Injury Biomechanics and Control Optimal Protection from Impact

by Pilkey, Walter D.; Balandin, Dmitry V.; Bolotnik, Nikolai N.

• ISBN13: 9780470100158
• ISBN10: 047010015X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-02
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Injury control, a new branch of engineering science, is developing rapidly, incorporating the fundamentals of biomechanics, engineering mechanics, and control design. This book covers optimal protection from impact, especially the prevention of injuries. The book's first part presents the fundamentals of impact, without specific reference to injury control. Building on the first part, the second part deals with particular injuries. Treating the human body as a multi-faceted engineering system, the coverage illustrates system designs to prevent injury under specific environmental conditions, whether in an automobile, aircraft, or military situation.

Author Biography

The late Walter D. Pilkey, PhD, was the Morse Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, with courtesy positions in Plastic Surgery and Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia. He received his BA, MS, and PhD from Washington State University, Purdue University, and Penn State University, respectively.

Dmitry V. Balandin, Dsc (Physics And Mathematics), is the Chair of Numerical and Functional Analysis at Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His areas of expertise include shock isolation, automatic control, and theoretical mechanics. He received his MS, PhD, and DSc, from Nizhny Novgorod State University, Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Moscow State University, respectively.

Nikolai N. Bolotnik, Dsc (Physics And Mathematics), is the head of the Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics at the Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. His areas of expertise include optimal control, shock isolation, and robotics. He received his MS, PhD, and DSc degrees from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Moscow State University, respectively.

Jeff R. Crandall, PhD, received his BA degree from Dartmouth College and his PhD from the University of Virginia, where he is currently a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Director of the Center for Applied Biomechanics. His research involves characterizing human response and injury during dynamic loading.

Sergey V. Purtsezov, PhD, received his MS and PhD degrees from the Nizhny Novgorod State University, Russia, and is presently a research scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics of the University of Virginia. His research interests include shock isolation, measurement, and modeling in biomechanics.

Table of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Motivation for Writing this Book

The Structure of the Book

Related Studies

References

Fundamentals Of Impact And Shock Isolation

Shock Loading: Basic Models and Characteristics

External disturbance. Kinematic and dynamic disturbances

Shock disturbance

Instantaneous shock

Shock Isolation

Shock isolation of an object on a moving base

Shock isolation of a fixed base

The Isolator as a Control Medium. Active and Passive Isolators

Does Isolation of an Object from the Base Always Lead to a Reduction in the Shock Load Transmitted to the Object?

References

Basic Optimal Shock Isolation: Single Degree Of Freedom Systems

Basic Problems

Mechanical model. Equation of motion

Performance criteria

Statements of the optimal shock isolation problems

Reciprocity (duality) of optimization problems

Limiting Performance Analysis: Basic Concept and Analytical Results

Basic concept

Shock pulses with one excursion beyond the upper bound allowed for the control force. Constant force deceleration

Limiting performance curve

Limiting Performance Analysis: Computational Approach

Discretization of the Equation of Motion and the Performance Criteria

Numerical solution of Problem 3.1

Numerical Solution of Problem 3.2

Parametric Optimization

Basic concepts. Problem definitions

Parametric optimization of power-law isolators for an instantaneous shock pulse

Pre-acting Control for Shock Isolators

Basic concept. Statements of the problems

Limiting performance analysis. Instantaneous shock

Parametric optimization of a pre-acting shock isolator

Best and Worst Disturbance Analyses

Basic concept. Statement of the optimal control problems

Best and worst disturbance analyses for a system with a linear spring-and-dashpot isolator

Rational design of sled test standards

References

Optimal Shock Isolation For Multi Degree Of Freedom Systems

Optimal Shock Isolation for a Two-Component

Viscoelastic Object

Statement of the problem

Rigid body model

Construction of the optimal control for the two-body model based on the optimal control for the rigid model

Near-optimal control for the two-body model based on the optimal control for the rigid model

Constant-force control versus the optimal control

Optimal Shock Isolation for Three-Component Structures

Introduction

Shock isolation of a rigid object

Shock isolation of a multi-body object

References

Spinal Injury Control

Description of the Model

Minimization of the Occupant's Displacement subject to a Constraint Imposed on the Spinal

Compressive Force

Statement of the problem

Solution

Trade-off curve. Reciprocal problem

Maximum spinal compressive force in the absence of a shock isolator

Spinal Injury Control System with two Shock Isolators

MADYMO Simulation for the Limiting Performance Analysis

Model configuration and statement of the problem

Solution procedure

Conclusions

References

Thoracic Injury Control

Smart Restraint Systems

Basic Concept of Restraint Force Control

Model description

Limiting performance

Passive linear elastic isolator

Linear elastic isolator with controlled tension

Sensitivity analysis of the open-loop control of the attachment

Feedback control for the attachment point motion

Limiting Performance Analysis for the Prevention of Thoracic Injuries in a Frontal Car Crash

Thoracic injury model and criteria

Statement of the problem

Solution plan. An auxiliary problem

Numerical results

Feedback Control of the Elastic Restraint Force on the Basis of the Two-mass Thorax Injury Model

Determination of the optimal motion of the restraint attachment point

Sensitivity analysis

Feedback control of the restraint force

Constant force control

Conclusions

References

Head Injury Control

Head Injury Criterion: Historical Perspectives

Minimization of the Deceleration Distance for Constrained HIC

Statement of the optimal control problem

Construction of the solution

Analysis and discussion of the results

Minimization of the HIC for Constrained Deceleration Distance

Alternative Control Laws

Constant force deceleration

Power-law deceleration

Comparison of the optimal and alternative control laws

References

Injury Control For Wheelchair Occupants

Introduction

Optimal Shock Isolation of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System

Mathematical model

Optimal control

Simulation Using MADYMO

Model structure and parameters

Goals of simulation

Response criteria

Simulation technique

Input data

Results

Discussion

References

Index

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