p. 284
Programmed Instruction Using Books, Videos, or Interactive Video	p. 285
Computer-Based or Web-Based Programmed Instruction	p. 285
Conducting On-the-Job Training	p. 286
Learning by Modeling Others	p. 287
Learning through Job Rotation	p. 288
Learning through Apprentice Training	p. 289
Learning through Coaching and Mentoring	p. 289
Ensuring Transfer of Training	p. 291
Putting It All Together	p. 292
Evaluation of Training Results	p. 294
Research Designs for Evaluation	p. 294
Evaluation Criteria	p. 296
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Training at Pal's Sudden Service	p. 298
Chapter Summary	p. 298
Questions for Review	p. 299
Employee Motivation	p. 300
Is an Employee Predisposed to Being Motivated?	p. 301
Self-Esteem	p. 301
Intrinsic Motivation	p. 304
Needs for Achievement and Power	p. 305
Have the Employee's Values and Expectations Been Met?	p. 305
Job Expectations	p. 306
Job Characteristics	p. 306
Needs, Values, and Wants	p. 307
Do Employees Have Achievable Goals?	p. 311
Specific	p. 311
Employment Profile	p. 312
Measurable	p. 312
Difficult but Attainable	p. 312
Relevant	p. 314
Time-Bound	p. 314
Employee Participation	p. 314
Are Employees Receiving Feedback on Their Goal Progress?	p. 314
Career Workshop: Providing Feedback	p. 315
Self-Regulation Theory	p. 315
Are Employees Rewarded for Achieving Goals?	p. 316
Timing of the Incentive	p. 317
Contingency of Consequences	p. 318
Type of Incentive Used	p. 318
Individual Versus Group Incentives	p. 322
Expectancy Theory	p. 327
Reward Versus Punishment	p. 329
Are Rewards and Resources Given Equitably?	p. 329
Are Other Employees Motivated?	p. 331
Integration of Motivation Theories	p. 331
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Faster Service at Taco Bueno Restaurants	p. 333
Chapter Summary	p. 333
Questions for Review	p. 333
Employee Satisfaction and Commitment	p. 334
Why Should We Care About Employee Attitudes?	p. 335
What Causes Employees to Be Satisfied with and Committed to Their Jobs?	p. 337
What Individual Differences Affect Job Satisfaction?	p. 338
Are Employees' Job Expectations Being Met?	p. 341
Is the Employee a Good Fit with the Job and the Organization?	p. 342
Are the Tasks Enjoyable?	p. 342
Do Employees Enjoy Working with Supervisors and Coworkers?	p. 343
Are Coworkers Outwardly Unhappy?	p. 343
Are Rewards and Resources Given Equitably?	p. 344
Is There a Chance for Growth and Challenge?	p. 346
Integration of Theories	p. 348
Career Workshop: What to Do If You Are Unhappy with Your Job	p. 350
Measuring Job Satisfaction and Commitment	p. 351
Commonly Used Standard Inventories	p. 351
Employment Profile	p. 354
Custom-Designed Inventories	p. 356
Consequences of Dissatisfaction and Other Negative Work Attitudes	p. 356
Absenteeism	p. 356
Turnover	p. 362
Counterproductive Behaviors	p. 365
Lack of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors	p. 366
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Reducing Turnover at Bubba Gump Shrimp Co.	p. 366
Questions for Review	p. 366
Organizational Communication	p. 367
Types of Organizational Communication	p. 368
Upward Communication	p. 368
Employment Profile	p. 371
Downward Communication	p. 372
Business Communication	p. 374
Career Workshop: Phone Etiquette	p. 375
Informal Communication	p. 377
Interpersonal Communication	p. 379
Intended Message Versus Message Sent	p. 380
Message Sent Versus Message Received	p. 381
Message Received Versus Message Interpreted	p. 390
Improving Employee Communication Skills	p. 395
Interpersonal Communication Skills	p. 395
Written Communication Skills	p. 396
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Reducing Order Errors at Hardee's and McDonald's	p. 398
Chapter Summary	p. 399
Questions for Review	p. 399
Leadership	p. 401
An Introduction to Leadership	p. 402
Personal Characteristics Associated with Leadership	p. 402
Leader Emergence	p. 403
Leader Performance	p. 405
Interaction between the Leader and the Situation	p. 410
Situational Favorability	p. 410
Organizational Climate	p. 412
Subordinate Ability	p. 414
Relationships with Subordinates	p. 416
Specific Leader Skills	p. 417
Leadership through Decision Making	p. 418
Leadership through Contact: Management by Walking Around	p. 419
Employment Profile	p. 420
Leadership through Power	p. 420
Leadership through Vision: Transformational Leadership	p. 421
Leadership through Persuasion	p. 424
Cultural Differences in Leadership: Project Globe	p. 425
Leadership: Where Are We Today?	p. 428
Career Workshop: Obtaining Leadership Skills	p. 431
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Developing Leaders at Claim Jumper Restaurants	p. 432
Chapter Summary	p. 432
Questions for Review	p. 432
Group Behavior, Teams, and Conflict	p. 434
Group Dynamics	p. 435
Definition of a Group	p. 435
Reasons for Joining Groups	p. 436
Factors Affecting Group Performance	p. 439
Group Cohesiveness	p. 439
Groupthink	p. 449
Individual Versus Group Performance	p. 449
Teams	p. 451
What Is a Work Team?	p. 451
Types of Teams	p. 453
How Teams Develop	p. 455
Why Teams Don't Always Work	p. 456
Group Conflict	p. 458
Types of Conflict	p. 459
Causes of Conflict	p. 460
Career Workshop: Tips for Being a Good Group Member	p. 463
Conflict Styles	p. 464
Employment Profile	p. 465
Resolving Conflict	p. 468
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Conflict at Work	p. 470
Chapter Summary	p. 470
Questions for Review	p. 471
Organization Development	p. 472
Managing Change	p. 473
Sacred Cow Hunts	p. 473
Employee Acceptance of Change	p. 474
Implementing Change	p. 478
Career Workshop: Coping with Change	p. 479
Organizational Culture	p. 480
Employment Profile	p. 482
Emplowerment	p. 485
Making the Decision to Empower	p. 485
Levels of Employee Input	p. 489
Empowerment Charts	p. 492
Consequences of Empowerment	p. 493
Downsizing	p. 494
Reducing the Impact of Downsizing	p. 494
Effects of Downsizing	p. 498
Work Schedules	p. 499
Compressed Workweeks	p. 499
Moonlighting	p. 501
Flexible Work Hours	p. 501
Peak-Time Pay	p. 504
Job Sharing	p. 504
Work at Home	p. 505
Shift Work	p. 506
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Managing Change at Carlson Restaurants	p. 509
Chapter Summary	p. 509
Questions for Review	p. 509
Stress Management: Dealing with the Demands of Life and Work	p. 511
Stress Defined	p. 512
Predisposition to Stress	p. 513
Stress Personalities	p. 514
Gender, Ethnicity, and Race	p. 514
Stress Sensitization	p. 515
Sources of Stress	p. 515
Personal Stressors	p. 515
Occupational Stressors	p. 517
Organizational Stressors	p. 518
Stressors in the Physical Work Environment	p. 520
Other Sources of Stress	p. 527
Consequences of Stress	p. 528
Personal Consequences	p. 528
Organizational Consequences	p. 530
Managing Stress	p. 532
Planning for Stress	p. 532
Career Workshop: Dealing with Stress	p. 536
Stress Reduction Interventions Related to Life/Work Issues	p. 537
Easing the Child-Care Burden	p. 537
Easing the Elder-Care Burden	p. 540
Easing the Daily-Chore Burden	p. 540
Employment Profile	p. 541
Providing Rest through Paid Time Off	p. 542
Measuring Stress	p. 542
Workplace Violence	p. 543
Perpetrators of Workplace Violence	p. 545
Reducing Workplace Violence	p. 545
On the Job: Applied Case Study: Reducing Stress at a Manufacturing Company	p. 547
Chapter Summary	p. 548
Questions for Review	p. 548
Working Conditions and Human Factors	p. 549
Glossary	p. 556
References	p. 576
Name Index	p. 618
Subject Index	p. 626
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