Inherently Safer Chemical Processes

by Crowl, Daniel A.; Bollinger, Robert E.

• ISBN13: 9780816907038
• ISBN10: 081690703X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-02-15
• Publisher: Amer Inst of Chemical Engineers

Summary

Many traditional routes to safer processes add complex layers--systems that must actively intervene, or that require special operating procedures to avert a catastrophe. Inherently safer concepts provide risk reduction as a built-in characteristic of the process. This book, which includes a foreword by internationally noted safety expert and the originator of the inherently safer concept Trevor Kletz, presents the principles and strategies for applying inherently safer thinking from the start of the life cycle to the very end.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Philosophy

A Way of Thinking

The Role of Inherently Safer Design Concepts in Process Risk Management

When Do We Consider Inherently Safer Options?

Inherent Safety Tradeoffs

Resolving Inherent Safety Issues

Inherently Safer Design Strategies

Summary

Inherently Safer Design Strategies

MinimizeReactors.Reactive Distillation

Storage and Material transfer

Other Examples

Substitute

Reaction Chemistry

Solvents

Moderate

Dilution

Refrigeration

Less Severe Process Conditions

Secondary Containment-Dikes and Containment Building

Simplicity

Containment within Process Equipment

Liquid Transfer

Reactor Geometry

Fail Safe Valves

Distributed Control Systems

Separation of Process Steps

Summary

Life Cycle Stages

General Principles across All Life Cycle Stages

Research

Inherently Safer Synthesis

Types of Hazards and Hazardous Events

Tools for Hazards Identification

Alternatives

Process Development

Risk Ranking Tools

Unit Operations-General

Unit Operations-Specific

Design and Construction

Process Design Basis

Equipment

Process Control

Supporting Facilities

Other Design Considerations

Operations, Maintenance, and Modifications

Decommissioning

Transportation

Location Relative to Raw materials

Shipping Conditions

Transportation Mode and Route Selection

Improves Transportation Containers

Administrative Controls

Human Factors

Overview

Operability and Personnel Safety

Maintainability

Error Prevention

Knowledge and Understanding

Control Design

Error Recovery

System Audits

Organization Culture

Inherent Safety Review Methods and Available Training

Inherent Safety Reviews

Inherent Safety Review Objectives

Inherent Safety Review Timing

Inherent Safety Review Team Composition

Inherent Safety Review Process Overview

Focus of the Different Inherent Safety Review

Inherent Safety Review Initiates Project Human Factors/Ergonomics Effort

Good Preparation Required for Effective Inherent Safety Reviews

Reactive Chemical Screening

Time Required for an Inherent Safety Review

Inherent Safety Review Training

Summary

Future Initiatives

Dissemination of Inherently Safer Technology

Incorporating Inherently Safer Technology into Process Safety Management

Encouraging Invention within the Chemical and Chemical Engineering Community

Including Inherently Safer Technology into the Education of Chemists and Chemical Engineers

Developing Inherently Safer Technology Databases and Libraries

Developing Tools to Apply Inherently Safer Technology

The Broad View and Life Cycle Cost Of Alternatives

Benefits of Reliability Analysis

Potential Energy

A Table of Distances

Quantitative Measures of Inherently Safer Technology

Appendix: A Sample Inherently Safer Process Checklist

Minimize

Substitution/Elimination

Moderate

Simplify

Location/Siting/Transportation

References

Chapter References

Additional Reading

Index

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.