Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution

by Drosopoulos; Sakis

• ISBN13: 9780849320606
• ISBN10: 0849320607
• Edition: DVD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-02
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

While we may have always assumed that insects employ auditory communication, our understanding of it has been impeded by various technical challenges. In comparison to the study of an insect's visual and olfactory expression, research in the area of acoustic communication has lagged behind. Filling this void, Insect Sounds and Communication is the first multi-author volume to present a comprehensive portrait on this elusive subject. The text includes 32 chapters written by top experts from all corners of the globe.Divided into two major sections, this groundbreaking text starts with a general introduction to insect sounds and communication that leads into a discussion of the technical aspects of recording and analyzing sounds. It then considers the functioning of the sense organs and sensory systems involved in acoustic behavior, and goes on to investigate the impact that variables such as body size and temperature have on insect sounds and vibrations. Several chapters are devoted to various evolutionary and ecological aspects of insect communication, and include rare information on seldom-studied groups, including Neuropterida and Plecoptera.The second section of the book includes chapters on communication and song repertoires of a wide diversity of insects, including Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Psylloidea, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera .Insect Sounds and Communication is packaged with a DVD, which holds sound and video recordings of many of the insects discussed throughout the text, as well as many full color illustrations not included in the printed text. The DVD also features an unabridged discussion in French of the contribution of the famous French cicadologist, Michel Boulard.

Table of Contents

Part I General Aspects of Insect Sounds
Insect Sounds and Communication --- An Introduction	3	(8)
Michael Claridge
Sound and Vibration	3	(1)
Mechanisms of Sound Production	4	(2)
Vibration --- Including Tremulation	4	(1)
Percussion	5	(1)
Stridulation	5	(1)
Click Mechanisms	5	(1)
Air Expulsion	6	(1)
Songs, Calls and Terminology	6	(1)
Recording Devices, Hearing and Behaviour	7	(1)
Diversity	8	(1)
Ecology	9	(1)
Biosystematics and Evolution	9	(2)
Sound and Techniques in Sound Analysis	11	(24)
Elias Eliopoulos
Introduction	11	(1)
Sound Properties	12	(3)
Frequency and Wavelength	12	(1)
Sound Propagation Properties: Attenuation, Near Field Effects and Distortion	13	(2)
Substrate Vibrations	15	(1)
Signal Structure and Terminology	15	(1)
Sound Acquisition	15	(7)
Microphones, Pick-Up Patterns and Properties	16	(1)
Omnidirectional Microphones	17	(1)
The Cardioid Family	17	(2)
Hypercardioid and Supercardioid	19	(1)
Ultradirectional Microphones	19	(1)
Parabolas	19	(1)
Other Microphone Properties, Impedance, Sensitivity and Self Noise Level	20	(1)
Sound Recorders	20	(1)
Digital Audio Tape	21	(1)
MiniDisc and Solid State Recorders	21	(1)
Laptop Recording	22	(1)
Techniques for Sound Analysis	22	(10)
Digital Representation of Sound	22	(1)
Sampling Rate	23	(1)
Sample Size (Amplitude Resolution)	24	(1)
Storage Requirements	25	(1)
Spectrum Analysis	25	(1)
Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Representations of Sound	25	(1)
Spectral Analysis of Time-Varying Signals: Spectrograms and STFT Analysis	26	(5)
Spectral Imperfections and Filtering Functions	31	(1)
Conclusion: Present and Future	32	(1)
Appendix	32	(3)
The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in Bushcrickets	35	(36)
Wolfgang Rossler
Martin Jatho
Klaus Kalmring
Comparison of Morphology, Physiology and Development of the Receptor Organs	35	(18)
Introduction	35	(3)
The Receptor Organs	38	(1)
Location and Morphology	38	(4)
Postembryonic Development	42	(2)
Stimulus Transduction in the Receptor Organs	44	(4)
Frequency Tuning of the Receptor Cells	48	(3)
Projection of the Receptor Cells at the Ventral Nerve Cord Level	51	(1)
Auditory--Vibratory Interneurons in the Ventral Nerve Cord	51	(2)
Biophysics of Sound Production and Acoustic Behaviour	53	(14)
Introduction	53	(1)
Bushcricket Songs	53	(3)
Signal Transmission in the Biotope	56	(1)
Broadcasting and Acoustic Behaviour	56	(1)
Sound Production	57	(1)
Combined Resonant and Nonresonant Sound Production	57	(5)
The Role of Subtegminal Air Volume during Sound Production	62	(3)
Acoustic Behaviour	65	(1)
Species Discrimination	65	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	67	(2)
Comparison of Morphology, Physiology and Development	67	(1)
Sound Production and Acoustic Behaviour	68	(1)
Acknowledgements	69	(2)
Sense Organs Involved in the Vibratory Communication of Bugs	71	(10)
Andrej Cokl
Meta Virant-Doberlet
Maja Zorovic
Introduction	71	(1)
Spectral Properties of Vibratory Signals	72	(1)
Vibration Reception in Water-Dwelling Bugs	72	(1)
Vibration Reception in Plant-Dwelling Bugs	73	(5)
Vibration Reception in Pyrrhocoridae and Cydnidae	73	(1)
Vibration Reception in Nezara viridula	73	(1)
Subgenual Organ	73	(3)
Joint Chordotonal Organs	76	(1)
Antennal Mechanoreceptors	77	(1)
Tuning of Vibratory Signals with Transmission Media	78	(1)
Vibratory Sense Organs and Behaviour	78	(1)
Comparison with Other Insects	79	(1)
Concluding Remarks	80	(1)
Acknowledgements	80	(1)
Use of Substrate Vibrations for Orientation: From Behaviour to Physiology	81	(18)
Meta Virant-Doberlet
Andrej Cokl
Maja Zorovic
Introduction	81	(1)
Behavioural Studies of Localisation Abilities	82	(2)
Cues for Orientation	84	(8)
Vibrations in Different Substrates	86	(1)
Differences in Time and Amplitude	87	(1)
Water Surface	88	(1)
Sand	88	(1)
Plants	88	(1)
Other Directional Cues	89	(1)
Orientation Cues in Small Insects	90	(1)
Time and Amplitude Cues	90	(1)
Behavioural Strategies	91	(1)
Distance Determination	92	(1)
Central Mechanisms of Vibration Localisation in Insects	92	(2)
Model Networks	93	(1)
Processing of Vibratory Signals in the Central Nervous System	93	(1)
Recognition vs. Localisation	94	(1)
Comparison of Insects with other Arthropods	95	(1)
Concluding Remarks and Suggestions for Further Studies	96	(1)
Acknowledgements	97	(2)
Size-Frequency Relationships in Insect Vibratory Signals	99	(12)
Reginald B. Cocroft
Paul De Luca
Introduction	99	(2)
Methods	101	(2)
Within-Population Variation in Size and Signal Frequency	101	(1)
Between-Species Variation in Size and Signal Frequency in the Membracidae	101	(2)
Between-Species Variation in Size and Signal Frequency in the Insecta	103	(1)
Results	103	(4)
Within-Population Variation in Size and Signal Frequency	103	(2)
Between-Species Variation in Size and Signal Frequency in the Membracidae	105	(1)
Between-Species Variation in Size and Signal Frequency in the Insecta	106	(1)
Discussion	107	(3)
Acknowledgements	110	(1)
Acoustic Signals and Temperature	111	(16)
Allen F. Sanborn
Introduction	111	(1)
Temperature and Biological Processes	112	(1)
Acoustic Insects and Temperature	113	(9)
Cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)	113	(4)
Planthoppers (Homoptera, Delphacidae)	117	(1)
Crickets (Orthoptera, Gryllidae)	117	(2)
Katydids (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)	119	(1)
Grasshoppers and Locusts (Orthoptera, Acrididae)	120	(1)
Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae)	121	(1)
Sound Reception and Temperature	122	(1)
Sound Propagation and Temperature	123	(1)
Conclusions	124	(3)
Insect Songs --- The Evolution of Signal Complexity	127	(10)
Winston J. Bailey
Introduction	127	(2)
Long and Complex Calling	129	(3)
Minimal Signal Length	132	(3)
Short Signals, the Duet and a Return to Long Complex Calls	135	(1)
Variation in Carrier Frequency	135	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	136	(1)
Song Evolution and Speciation in Bushcrickets	137	(16)
K.-G. Heller
Introduction	137	(2)
Material and Methods	139	(1)
Results	139	(9)
Comparing Change of Song and Morphology of Male Genitalia in Isolated, Allopatric Populations of Closely Related Forms	139	(1)
The Subgenus Parnassiana (Tettigoniidae: Platycleidini: Platycleis)	140	(2)
Allopatric Forms Differing in Genitalic Morphology, but not in Song	142	(1)
Allopatric Forms Differing in Song, but not in Genitalic Morphology	143	(1)
Unusually Variable Species	144	(1)
Tracking Song Evolution by the Use of Phylogenetic Trees	144	(1)
Genus Parapholidoptera (Tettigoniidae)	145	(1)
Poecilimon propinquus Group (Phaneropteridae, Barbitistinae, Poecilimon)	146	(1)
Other Published Phylogenetic Data	147	(1)
Conclusions	148	(2)
Acknowledgements	150	(1)
Appendix	150	(3)
Acoustic Communication in Neuropterid Insects	153	(14)
Charles S. Henry
Introduction	153	(1)
Neuropterida	154	(1)
Types of Acoustic Communication in Neuropterida	155	(1)
Acoustic Communication in Megaloptera and Raphidioptera	156	(1)
Megaloptera: Sialidae and Corydalidae	156	(1)
Sialidae	156	(1)
Corydalidae	157	(1)
Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae and Inocelliidae	157	(1)
Perspective	157	(1)
Acoustic Communication in Neuroptera	157	(8)
Sisyridae and Coniopterygidae	158	(1)
Sisyridae	158	(1)
Coniopterygidae	158	(1)
Perspective	158	(1)
Berothidae	159	(1)
Hemerobiidae	159	(1)
Chrysopidae	159	(1)
Stridulation	159	(1)
Wing Fluttering	160	(1)
Percussion	161	(1)
Tremulation	161	(1)
Cryptic Species	162	(2)
Speciation	164	(1)
Overview	165	(1)
Acknowledgements	166	(1)
Inheritance of Male Sound Characteristics in Drosophila Species	167	(12)
Anneli Hoikkala
Introduction	167	(2)
Male Courtship Songs in Different Drosophila Species Groups	169	(1)
Variation in Male Songs between Conspecific Populations	170	(4)
Studies on the Inheritance of Male Song Characters Using Classical Crossing Experiments and QTL Techniques	174	(1)
A Candidate Gene Approach	175	(1)
The Evolution of Species-Specific Courtship Songs	176	(1)
Acknowledgements	177	(2)
Vibratory Communication and Mate Searching Behaviour in Stoneflies	179	(8)
Kenneth W. Stewart
John B. Sandberg
Introduction	179	(1)
Signalling Methods	180	(1)
Signal Complexity and Patterns	181	(1)
Duet Patterns	182	(1)
Evolution of Stonefly Drumming	183	(1)
Family Patterns	184	(1)
Mate-Searching	184	(3)
Communication by Substrate-Borne Vibrations in Cave Planthoppers	187	(12)
Hannelore Hoch
Andreas Wessel
Introduction	187	(3)
Intraspecific Communication in Surface-Dwelling Planthoppers	190	(1)
Intraspecific Communication in Cave-Dwelling Planthoppers	190	(5)
Recording Techniques	190	(1)
The Specific Mate-Recognition System of Cavernicolous Planthoppers	191	(1)
Hawaii: O. polyphemus Fennah --- Species Complex	192	(1)
Courtship Behaviour	192	(1)
Call Structure	192	(1)
Australia: Solonaima Kirkaldy --- Species	193	(1)
Courtship Behaviour	194	(1)
Call Structure	194	(1)
Canary Islands: Tachycixius lavatubus Remane and Hoch	195	(1)
Evolutionary Inference and Possible Adaptive Value of Observed Modification of Behaviour During Cave Adaptation	195	(2)
Alteration of General Courtship Pattern during Cave Adaptation	195	(1)
Reduction of Signal Complexity in Cave-Dwelling Planthoppers	196	(1)
Summarising Remarks and Perspectives	197	(1)
Acknowledgements	197	(2)
Partitioning of Acoustic Transmission Channels in Grasshopper Communities	199	(8)
Maria Bukhvalova
Insect Species and Their Songs	207	(12)
Jerome Sueur
Introduction	207	(1)
Diagnostic Characters: Where Are the Species-Specific Acoustic Markers?	208	(4)
Morphology and Mechanism of Sound Transducers	208	(1)
Acoustic Niches	209	(1)
Singing Postures and Strategies	209	(1)
Acoustic Signals	210	(2)
Experimental Taxonomy: Are You One of Ours?	212	(1)
Taxonomist's Decision: ``Shall I Split or Shall I Fuse''?	213	(4)
Non-Acoustic Fission Trap	213	(2)
Acoustic Fission Trap	215	(1)
Multi-Factorial Fission Trap	215	(1)
``Standard'' Species	215	(1)
Phylogenetic Constraints and Convergences	216	(1)
Hidden Biodiversity	216	(1)
Conclusion --- Listening to the Diversity of Life	217	(1)
Acknowledgements	217	(2)
Is Migration Responsible for the Peculiar Geographical Distribution and Speciation Based on Acoustic Divergence of Two Cicadas in the Aegean Archipelago?	219	(8)
Sakis Drosopoulos
Elias Eliopoulos
Penelope Tsakalou
Introduction	219	(2)
Geographic Distribution	221	(1)
Acoustic Differentiation	221	(3)
Discussion	224	(2)
Acknowledgements	226	(1)
Acoustic Evolutionary Divergence in Cicadas: The Species of Cicada L. in Southern Europe	227	(12)
Jose A. Quartau
Paula C. Simoes
Introduction	227	(1)
Species of Cicada in Western Mediterranean Europe	228	(4)
Species of Cicada in Eastern Mediterranean Europe	232	(2)
Discussion and General Conclusions	234	(3)
Acknowledgements	237	(2)
Acoustic Communication, Mating Behaviour and Hybridisation in Closely Related, Pseudogamic and Parthenogenetic Species of Planthoppers	239	(16)
Sakis Drosopoulos
Introduction	239	(2)
Acoustic Communication in Muellerianella Species	241	(1)
Intraspecific Behaviour in Muellerianella Species	241	(3)
Interspecific Mating Behaviour in Muellerianella Species	244	(2)
Acoustic Communication in Ribautodelphax Species	246	(1)
Interspecific Behaviour in Ribautodelphax Species	246	(4)
Acoustic Communication in Delphacodes Species	250	(1)
Discussion and Philosophical Considerations	250	(3)
Epilogue	253	(1)
Acknowledgements	253	(2)
Photoperiodism, Morphology and Aeoustic Behaviour in the Leafhopper Genus, Euscelis	255	(8)
Hildegard Strubing
Sakis Drosopoulos
Introduction	255	(1)
Euscelis incisus Kirschbaum	255	(1)
Euscelis lineolatus Brulle	256	(2)
Euscelis alsius (Ribaut)	258	(2)
Introgression Forms between Euscelis alsius Ribaut and E. incisus Kirschbaum	260	(1)
Euscelis remanei Strubing	261	(1)
Conclusions	261	(2)
Mutual Eavesdropping Through Vibrations in a Host--Parasitoid Interaction: From Plant Biomechanics to Behavioural Ecology	263	(12)
Jerome Casas
Christelle Magal
Introduction	263	(1)
Leafminers and Their Parasitoids as Model Systems	264	(1)
Vibrations Produced by Hosts and Perceived by Parasitoids	265	(1)
Vibrations Produced by Parasitoids and Perceived by Hosts	265	(1)
The Overriding Role of the Transmission Channel: Wave Propagation in Leaves	266	(3)
The Interplay of Leaf Veins and Lamina in Determining the Mechanical Response of Leaves	266	(2)
Wave Propagation in Leaves	268	(1)
Transmission of Leaf Vibrations to Air	268	(1)
Biotic Signals: Lost in Background Noise?	269	(1)
Vibrations Perception and Behavioural Ecology: The Princess--Monster Game	269	(2)
Optimal Hunting and Escaping Theoretical Strategies Include Significant Amounts of Randomness	269	(1)
Applying Game Theory to the Host--Leafminer Interaction	270	(1)
Implications for Optimal Foraging	270	(1)
Conclusions	271	(1)
Acknowledgements	271	(4)
Part II Sounds in Various Taxa of Insects
Vibratory Signals Produced by Heteroptera --- Pentatomorpha and Cimicomorpha	275	(22)
Matija Gogala
Introduction	276	(1)
Sound or Vibration	276	(1)
Methods Used to Record Vibratory Signals of Bugs	277	(1)
Common Properties and Peculiarities of Single Systematic Groups	277	(17)
Pentatomomorpha	278	(1)
Cydnidae	278	(1)
Thaumastellidae, Parastrachiidae	279	(1)
Tessaratomidae	280	(1)
Pentatomidae, Pentatominae	281	(5)
Pentatomidae, Asopinae	286	(1)
Scutelleridae	286	(1)
Plataspidae	286	(1)
Acanthosomatidae	286	(1)
Piesmatidae	287	(2)
Lygaeidae sensu lato	289	(1)
Colobathristidae	289	(1)
Pyrrhocoridae	289	(1)
Largidae	289	(2)
Stenocephalidae	291	(1)
Coreidae	291	(1)
Alydidae	292	(1)
Rhopalidae	292	(1)
Aradidae	292	(1)
Cimicomorpha	292	(1)
Tingidae	292	(1)
Miridae (Capsidae)	292	(2)
Nabidae, Anthocoridae and Cimicidae	294	(1)
Reduviidae (Including Phymatinae)	294	(1)
Conclusions	294	(1)
Acknowledgements	295	(2)
Vibratory Communication in Triatominae (Heteroptera)	297	(8)
Claudio R. Lazzari
Gabriel Manrique
Pablo E. Schilman
Introduction	297	(1)
Signal Production	298	(1)
Male-deterring Signals	299	(1)
Disturbance Signals	299	(5)
Conclusions	304	(1)
Acknowledgements	304	(1)
Vibratory Communication in Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)	305	(14)
Reginald B. Cocroft
Gabriel D. McNett
Introduction	305	(2)
Signals and Mating Behaviour	307	(5)
Discovery of Mating Signals in Membracids	307	(1)
Diversity in Mate Advertisement Signals	307	(2)
Signal Reception and Receiver Preferences in Membracids	309	(1)
Diversity in Mating Systems	310	(1)
Mating Signals and Speciation in the Enchenopa binotata Complex	311	(1)
Signals and Group Living	312	(2)
Functions of Social Signalling	312	(2)
Diversity in Social Signals	314	(1)
Signal Production Mechanisms	314	(1)
Vibratory Communication in the Field	315	(2)
Acknowledgements	317	(2)
Acoustic Characters in the Classification of Higher Taxa of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)	319	(12)
D. Yu. Tishechkin
Introduction	319	(1)
Frequency Spectra	320	(1)
Acoustic Behaviour during Mating and Acoustic Repertoire (The Set of Functional Types of Signals)	320	(3)
Temporal Patterns of Calling Signals	323	(2)
A Case Study --- Issidae and Caliscellidae	325	(4)
Conclusions	329	(2)
Acoustic Signals, Diversity and Behaviour of Cicadas (Cicadidae, Hemiptera)	331	(20)
Michel Boulard
Introduction	332	(1)
Acoustic Signals in Cicadas	333	(4)
Sound Production, the Tymbal and Its Sound	333	(1)
Anatomy of the Tymbal	333	(1)
The Sound of the Tymbal, Fundamental Acoustic Parameters	333	(1)
Visualisation of Acoustic Signals: CIA and CEA	334	(1)
Anatomy of the Auditory System	335	(1)
Fundamental Role and Environmental Impact of Acoustic Signals	336	(1)
Acoustic Behaviour of Cicadas	337	(12)
Postures of Sound Emission	337	(1)
Diversity of Acoustic Signals	338	(1)
Sound Register and Biotope	338	(1)
Distinctive Signals of Sibling Species	339	(2)
Functions of Acoustic Signals	341	(1)
Calling Signal and Acoustic Specificity	341	(1)
Courtship	342	(1)
Secondary Wing Flicking and its Meaning	343	(1)
Structure of Calling Signals	343	(2)
Calling of Solitary and Gregarious Species	345	(1)
Acoustic Signals and Assemblages of Cicadas	345	(1)
Concomitant Usage of the Sound Space	345	(1)
Territorial Claims: Calling in Competition and Cooperation	346	(1)
Inversion of Roles of the Sexes	347	(1)
Diurnal and Seasonal Rhythms in Acoustic Activity --- Unaccountable Behaviour	347	(1)
Stridulatory Signals	348	(1)
The Tettigadesian Device	348	(1)
The Ydiellian Device	348	(1)
The Moanian Device	349	(1)
Drumming Signals --- Wing Banging	349	(1)
Acknowledgements	349	(2)
Vibratory Communication and Mating Behaviour in the European Lantern Fly, Dictyophara europea (Dictyopharidae, Hemiptera)	351	(6)
Hildegard Strubing
Introduction	351	(1)
Historical Overview	351	(2)
Material and Methods	353	(1)
Mating Behaviour	354	(3)
Vibratory Communication in Psylloidea (Hemiptera)	357	(8)
D. Yu. Tishechkin
Mating Behaviour and Vibratory Signals in Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)	365	(16)
K. Kanmiya
Introduction	365	(1)
Recording of the Mating Sounds	365	(1)
Properties of Male Vibratory Sounds	366	(1)
Male Species-Specific Mating Sounds	367	(8)
Female Response Sounds	375	(3)
Acoustic Differences between B. tabaci and B. argentifolii	378	(1)
Conclusion	379	(1)
Acknowledgements	379	(2)
Communication by Vibratory Signals in Diptera	381	(16)
K. Kanmiya
Introduction	381	(1)
Acoustic Signals in Diptera	381	(2)
Production and Reception of Substrate-Borne Vibration	383	(2)
Vibratory Signals for Territoriality, Avoidance and Disturbance	385	(1)
Vibratory Signals in Mating Behaviour	386	(2)
Vibratory Signals of Chloropidae and Agromyzidae	388	(1)
Reed Flies, Lipara Species --- a Case Study	389	(6)
Natural History of Lipara as it Affects Vibratory Signals	391	(2)
Geographic Variation of Mating Signals	393	(2)
Conclusion	395	(1)
Acknowledgements	396	(1)
Stridulation in the Coleoptera --- An Overview	397	(8)
Andreas Wessel
Introduction	397	(1)
Historical Sketch	397	(1)
Systematics	398	(1)
Stridulatory Organs	398	(4)
Biological Meaning of Stridulation	402	(1)
Acknowledgements	403	(2)
Vibratory Communication in Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera)	405	(16)
Julia Kasper
Petra Hirschberger
Introduction	405	(1)
Aphodius and Its Life History	405	(1)
Sound Production	406	(1)
Morphology of the Stridulatory Organ	406	(6)
Interspecific Comparison of Aphodius Species	407	(1)
Intraspecific Variability of Aphodius Species	407	(4)
Comparison within and between Aphodiinae and Aegialinae	411	(1)
Sound Production in Aphodius	412	(4)
Interspecific Comparison	412	(1)
Intraspecific Variability	413	(3)
Analysis of two Sibling Aphodius Species	416	(2)
Analysis of Songs	417	(1)
Conclusions	418	(1)
Acknowledgements	419	(2)
Vibratory and Airborne-Sound Signals in Bee Communication (Hymenoptera)	421	(16)
Michael Hrncir
Friedrich G. Barth
Jurgen Tautz
Introduction	421	(1)
Signals	422	(7)
Signal Production	422	(1)
Thoracic Vibrations	423	(1)
Signal Transmission and Perception	423	(3)
Substrate Vibrations	426	(2)
Airborne Sound	428	(1)
Behavioural Relevance	429	(6)
Royal Signals	429	(1)
Colony Defence	430	(1)
Worker Piping in Honeybees	431	(1)
Recruitment to Food Sources	432	(3)
The Sensory World of Bees	435	(1)
Acknowledgements	436	(1)
References	437	(64)
Index	501