"Integrated Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering" features all aspects from fundamental principles to current technological advances in biomaterials at the macro/micro/nano/molecular scales suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The book is unique as it provides all important aspects dealing with the basic science involved in structure and properties, techniques and technological innovations in material processing and characterizations, and applications of biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Murugan Ramalingam is an Associate Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering at the Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale U977 and Facult de Chirurgie Dentaire, Universit de Strasbourg, France. Concurrently, he holds an Adjunct Associate Professorship at the Tohoku University, Japan. Ziyad Haidar is a Research Assistant Professor at the Departments of BioEngineering and Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea. Seeram Ramakrishna, FREng, FNAE, FAJTMBE, is the Director of HEM Labs at the National University of Singapore. He has authored five books and over four hundred international journal papers, which garnered more than 14,000 citations. Hisatoshi Kobayashi is a group leader of WPI Research center MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. He is currently the President of International Association of Advanced Materials. Youssef Haikel is the Dean of Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Strasbourg, France. He is also affiliated with the Beijing Faculty of Stomatology as a Honorary Professor and at the Medical University for Health Sciences Hokkaido as an Honorary Visiting Professor.

Preface	p. xiii
List of Contributors	p. xv
Protocols for Biomaterial Scaffold Fabrication	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Scaffolding Materials	p. 4
Naturally Derived Materials	p. 4
Scaffolds Based on Synthetic Polymers	p. 7
Techniques for Biomaterial Scaffolds Fabrication	p. 7
Solvent Casting	p. 8
Salt-leaching	p. 8
Gas Foaming	p. 11
Phase Separation	p. 12
Electrospinning	p. 13
Self-assembly	p. 15
Rapid Prototyping	p. 16
Membrane Lamination	p. 18
Freeze Drying	p. 18
Summary	p. 19
Acknowledgements	p. 20
References	p. 20
Ceramic Scaffolds, Current Issues and Future Trends
Introduction	p. 25
Essential Properties and Current Problems of Ceramic Scaffolds	p. 27
Approaches to Overcome Ceramic Scaffolds Issues for the Next Generation of Scaffolds	p. 30
Silk - a Bioactive Material	p. 35
Conclusions and Future Trends	p. 35
Acknowledgements	p. 36
References	p. 36
Preparation of Porous Scaffolds from Ice Particulate Templates for Tissue Engineering	p. 47
Introduction	p. 48
Preparation of Porous Scaffolds Using Ice Particulates as Porogens	p. 48
Preparation of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds Using Embossed Ice Particulate Templates	p. 51
Overview of Protocol	p. 51
Preparation of Funnel-like Collagen Sponges	p. 51
Preparation of Funnel-like Chitosan Sponges	p. 54
Preparation of Funnel-like Hyaluronic Acid Sponges	p. 55
Preparation of Funnel-like Collagen-glycosaminoglycan Sponges	p. 55
Application of Funnel-like Porous Scaffolds in Three-dimensional Cell Culture	p. 56
Application of Funnel-like Collagen Sponges in Cartilage Tissue Engineering	p. 57
Summary	p. 60
References	p. 60
Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Using the Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying Technique and Characteristics of the Scaffolds	p. 63
Introduction	p. 64
Materials for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds	p. 65
Fabrication Techniques for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds	p. 68
Fabrication of Pure Polymer Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds	p. 70
Fabrication of Polymer Blend Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezmg/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds	p. 78
Fabrication of Nanocomposite Scaffolds via Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-drying and Characteristics of the Scaffolds	p. 80
Surface Modification for PHBV-based Scaffolds	p. 85
Concluding Remarks	p. 87
Acknowledgements	p. 87
References	p. 88
Electrospun Nanofiber and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering	p. 91
Introduction	p. 92
Biodegradable Materials for Tissue Engineering	p. 93
Nanofibrous Scaffolds	p. 97
Technologies to Fabricate Nanofibers	p. 98
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Nanofibrous Scaffold	p. 103
Stem Cells: A Potential Tool for Tissue Engineering	p. 108
Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration	p. 108
Effect of Stem Cells on Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds	p. 111
Prospects	p. 113
Acknowledgement	p. 115
	p. 115
Materials at the Interface Tissue-Implant	p. 119
Introduction	p. 120
Description of the Tissue-Implant Interface	p. 121
Expected Function of the Materials at the Interface and their Evaluation and Selection	p. 123
General Purpose Non-biological Materials	p. 127
General Purpose Natural Materials and Biopolymers	p. 128
Other Regenerative Biomaterials and Techniques	p. 129
Future Approaches	p. 129
Experimental Techniques for the Tissue-Implant Interface	p. 130
Conclusion	p. 133
References	p. 133
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)	p. 140
Self-renewal of MSCs	p. 142
Heterogeneity of MSCs	p. 143
MSCs from Different Types of Tissues	p. 144
MSCs, Progenitor Cells and Precursor Cells	p. 144
Differentiation Potential of MSCs	p. 145
Dedifferentiation and Transdifferentiation of hMSCs	p. 146
Understanding the Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)	p. 147
Integrins and Their Role in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)	p. 147
Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Niche	p. 149
Immunomodulatory Effect of MSCs	p. 150
Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Culture	p. 150
Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Isolation	p. 151
Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Expansion	p. 151
Media for Inducing Osteogenic Differentiation in MSCs	p. 152
Characterization of MSCs	p. 153
Microscopy Techniques	p. 154
Differentiation and Cell Proliferation Assays for MSCs	p. 155
MSCs in Bone Remodeling, Fracture Repair and Their Use in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications	p. 156
Influence of External Stimuli on MSC Behavior	p. 157
Role of Mechanical Stimulus on hMSCs	p. 158
Role of Electrical Stimulus on MSCs	p. 159
Perspectives on Future of hMSCs in Tissue Engineering	p. 159
References	p. 160
Endochondral Bone Tissue Engineering	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells	p. 169
Tissue Engineering	p. 169
Stem Cells	p. 170
Bone Tissue Engineering	p. 171
Bone Tissue Engineering via the Endochondral Pathway	p. 172
Scaffolds	p. 173
General Requirements of Scaffolds	p. 173
Scaffolds for Endochondral Tissue Engineering	p. 175
Hydrogels	p. 176
Synthetic Polymer Woven Structure	p. 177
Calcium Phosphate (CaP) Ceramics	p. 178
Summary	p. 179
References	p. 180
Principles, Applications, and Technology of Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 183
Introduction	p. 184
Anatomy and Physiology of Craniofacial Bone	p. 185
Functional Characteristics of Craniofacial Tissues	p. 190
Bone Strength	p. 190
Effect of Forces	p. 191
Angiogenesis in Bone Physiology	p. 192
Prevalence of Craniofacial Congenital Anomalies and Acquired Defects	p. 192
Congenital Anomalies	p. 192
Acquired Defects	p. 193
Road Map for the Application of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration	p. 195
Vascularization and Its Strategies	p. 197
Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 199
The Stem Cell Concept: Recreating the Local Tissue Microenvironment	p. 200
Applied Stem Cell-based Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 201
Additional Viable Stem Cell Sources for Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 204
Biomaterial-based Therapy in Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 206
Surface Biomirnetism	p. 210
Principles of Imaging in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration	p. 212
Modeling of, Preparation for, and Planning Tissue Engineering	p. 212
Image Guided Design	p. 215
Follow-up and Assessment	p. 216
Medical Imaging Techniques for Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 218
Plain X-rays	p. 218
Computed Tomography (CT)-based Methods	p. 218
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 219
Future Methods: High Frequency Ultrasound Imaging	p. 220
Current Clinical Application and Future Direction in the Field of Craniofacial Bone Engineering	p. 220
Current Treatments of Bone Defects	p. 220
Modern Treatment of Bone Defects	p. 221
Some Examples of Tissue Engineering Materials and Clinical Trials	p. 223
Future Prospects	p. 225
Economics and Marketing	p. 225
Conclusions	p. 226
References	p. 226
Functionally-Graded Biomimetic Vascular Grafts for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration and Bio-integration	p. 235
Introduction	p. 236
Approaches in Vascular Tissue Engineering	p. 237
Nanostructured Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering	p. 239
Electrospinning for Producing ECM-like Fibers	p. 241
Biomimetic Electrospun Vascular Scaffolds	p. 244
Functionally-Graded Tubular Scaffolds	p. 247
Graded-Tissue Design in Native Vessels	p. 247
Biomimetic Multi-layered Tubular Scaffolds	p. 249
Mechanical Properties of Trilayered Tubular Grafts	p. 251
Biodegradation Characteristics of Trilayered Grafts	p. 255
In Vitro Cell Interactions and In Vivo Performance	p. 260
Summary and Future Outlook	p. 266
Acknowledgements	p. 267
List of Abbreviations Used	p. 268
References	p. 269
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Prospects for Therapeutic Angiogenesis	p. 275
Introduction	p. 276
VEGF and Angiogenesis	p. 276
VEGF Family	p. 277
VEGF Therapy	p. 279
VEGF Delivery Systems	p. 280
Soft versus Hard Tissues	p. 282
Concluding Remarks	p. 287
References	p. 290
Index	p. 295
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