Information Hiding

by Johnson, Neil F.; Duric, Zoran; Jajodia, Sushil

• ISBN13: 9780792372042
• ISBN10: 0792372042
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-02-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures deals with information hiding. With the proliferation of multimedia on the Internet, information hiding addresses two areas of concern: privacy of information from surveillance (steganography) and protection of intellectual property (digital watermarking). Steganography (literally, covered writing) explores methods to hide the existence of hidden messages. These methods include invisible ink, microdot, digital signature, covert channel, and spread spectrum communication. Digital watermarks represent a commercial application of steganography. Watermarks can be used to track the copyright and ownership of electronic media. In this volume, the authors focus on techniques for hiding information in digital media. They analyze the hiding techniques to uncover their limitations. These limitations are employed to devise attacks against hidden information. The goal of these attacks is to expose the existence of a secret message or render a digital watermark unusable. In assessing these attacks, countermeasures are developed to assist in protecting digital watermarking systems. Understanding the limitations of the current methods will lead us to build more robust methods that can survive various manipulation and attacks. The more information that is placed in the public's reach on the Internet, the more owners of such information need to protect themselves from theft and false representation. Systems to analyze techniques for uncovering hidden information and recover seemingly destroyed information will be useful to law enforcement authorities in computer forensics and digital traffic analysis. Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures presents the authors' research contributions in three fundamental areas with respect to image-based steganography and watermarking: analysis of data hiding techniques, attacks against hidden information, and countermeasures to attacks against digital watermarks. Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking e Attacks and Countermeasures is suitable for a secondary text in a graduate level course, and as a reference for researchers and practitioners in industry.

Author Biography

Dr. Sushil Jajodia is Professor and Chairman of the Dept. of Information and Software Engineering, and Director of the Center for Secure Information Systems at the George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xiii
List of Tables	xvii
Preface	xix
Introduction	1	(14)
Steganography: Hiding Information	1	(1)
Steganography throughout History	2	(2)
Methods for Hiding Information	4	(4)
Hiding in Text	5	(2)
Hiding in Disk Space	7	(1)
Hiding in Network Packets	7	(1)
Hiding in Software and Circuitry	7	(1)
Hiding in Audio and Images	8	(1)
Attacks against Hidden Information	8	(2)
Detection	8	(1)
Distortion and Removal	9	(1)
Countermeasures Against Attacks	10	(1)
Contributions & Future Work	11	(1)
Organization of the Book	12	(3)
Exploring Steganography	15	(32)
Digital Images	15	(2)
Hiding Information in Images	17	(7)
Hiding Data in the Noise	18	(4)
Watermarking Techniques	22	(2)
Issues in Information Hiding	24	(6)
Level of Visibility: Perceptible or Imperceptible	25	(1)
Robustness vs. Payload	25	(2)
Spatial or transform domain	27	(1)
File Format Dependence	28	(1)
Image Modeling	28	(1)
Summary of Hiding Techniques	29	(1)
Summary of Hiding Techniques	29	(1)
Examples of Digital Image Steganography Software	30	(13)
StegoDos	32	(2)
White Noise Storm	34	(2)
S-Tools	36	(4)
Comments on Other Software	40	(3)
Summary of Tools	43	(1)
Comments on Steganography	43	(4)
Steganalysis: Attacks Against Hidden Data	47	(30)
Detection: Seeing the Unseen	48	(12)
Techniques for Detecting Hidden Information	49	(1)
Examples of Detecting Signatures in Stego-Images	50	(2)
S-Tools	52	(1)
Mandelsteg	53	(1)
Hide and Seek	53	(1)
Hide4PGP	54	(1)
EzStego, Stego On-line	55	(1)
Jsteg-Jpeg	55	(5)
Distortion: Disabling Steganography and Watermarks	60	(13)
Techniques for Distorting Embedded Data	61	(1)
Examples of Distorting Embedded Information	62	(11)
Application of Steganalysis: Forensic Investigation	73	(1)
Comments on Steganalysis	74	(3)
Countermeasures to Attacks	77	(34)
Countermeasures to Distortion	78	(1)
Stronger Watermarks	79	(1)
Recognition Based on Image Characteristics	80	(16)
``Fingerprinting'' Images	82	(6)
Affine Transformations and Invariants	88	(3)
Using Fingerprints for Recognition	91	(5)
Recovering Watermarks from Distorted Images	96	(12)
Recovery using Image Fingerprints	96	(3)
Refinement using Normal Flow	99	(4)
Examples of Recovering Watermarks from Images	103	(5)
Comments on Countermeasures	108	(3)
Appendix A: Hiding Data in Network Traffic	111	(6)
Appendix B: Glossary of Methods to Distort Stego-Images	117	(6)
References	123	(6)
Index	129