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Preface	p. xi
Beliefs About Babies: Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood	p. 1
Why Do We Study Infants?	p. 2
Development as Transformation	p. 2
Impact of Early Experience	p. 3
Research Methods and Tools	p. 4
Interdisciplinary Collaboration	p. 4
Recurring Themes in the Study of Child Development	p. 4
The Path of Development: Stages versus Continuous Change	p. 4
Heredity and the Environment	p. 5
Active or Passive Development?	p. 7
Normal and Atypical Development	p. 7
Culture and Context	p. 7
Historical Perspectives on Infancy and Early Childhood	p. 9
Historical Studies of Children and Childhood	p. 10
Views of Children	p. 13
Family Life	p. 19
Education	p. 24
The Development of Child Development	p. 26
G. Stanley Hall	p. 27
James Mark Baldwin	p. 28
John B. Watson	p. 29
Arnold Gesell	p. 30
Child Research Institutes: Investigation and Dissemination	p. 30
Child Development after World War II	p. 31
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 32
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 33
Key Words	p. 34
Research Methods	p. 35
Research Settings	p. 36
Naturalistic Studies	p. 36
Laboratory Studies	p. 41
Research Designs	p. 44
Case Studies and Single-Subject Research	p. 44
Quasi-Experimental Studies	p. 45
Experimental Studies	p. 46
Research Designs for Studying Development	p. 47
Longitudinal Research	p. 48
Cross-Sectional Research	p. 50
Microgenetic Research	p. 50
Research Measures	p. 51
Behavioral Responses	p. 51
Parental Reports	p. 55
Archival Research	p. 55
Issues in Research with Infants	p. 56
Behavioral State	p. 56
Inference and Interpretation	p. 58
Ethical Concerns	p. 59
Where Do Babies Come From?	p. 60
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 60
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 61
Key Words	p. 62
Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development	p. 65
Genetics and the Human Genome	p. 67
Genetics and Disease	p. 68
Genetics and Prenatal Development	p. 71
Conception	p. 72
Twins and Other Multiples	p. 74
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities	p. 74
Infertility and Assisted Reproduction	p. 74
Prenatal Development	p. 77
The Germinal Stage, Fertilization to 2 Weeks	p. 77
The Embryonic Stage, 2 to 8 Weeks	p. 79
The Fetal Stage, 8 Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks)	p. 82
Birth Defects	p. 84
Neural Tube Defects	p. 85
Congenital Heart Defects	p. 86
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment	p. 87
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)	p. 88
Ultrasound	p. 89
Maternal Blood Screening	p. 89
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)	p. 90
Amniocentesis	p. 90
Fetal Echocardiography	p. 91
Fetal Therapy	p. 91
Prenatal Influences	p. 93
Nutrition	p. 93
Alcohol and Drugs	p. 94
Disease	p. 99
Stress	p. 101
Environmental Hazards	p. 103
Paternal Influences	p. 104
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 105
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 106
Key Words	p. 107
Birth and the Newborn	p. 109
The Birth Process: Stages of Childbirth	p. 110
The First Stage: Contractions, Dilatation, and Effacement	p. 111
The Second Stage: Delivery of the Infant	p. 112
The Third Stage: Placental Expulsion	p. 112
Complications of Childbirth	p. 113
Failure to Progress	p. 113
Breech Presentation	p. 114
Preterm Birth	p. 114
Low Birthweight	p. 118
Postdate Birth	p. 119
Twins and Other Multiple Births	p. 120
Childbirth Options	p. 122
Medical Interventions	p. 122
Hospital, Home, or Birth Center?	p. 128
Neonatal Assessment	p. 132
Assessment at Birth	p. 133
Reflexes	p. 134
Sensory Abilities	p. 134
Adaptations during the Neonatal Period	p. 135
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 135
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 138
Key Words	p. 139
Physical Growth, Health, and Nutrition	p. 141
Physical Growth	p. 142
Measuring and Predicting Growth	p. 143
Failure to Thrive	p. 144
Tooth Development	p. 145
Brain Development	p. 146
Maltreatment and the Brain	p. 149
Shaken Baby Syndrome	p. 151
Health and Safety	p. 151
Newborn Screening	p. 152
Screening for Lead Poisoning	p. 152
Infant Mortality	p. 154
Common Illnesses	p. 156
Accidental Injuries	p. 159
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	p. 162
Nutrition and Feeding	p. 165
Nutritional Requirements in Infancy	p. 165
Nutritional Requirements in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood	p. 171
The Problem of Malnutrition	p. 172
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 174
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 175
Key Words	p. 175
Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development	p. 177
Sensory Abilities and Perceptual Development	p. 178
Theories of Infant Perception	p. 180
Vision	p. 182
Hearing	p. 191
Touch	p. 192
Taste	p. 194
Smell	p. 195
Intermodal and Cross-Modal Perception	p. 196
Other Senses	p. 198
Motor Development	p. 199
Reaching, Grasping, and Manipulating Objects	p. 201
Crawling and Walking	p. 203
The Role of Experience: Implications for Parents and Caregivers	p. 205
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 207
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 208
Key Words	p. 208
Cognition, Learning, and Intelligence	p. 210
The Development of Play	p. 212
Play with Objects	p. 212
Social Play	p. 214
Pretend/Symbolic Play	p. 215
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	p. 217
Sensorimotor Intelligence: Constructing Knowledge through Action	p. 218
Six Stages of Sensorimotor Development	p. 218
Evaluating Piaget's Theory of Sensorimotor Intelligence	p. 221
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	p. 230
The Zone of Proximal Development	p. 230
Guided Participation: Learning as a Social Activity	p. 232
Evaluating Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	p. 233
Cognitive Science Perspectives on Early Learning and Memory	p. 234
The Development of Attention	p. 235
The Development of Memory	p. 236
Categorization	p. 241
Defining and Testing Intelligence in Infancy	p. 243
Traditional Tests of Infant Intelligence	p. 244
Information Processing Assessments of Infant Intelligence	p. 244
Wrapping Things Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 245
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 247
Key Words	p. 247
Language and Communication	p. 250
Why Language Matters	p. 251
Studying Language Development	p. 252
Prelinguistic Communication	p. 255
Receptivity to Language	p. 255
Speech Perception	p. 257
Early Production: Babbling	p. 260
Gestural Communication	p. 260
Semantic Development	p. 262
Milestones in the Acquisition of Meaning	p. 262
One-Word Utterances	p. 264
Individual Differences: The Role of Language Experience	p. 266
Cultural and Linguistic Influences	p. 267
Explaining Early Word Learning	p. 269
The Acquisition of Grammar	p. 274
Multiword Utterances	p. 274
Grammatical Morphemes	p. 275
Overregularization	p. 277
Individual Differences in Early Grammar	p. 277
Cross-Linguistic Studies of the Acquisition of Grammar	p. 278
Atypical Language Development	p. 279
Measuring Language Development	p. 279
Early Language Delay	p. 280
Language and Communication in Children with Autism	p. 281
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 283
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 284
Key Words	p. 285
Relationships and Social Development	p. 287
Infant-Caregiver Relationships	p. 288
Patterns of Care and Interaction: Beliefs about Infants	p. 289
Cross-cultural Differences in Mothers' Involvement	p. 294
Father-Infant Caregiving and Interaction	p. 295
Cross-cultural Differences in Fathers' Involvement	p. 296
Disturbances in Infant-Caregiver Relationships	p. 298
Maternal Depression	p. 299
Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect	p. 301
Early Institutionalization and Social Deprivation	p. 302
Developing Trust, Becoming Attached	p. 305
Bowlby's Theory of Infant-Caregiver Attachment	p. 305
Assessing Attachment Relationships	p. 307
Attachment and Subsequent Development	p. 312
Sibling Relationships	p. 314
Becoming a Sibling	p. 315
How Siblings Contribute to Development	p. 316
Peer Relationships and Friendship	p. 317
Peer Interactions	p. 318
Friendship	p. 318
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 319
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 320
Key Words	p. 320
Temperament, Emotions, and the Self	p. 322
Temperament	p. 324
Defining and Measuring Temperament	p. 324
Temperament and Neurophysiological Responses	p. 329
Temperament and Attachment	p. 331
Temperament and Personality	p. 333
Emotions	p. 335
Expressing Emotions	p. 335
Perceiving Emotions	p. 338
Communicating with Emotions	p. 340
Regulating Emotions	p. 343
Developing and Using Social Emotions	p. 346
The Self	p. 349
Recognizing the Self	p. 349
Evaluating the Self	p. 352
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 353
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 354
Key Words	p. 355
Building Better Babies: Child Care and Early Intervention	p. 357
Child Care	p. 358
Parental Leave Policies	p. 359
Maternal Employment	p. 365
Child Care Arrangements	p. 365
Effects of Child Care on Infants and Toddlers	p. 369
Including Children with Disabilities in Child Care	p. 375
Early Intervention	p. 377
Early Intervention through Child Care and Preschool	p. 378
Early Head Start	p. 379
Poverty as a Risk Factor: Implications for Prevention and Intervention	p. 380
Measuring the Impact of Early Childhood Intervention	p. 382
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 384
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 385
Key Words	p. 385
Babies of Today and Tomorrow: Music, Media, and Computers	p. 387
Music	p. 389
Listening to Music	p. 390
Making Music	p. 394
The Mozart Effect	p. 398
Media	p. 399
Television for Infants and Toddlers	p. 400
Barney & Friends	p. 406
Computers	p. 407
Computers in the Home	p. 407
Computers in Early Childhood Classrooms	p. 408
Interactive Books and Toys	p. 409
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion	p. 411
Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion	p. 413
Key Words	p. 413
Glossary	p. 415
References	p. 423
Index	p. 485
Photo Credits	p. 497
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Infancy: Development from Birth to Age 3

0205417981

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