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Innovation Economics, Engineering and Management Handbook 1 is the first of the two volumes that comprise this book. The main objectives across both volumes are to study the innovation processes in todays information and knowledge society; to analyze how links between research and business have intensified; and to discuss the methods by which innovation emerges and is managed by firms, not only from a local perspective but also a global one.
The studies presented in these two volumes contribute toward an understanding of the systemic nature of innovations and enable reflection on their potential applications, in order to think about the meaning of growth and prosperity.
Dimitri Uzunidis is a Professor of Political Economy and the Honorary President of the Research Network on Innovation in France. He has directed and edited several journals and collections on the study of innovation. As a specialist in change, he provides expertise for various international organizations.
Fedoua Kasmi, Doctor of Economics, is currently a researcher at the University of Lorraine and a member of the Research Network on Innovation in France. Her research focuses on the analysis of the territorial innovation trajectories and the determinants of the emergence of innovative eco-milieus.
Laurent Adatto is a Doctor of Economics and Management of Technology and Innovation at CNAM and a researcher and editorial manager of the Research Network on Innovation in France. His research interests include organizations open source and open innovation strategies, standardization processes and the future of the software and ICT sectors.
Introduction xix
Dimitri UZUNIDIS and Fedoua KASMI
Chapter 1. Economy – Innovation Economics and the Dynamics of Interactions 1
Sophie BOUTILLIER, Vanessa CASADELLA and Blandine LAPERCHE
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The definition of innovation and the primacy of J.A. Schumpeter’s work 2
1.3. How can we measure innovation, in all its forms? 6
1.4. From the entrepreneur to the multiple actors of innovation 10
1.5. Innovation policies and the innovation system 14
1.6. Conclusion 18
1.7. References 19
Chapter 2. Management – Managing Innovation According to Space, Time and Matter 25
Bérangère L. SZOSTAK, Michael E. LAVIOLETTE and Thierry BURGER-HELMCHEN
2.1. Introduction 25
2.2. Managing innovation: a question of space 27
2.2.1. Delimiting and/or expanding organizational spaces 28
2.2.2. Developing links within and outside the spaces 30
2.3. Managing innovation: a matter of time 32
2.3.1. The innovation process, a long-term process 32
2.3.2. Managing innovation means managing the time for decisions 34
2.4. Managing innovation: a question of matter 35
2.4.1. The appropriation of innovation by consumers 35
2.4.2. Appropriation of innovation by the members of the organization 37
2.4.3. Capturing the value of innovation 38
2.5. Conclusion 39
2.6. References 40
Chapter 3. Agriculture – Agricultural and Food Innovations and Agro-ecological Transition 47
Ludovic TEMPLE
3.1. Introduction 47
3.2. Two centuries of agricultural revolution without “innovation” 47
3.3. The green revolutions driven by linear and technological innovation design 48
3.4. The notion of innovation in the face of agricultural and food transitions 49
3.5. Sector specificities of innovation in agriculture and food 50
3.6. Conclusion 51
3.7. References 52
Chapter 4. Anthropology – Anthropological Aspects of Innovation: Defining Benchmarks 55
Dominique DESJEUX
4.1. Introduction 55
4.2. Innovation, a total social phenomenon, between invention, diffusion and reception 56
4.3. The force of constraints or innovation as a process of insertion in a field of contradictory forces 58
4.4. Conclusion 59
4.5. References 60
Chapter 5. Business – Business Creation and Innovative Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 61
Sophie BOUTILLIER
5.1. The company, the territory and the ecosystem 62
5.2. From the business ecosystem to the entrepreneurial ecosystem: polymorphous innovation dynamics? 63
5.3. References 66
Chapter 6. Capacity – Innovation Capacities and Learning Dynamics 69
Vanessa CASADELLA
6.1. Introduction 69
6.2. Learning and innovation capacities 70
6.3. The diversity of innovation capacities 70
6.4. Capacities, innovation system and competency building 72
6.5. Conclusion 73
6.6. References 73
Chapter 7. Capital – Knowledge Capital and Innovation: Production and Use of Knowledge in Companies 75
Blandine LAPERCHE
7.1. Introduction 75
7.2. Knowledge capital: toward an understanding of the innovation process 76
7.3. Knowledge capital, tangible and intangible assets 77
7.4. Knowledge capital and knowledge management within organizations 77
7.5. Knowledge capital and open innovation 80
7.6. Conclusion 82
7.7. References 82
Chapter 8. Cluster – Innovative Cluster: Geographical and “Virtual” Proximity in the Digital Era 85
Elisa SALVADOR
8.1. Introduction 85
8.2. Innovative clusters: the matter of geographical and “virtual” proximity 86
8.3. Innovative clusters and the Internet and information and communication technologies revolution 87
8.4. Conclusion 88
8.5. References 89
Chapter 9. Collaboration – Collaborative and Open Innovation in Highly Competitive Contexts 91
Camille AOUINAÏT
9.1. Introduction 91
9.2. Literature review 93
9.2.1. History 93
9.3. Collaborative innovation and innovation ecosystems 94
9.4. Open innovation versus closed innovation 96
9.5. Conclusion 98
9.6. References 98
Chapter 10. Creativity – Creativity for Innovation: A Mutually Advantageous Relationship 101
Raphaël BARY
10.1. Introduction 101
10.2. Increasingly “creative” representations of innovation 101
10.3. Impacts on creativity of its integration in the field of innovation 103
10.4. The same shared complexity 104
10.5. References 105
Chapter 11. Cycles – The Long Cycles of the Economy and the Question of Innovation 107
Dimitri UZUNIDIS
11.1. Introduction 107
11.2. The conditions for cyclical economic development: the key role of innovation 108
11.3. Historical time and periodization of the economy 110
11.4. Conclusion 113
11.5. References 113
Chapter 12. Design – Innovative Design: The Importance of a Methodical Approach 115
Joëlle FOREST
12.1. Introduction 115
12.2. What methods should be used to cultivate disruptive innovation in the 21st century? 116
12.3. Conclusion 121
12.4. References 122
Chapter 13. Diffusion – Diffusion and Adoption Behavior of Innovations 123
Marc BAUDRY
13.1. Introduction 123
13.2. The epidemiological approach 124
13.3. The discrete choice approach 125
13.4. Public dissemination policies 126
13.5. Some extensions of the analysis: multiplicity of innovations and institutional framework 127
13.6. Conclusion 128
13.7. References 128
Chapter 14. Disruption – Disruptive Innovation and the Evolution of Competitive Relationships 131
Giovanni ZAZZERINI
14.1. Introduction 131
14.2. The disruptive innovation model 132
14.3. The innovator’s dilemma 134
14.4. References 135
Chapter 15. Ecosystem – Innovation Ecosystem: Generativity, Resilience and Power of Attraction 137
Patrick COHENDET
15.1. Introduction 137
15.2. Theoretical approaches of an innovation ecosystem 138
15.3. Main features of innovation ecosystems 139
15.4. Conclusion 140
15.5. References 141
Chapter 16. Entrepreneur – The Innovative Entrepreneur as an Actor of Economic Change 143
Sophie BOUTILLIER
16.1. Introduction 143
16.2. The entrepreneur as an actor of change 144
16.3. The evolution of the function of the innovative entrepreneur 146
16.4. References 148
Chapter 17. Financing – Financing R&D and Innovation 151
Béatrice DUMONT
17.1. Introduction 151
17.2. Information asymmetries and sources of funding 152
17.3. Reasons for funding reluctance 153
17.4. Public intervention in finance innovation 154
17.5. Venture capital 155
17.6. Conclusion 156
17.7. References 156
Chapter 18. Frugality – Frugal Innovation as Inclusive Innovation 159
Christian LE BAS and Sana KHAN
18.1. Introduction 159
18.2. Frugal innovation as a new technological paradigm 159
18.3. Case studies 160
18.4. Frugal innovation and similar approaches 161
18.5. Frugal innovation as an environmental innovation 162
18.6. Frugal innovation and sustainability 163
18.7. Drivers of frugal innovation: demand-pull and competition effects 164
18.8. Conclusion 164
18.9. References 165
Chapter 19. Future – The Future of Innovative Technologies: Between Imagination and Technological Ideology 167
Thomas MICHAUD
19.1. Introduction 167
19.2. A paradigmatic convergence 168
19.3. Technological revolution: the imagined future 169
19.4. Conclusion 171
19.5. References 172
Chapter 20. Hybridization – Hybridization of Tech-Push and Market-Pull Approaches in Innovation Processes 173
Florin PAUN
20.1. Introduction 173
20.2. Definitions of Tech-Push and Market-Pull in the implementation of innovation processes 174
20.3. The nine demand readiness level (DRL) stages 175
20.4. Hybridization and agility of innovation processes 176
20.5. DRL-TRL and its applications to the hybridization dynamics of the Tech Push and Market Pull approaches 178
20.6. Impacts of DRL-TRL 179
20.7. Conclusion 180
20.8. References 180
Chapter 21. Incentives – Incentives for Innovation: Diversity and Public–Private Combinations 183
Babacar NDIAYE
21.1. Introduction 183
21.2. The incentive for innovation and its forms 184
21.3. Diversity of applications of incentive forms 185
21.4. Conclusion 186
21.5. References 187
Chapter 22. Indicators – The Complexity of Innovation Indicators 189
Slim THABET
22.1. Introduction 189
22.2. Presentation of innovation indicators: input and output approach 190
22.3. Main limitations of innovation indicators 192
22.4. Conclusion 193
22.5. References 194
Chapter 23. Information – Information for Innovation: Strategic, Competitive and Technological Intelligence 195
Stéphane GORIA
23.1. Introduction 195
23.2. The monitoring concept 195
23.3. “Traditional” monitoring and innovation 196
23.4. The search for information and innovation 197
23.5. Creative monitoring 198
23.6. Strategic innovation monitoring 199
23.7. Conclusion 200
23.8. References 200
Chapter 24. Invention – Shared Inventions and Competitive Innovations 201
Michel VIGEZZI
24.1. Introduction 201
24.2. From invention sharing to shared invention 202
24.3. From innovation to competitive innovation 204
24.4. From societal dynamics to the links between shared inventions and competitive nnovations 205
24.5. References 207
Chapter 25. Knowledge – Knowledge Management in Learning Innovative Organizations 209
Marcos LIMA
25.1. Introduction 209
25.2. Knowledge and management 210
25.3. History of KM frameworks 211
25.4. Key KM concepts 212
25.4.1. Learning organizations 212
25.4.2. Knowledge management strategies 213
25.4.3. Knowledge management tools 214
25.5. Conclusion: perspectives for KM 214
25.6. References 215
Chapter 26. Location – Local Innovation Issues and Priorities for Public Intervention 217
Cheikh Abdou Lahad THIAW
26.1. Introduction 217
26.2. Innovation policies adapted to territories 218
xii Innovation Economics, Engineering and Management Handbook 1
26.3. The territorialized priority of innovation 221
26.4. Conclusion 221
26.5. References 222
Chapter 27. Market – Market Innovation: Opening and Controlling New Markets 225
Béatrice SIADOU-MARTIN
27.1. Introduction 225
27.2. Factors that foster business innovation 226
27.3. The multifaceted nature of business innovation 228
27.4. Conclusion 230
27.5. References 230
Chapter 28. Model – Business Models for Innovation Strategies 233
Marcos LIMA
28.1. Introduction 233
28.2. A brief history of the evolution of business models 234
28.3. Types of business model innovation 236
28.4. Business model design versus business model reconfiguration 237
28.5. Business model inertia 238
28.6. BMI and competitive advantage 239
28.7. Conclusion: perspectives in BMI research 240
28.8. References 240
Chapter 29. Network – Networks and Development of Innovation Processes 243
Delphine GALLAUD
29.1. Introduction 243
29.2. Knowledge, learning and innovation network 244
29.3. Local innovation networks 246
29.4. Conclusion 247
29.5. References 249
Chapter 30. Organization – Modern Innovative Organizational Structures 251
Angelo BONOMI
30.1. Introduction 251
30.2. Organizational structures for innovation 252
30.2.1. Industrially financed R&D project system 252
30.2.2. Start-up-venture capital system 253
30.2.3. Industrial platform system 254
30.2.4. Comparison of the various organizational structures 255
30.3. Perspectives 256
30.4. References 256
Chapter 31. Paradigm – The Techno-scientific Paradigm: The Ethical Control of the Technological Progress 259
Thomas MICHAUD
31.1. Introduction 259
31.2. The controversial techno-scientific gigantism 260
31.3. Technocracy and technicism 261
31.4. Technosciences and innovation in debate 262
31.5. Conclusion 263
31.6. References 264
Chapter 32. Pattern – Linear, Interactive and Hybrid Patterns of Innovation 265
Blandine LAPERCHE
32.1. Introduction 265
32.2. The linear model of innovation 266
32.3. Towards interactive models 268
32.4. Hybridization of linear and interactive models of innovation 270
32.5. Conclusion 272
32.6. References 273
Chapter 33. Persistence – The Economic Analysis of Persistent Innovation 275
Christian LE BAS
33.1. Introduction 275
33.2. Persistent innovation: definition 275
33.3. Why is the notion of innovation persistence debatable? 277
33.4. Measurement of the phenomenon 277
33.5. Explanatory frameworks 278
33.6. Innovation persistence and the significance of economic evolution: path and past dependence 279
33.7. Conclusion 279
33.8. References 280
Chapter 34. Policy – Reinventing Innovation: From Criticisms of the Traditional Paradigm to Policy Transformation 281
Pierre-Benoit JOLY
34.1. Introduction 281
34.2. Criticisms of the central innovation paradigm 282
34.3. Transformations of innovation policies: directionality and social innovation 283
34.4. Conclusion 285
34.5. References 286
Chapter 35. Property – Intellectual Property and Innovation 287
Béatrice DUMONT
35.1. Introduction 287
35.2. IPRs: some imperfect but unmatched mechanisms 288
35.3. The multidimensional impact of protection on innovation 289
35.4. The new roles of IPRs 290
35.5. Conclusion 291
35.6. References 292
Chapter 36. Proximity – Impacts of Geographic, Organizational and Cognitive Proximities on Innovation 293
Damien TALBOT
36.1. Introduction 293
36.2. A geographical proximity that plays favorably on innovation, without being indispensable 294
36.3. Other proximities have both positive and negative effects on innovation 295
36.4. Conclusion 297
36.5. References 298
Chapter 37. Responsibility – Responsible Innovation in Corporate Strategy and Public Policy 299
Leïla TEMRI
37.1. Introduction 299
37.2. Responsible research and innovation policy 299
37.2.1. The responsibility of researchers and innovators in science and technology 300
37.2.2. Technological assessment: from autonomous technology to the social construction of techniques 300
37.2.3. Responsible research and innovation in policy 301
37.3. Responsible innovation in companies 302
37.4. Conclusion 304
37.5. References 304
Chapter 38. Revolution – Innovations and Industrial Revolution 307
Cédric PERRIN
38.1. Introduction 307
38.2. From the technical revolution to the industrial revolution: what is the history? 307
38.3. The discontinuous diffusion of innovations in the face of the techniques in use 309
38.4. When the context stimulates innovation 311
38.5. Conclusion 311
38.6. References 312
Chapter 39. Services – Defining Service Innovation 313
Céline MERLIN-BROGNIART
39.1. Introduction 313
39.2. From the specificities of services to the definitions of service innovation 314
39.3. Typologies and theoretical variations of service innovation 315
39.4. Conclusion 317
39.5. References 318
Chapter 40. Social – Social Economy and Social Innovation 319
Paul MULLER
40.1. Introduction 319
40.2. Research on social innovation in economics and management 320
40.3. Defining social innovation 320
40.4. The production of social innovations: “top-down” and “bottom-up” logics 321
40.5. The roles of social economy in the production of social innovations 322
40.6. Conclusion and issues 323
40.7. References 324
Chapter 41. Space – Innovation in Urban or Rural Spaces 327
Delphine GALLAUD
41.1. Introduction 327
41.2. A concentration of innovation in urban spaces? 328
41.3. An underestimation of the innovation of firms located in peripheral areas? 329
41.4. Conclusion 331
41.5. References 332
Chapter 42. Standardization – Standardization and Innovation Management 335
Laure MOREL
42.1. Introduction 335
42.2. Prerequisite for standards applied to innovation 336
42.2.1. What exactly is innovation? 337
42.2.2. Why do you want to manage the innovation process? 337
42.2.3. How can we manage innovation? 338
42.3. Standards applied to innovation: promoting agility 339
42.3.1. Why then have a standard on innovation management? 340
42.4. Conclusion 342
42.5. References 342
Chapter 43. Synchronization – Synchronization and Coordination of Innovation 343
Sana ELOUAER-MRIZAK
43.1. Introduction 343
43.2. Innovation networks and synchronization 344
43.3. Coordination and proximity 347
43.4. Coordination at the heart of innovative performance 348
43.5. References 349
Chapter 44. System – National Innovation System: The Primacy of Interactions Between Economic Actors 351
Vanessa CASADELLA
44.1. Introduction 351
44.2. The NIS and nature of multi-actor interactions 352
44.3. The NIS and economic development 354
44.4. Conclusion 355
44.5. References 355
Chapter 45. Tax – Taxation and Innovation: Incentives, Attractiveness and Innovation Policies 357
Olivier ESNEU
45.1. Introduction 357
45.2. Taxation and incentives 357
45.3. Taxation and attractiveness 359
45.4. Taxation and innovation policy 359
45.5. Conclusion 361
45.6. References 361
Chapter 46. Technology – Theoretical Model of Technology for Innovation 363
Angelo BONOMI
46.1. Introduction 363
46.2. Model of technology 363
46.3. Technological processes 364
46.3.1. Externality effect 364
46.3.2. Intranality effect 365
46.3.3. Ramification of technologies 365
46.3.4. Velocity of innovation 366
46.3.5. The Red Queen regime 366
46.3.6. Technology transfer and know-how 367
46.4. The process of technology innovation 367
46.5. Application of the theoretical model 369
46.6. References 369
Chapter 47. Timing – Timing of Innovation: The Central Position of the Innovative Enterprise 371
Babacar NDIAYE
47.1. Introduction 371
47.2. Foundations of the timing of innovation 372
47.3. Key elements of innovation dating 372
47.4. The enrichment of the chronological study 373
47.5. Conclusion 375
47.6. References 375
Chapter 48. Trajectory – Innovation Trajectories and Dynamic Capabilities 377
Blandine LAPERCHE
48.1. Introduction 377
48.2. Paradigms and technological trajectories: theoretical and empirical approaches 378
48.3. The company’s trajectory or the evolution path 379
48.4. Trajectory formation: dynamic capabilities and knowledge capital 380
48.5. The collective dimension of trajectories and its consequences 380
48.6. Conclusion 381
48.7. References 382
Chapter 49. User – User Innovation: Interactions Between Users and Firms in Innovation Processes 383
Francesco SCHIAVONE
49.1. Introduction 383
49.2. Motivations for user innovation 384
49.3. The role of users in innovation processes 385
49.4. The symbiosis between user innovation and manufacturer innovation 385
49.5. Conclusion 387
49.6. References 387
Chapter 50. Value – The Value of Innovations: Specificity and Evaluation Methods of Innovation 389
Marc BAUDRY
50.1. Introduction 389
50.2. Where does the value of innovations come from? 390
50.3. Methods for assessing the private value of innovations 391
50.4. The social value of innovations 393
50.5. Conclusion 394
50.6. References 395
Chapter 51. Work – Innovative Behavior at Work 397
Audrey BECUWE
51.1. Introduction 397
51.2. Organizational innovation and work behavior 397
51.3. Theoretical perspectives on work behavior 400
51.4. Conclusion 401
51.5. References 402
Chapter 52. X-Innovation – The Polymorphism of Innovation 403
Blandine LAPERCHE
52.1. Introduction 403
52.2. Terms 404
52.3. References 410
List of Authors 411
Index 415
Summary of Volume 2 421
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