Inorganic Nanowires: Applications, Properties, and Characterization

by Meyyappan; M.

• ISBN13: 9781420067828
• ISBN10: 1420067826
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-10
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Nanotechnology research activities have exploded in the last five years, due in large part to the potential of nanomaterials in various commercial sectors'”and much of that growth has been made possible by the advances in the preparation and application development of nanomaterials such as nanowires. Providing researchers and product developers with essential information on both popular and emerging varieties, this book covers the growth, characterization, and properties of nanowires. It looks at various types, including semiconducting, metallic, oxide nanowires. The authors provide extensive coverage of applications that are using'”or are ideal candidates for'”nanowires, in fields including electronics, optoelectronics, field emission, thermoelectric devices, solar cells and sensors.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Authors	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
References	p. 5
Historical Perspective	p. 7
References	p. 15
Growth Techniques	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Liquid-Phase Techniques	p. 17
Template-Based Methods	p. 18
Template Preparation	p. 18
Deposition Methods	p. 23
Template-Free Methods	p. 32
Hydrothermal Method	p. 32
Sonochemical Method	p. 34
Surfactant-Assisted Growth: Soft Directing Agents	p. 35
Catalyst-Assisted Solution-Based Approaches	p. 36
Vapor-Phase Techniques	p. 37
One-Dimensional Growth Concepts	p. 38
Vapor-Liquid-Solid Schemes Using Foreign Metal Clusters	p. 38
Vapor-Liquid-Solid Schemes Using Low-Melting Metal Clusters	p. 39
Vapor-Liquid-Solid Schemes Using Large Size, Molten Metal Clusters	p. 40
Vapor-Solid-Solid Scheme	p. 40
Oxygen-Assisted Growth (OAG) Scheme	p. 40
Source Generation and Reactors for Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Nanowires	p. 40
Thermal Evaporation	p. 41
Laser Ablation	p. 42
Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition	p. 44
Chemical and Molecular Beam Epitaxy	p. 47
Plasma Arc Discharge-Based Techniques	p. 49
Bulk Production Methods	p. 50
Hot Filament CVD Method	p. 50
Supercritical Fluid Approach	p. 52
Direct Oxidation Schemes Using Plasma	p. 52
Direct Gas-Phase Reactions Using Plasma Discharges	p. 53
Future Developments	p. 55
References	p. 57
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of Nanowire Growth	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Thermodynamic Considerations for Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth	p. 63
Thermodynamic Considerations of Nucleation from Molten Metal Droplets	p. 63
Gibbs-Thompson Relationship	p. 63
Nucleation from Molten Metal Alloy Droplet	p. 65
Nucleation from Various Molten Metal Droplets	p. 66
Thermodynamic Estimation of Supersaturation for Spontaneity of Nucleation	p. 70
Rational Choice of Metal for Tip-Led Growth of Nanowires (Avoiding Nucleation)	p. 73
Experimental Conditions for Promoting Tip-Led Growth Using Any Molten Metal	p. 76
Interfacial Energy and Tip-Led Growth	p. 77
Role of Interfacial Energy in the Nanowire Growth Stability	p. 77
Role of Interfacial Energy in Nanowire Faceting	p. 81
Role of Interfacial Energy on the Nanowire Growth Direction	p. 85
Kinetic Considerations of Nanowire Growth under VLS Growth	p. 87
Kinetics of Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibrium	p. 87
Role of Direct Impingement in Growth Kinetics	p. 89
Role of Surface Diffusion in Growth Kinetics	p. 91
Direct Impingement and Diffusion	p. 94
Role of Surface Diffusion on the Metal Droplet	p. 95
Role of Interwire Spacing	p. 97
References	p. 98
Modeling of Nanowire Growth	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Energetics of Stable Surface Faceting: Silicon Nanowire Example	p. 102
Simulation of Individual Nanowire Growth	p. 104
Simulation Methodology	p. 105
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation Results	p. 108
Experimental Results on Growth Direction and Surface Faceting	p. 112
Modeling of Multiple Nucleation and Growth of One-Dimensional Structures	p. 115
Modeling Nanowire Array Growth	p. 117
References	p. 121
Semiconducting Nanowires	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Silicon Nanowires	p. 123
SiCl4/H2 System	p. 124
Silane Feedstock in VLS Growth	p. 134
Other Sources	p. 135
Oxide-Assisted Growth	p. 136
Template-Assisted Synthesis	p. 137
Plasma Enhancement	p. 138
Doping of SiNWs	p. 139
Properties of SiNWs	p. 140
Germanium Nanowires	p. 142
Synthesis Using Germanium Powder	p. 143
Germane and Related Sources	p. 146
Catalyst Choice	p. 147
III-V Nanowires	p. 148
GaAs Nanowires	p. 149
InAs Nanowires	p. 152
InP Nanowires	p. 152
GaP Nanowires	p. 154
References	p. 155
Phase Change Materials	p. 161
Introduction i61
Phase Chang Nanowire Growth	p. 162
Properties Relevant to PRAM	p. 167
References	p. 169
Metallic Nanowires	p. 171
Bismuth Nanowires	p. 171
Silver Nanowires	p. 173
Copper Nanowires	p. 174
Nickel Nanowires	p. 176
Zinc Nanowires	p. 178
References	p. 180
Oxide Nanowires	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Synthesis Methodologies	p. 184
Catalyst-Assisted Synthesis	p. 184
Direct Oxidation Schemes Using Low-Melting Metals	p. 190
Direct Oxidation of Molten Metal Clusters	p. 190
Direct Chemical/Reactive Vapor Deposition of Low-Melting Metal Oxides	p. 193
Chemical Vapor Transport or Deposition of High-Melting Metal Oxides	p. 196
Plasma and Thermal Oxidation of Foils	p. 202
Directed Growth and Morphological Control	p. 206
Branched Nanowire Structures	p. 206
Networking of Nanowires	p. 208
Nanobelts	p. 209
Tubular Nanostructures	p. 212
High-Melting Metal Oxides	p. 212
Low-Melting Metal Oxides	p. 213
Oxygen Vacancies, Doping, and Phase Transformation	p. 214
Oxygen Vacancies	p. 214
Doping and Alloying	p. 216
Phase Transformation of Metal Oxide Nanowires	p. 217
References	p. 220
Nitride Nanowires	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
Synthesis of Group III-Nitride Nanowires	p. 225
Catalyst-Assisted Synthesis	p. 226
Choice of Precursors	p. 229
Substrates for Epitaxial Array Growth	p. 230
Choice of Catalysts and Process Variables	p. 231
Control of Nanowire Growth Direction	p. 232
Direct Reaction and Self-Catalysis Schemes	p. 233
Control of Growth Direction	p. 239
Synthesis of Nanotubes	p. 240
Micro/Nanomorphologies	p. 243
III-Nitride Nanobelts	p. 243
Tapered Morphologies	p. 245
Branching of Nanowires	p. 247
Homobranching or "Tree-Like" Structures	p. 247
Heterobranching	p. 248
Diameter Reduction of III-Nitride Nanowires	p. 249
Direction-Dependent Properties	p. 252
References	p. 254
Other Nanowires	p. 257
Antimonides	p. 257
Selenides	p. 260
Zinc Selenide	p. 260
Other Selenides	p. 263
Tellurides	p. 264
Bismuth Telluride	p. 264
Cadmium Telluride	p. 265
Other Tellurides	p. 265
Sulfides	p. 266
Zinc Sulfide	p. 266
Other Sulfides	p. 267
Silicides	p. 269
References	p. 269
Applications in Electronics	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Silicon Nanowire Transistors	p. 278
Vertical Transistors	p. 280
Germanium Nanowire Transistors	p. 284
Zinc Oxide and Other Nanowires in Electronics	p. 286
III-V Transistors	p. 289
Memory Devices	p. 290
Phase-Change Random Access Memory	p. 292
References	p. 296
Applications in Optoelectronics	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Photodetectors	p. 299
Light-Emitting Diodes	p. 303
Nanoscale Lasers	p. 306
References	p. 310
Applications in Sensors	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Chemical Sensors	p. 314
Sensor Requirements and the Role of Nanomaterials	p. 314
Nanowires in Sensor Fabrication	p. 317
Sensing Mechanisms	p. 327
Selectivity and Electronic Nose	p. 331
Biosensors	p. 337
Nanoelectrode Arrays	p. 340
References	p. 344
Applications in the Energy Sector	p. 349
Introduction	p. 349
Solar Cells	p. 350
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells	p. 350
Titania Nanowire-Based DSSCs	p. 353
ZnO Nanowire-Based DSSCs	p. 357
SnO2 NW-Based DSSCs	p. 358
Inorganic Nanotubes, Polymers, and Nb2O5 Nanowires for DSSCs	p. 358
Quantum Dot Sensitizers for Nanowire-Based Solar Cells	p. 360
Hybrid/Composite Structures	p. 360
Transport and Recombination	p. 363
Direct Absorption PEC Cells	p. 366
p-n Junction Solar Cells	p. 366
PEC Cells for Chemical Conversion	p. 368
Electrochromic Devices	p. 373
Li-Ion Batteries	p. 377
Challenges with Anode Materials	p. 378
Challenges Facing Cathode Materials	p. 379
One-Dimensional Materials for Anodes	p. 380
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)	p. 380
Metal/Metal Oxide Nanowires	p. 381
Nanowires of Silicon and Related Materials	p. 386
Rational Concepts for Nanowire-Based Architectures	p. 387
A Concept of Nanometal Cluster-Decorated Metal Oxide Nanowires	p. 387
Nanowire Arrays on Conducting Substrates	p. 389
Miscellaneous Concepts of 3-D Geometries	p. 390
Nanowire-Based Materials for Cathodes	p. 391
References	p. 393
Other Applications	p. 399
Field Emission Devices	p. 399
Background	p. 399
Work Function (?)	p. 400
Field Emission Testing	p. 401
Field Emission Characteristics of Nanowire-Based Materials	p. 404
Thermoelectric Devices	p. 414
References	p. 416
Index	p. 421
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