Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management

by Cicin-Sain, Biliana; Knecht, Robert W.; Jang, Dosoo; Fisk, Gregory W.

• ISBN13: 9781559636032
• ISBN10: 1559636033
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-03-01
• Publisher: Island Pr

Summary

Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management is a management process that acknowledges the interrelationships among coastal and ocean uses and the environments they affect. This volume is a guidebook for managers, policymakers, and activists who are seeking to build support for, develop, and implement Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) programs, and for students who wish to understand the background arid mechanics of such programs. Designed and written for individuals and organizations who are directly responsible for the initiation, implementation, and operation of programs, it provides managers with essential information about ICM that will enable them to put functional and effective programs in place.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv	(2)
Gunnar Kullenberg, Secretary, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO
Acknowledgments	xvii	(4)
List of Tables	xxi	(4)
List of Figures and Boxes	xxv
Introduction	1	(14)
Goals of the Book	3	(1)
Scope and Content of the Book	4	(2)
Major Sources of Information	6	(1)
1996 ICM Survey of Nations	7	(2)
The Need to Tailor ICM to Fit a Nation's Unique Circumstances	9	(2)
A Note on Terminology	11	(1)
Structure of the Book	11	(1)
Tips on Reading the Book	12	(3)
PART I: THE NEED FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS	15	(52)
Chapter 1. The Need for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management	15	(22)
Introduction: The Coasts--Unique, Valuable, and Threatened	15	(2)
The Need for ICM	17	(6)
Ecological Effects and Multiple-Use Conflicts: Why ICM Is Needed	18	(2)
Models of Coastal and Ocean Uses and Their Interactions	20	(3)
Examples of Interactions among Coastal and Ocean Uses and Their Environments	23	(9)
Conflicts Related to Marine Transportation	23	(2)
Conflicts Related to Coastal Land Reclamation	25	(2)
Conflicts Related to Offshore Oil Development	27	(1)
Threats to Coral Reefs from Various Marine Uses	28	(2)
Conflicts Related to Tourism	30	(1)
Mutually Beneficial Interactions	30	(2)
Early Efforts at Coastal Management	32	(4)
Birth of the ICM Concept	35	(1)
Summary	36	(1)
Chapter 2. Definitions of Integrated Coastal Management and Fundamental Concepts	37	(30)
Introduction	37	(2)
Fundamental Concepts	39	(24)
What Is Integrated Coastal Management?	39	(1)
What Are the Goals of ICM?	40	(1)
What Triggers the Need for ICM?	41	(2)
What Does Integrated Mean in ICM?	43	(3)
What Is Being Managed in ICM?	46	(1)
What Are the Functions of Integrated Coastal Management?	46	(4)
Where Is ICM Applied?	50	(2)
How Is Management Carried Out, and What Guiding Principles Are Used?	52	(5)
Who Should Carry Out the Management?	57	(1)
What Are the Typical Stages in Developing an ICM Program?	58	(2)
What Capacity Is Needed for ICM?	60	(2)
What Kinds of Institutions Should Carry Out ICM?	62	(1)
Keeping It Simple	62	(1)
Summary	63	(4)
PART II. EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL PRESCRIPTIONS ON ICM	67	(54)
Chapter 3. The Evolution of Global Prescriptions for Integrated Management of Oceans and Coasts	67	(28)
Introduction	67	(1)
The Evolution of International Regimes Involving The Ocean and the Environment	68	(9)
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973-1982 and Subsequent Actions)	68	(4)
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972)	72	(1)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)	73	(4)
The Outputs of UNCED	77	(4)
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development	77	(1)
The Convention on Climate Change	78	(1)
The Convention on Biological Diversity	79	(1)
Agenda 21	80	(1)
Statement of Forest Principles	81	(1)
Central Concepts at UNCED: Interdependence, Integrated Management, and Sustainable Development	81	(5)
The Reality of Interdependence	81	(2)
The Imperative of Integration	83	(1)
Definition of Sustainable Development	84	(2)
Ocean and Coastal Issues in Chapter 17 of Agenda 21	86	(7)
Integrated Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal and Marine Areas, Including Exclusive Economic Zones	87	(1)
Marine Environmental Protection	88	(1)
Sustainable Use and Conservation of Living Marine Resources of the High Seas	88	(1)
Sustainable Use and Conservation of Living Marine Resources under National Jurisdiction	89	(1)
Addressing Critical Uncertainties for the Management of the Marine Environment and Climate Change	90	(1)
Strengthening International, Including Regional, Cooperation and Coordination	91	(1)
Sustainable Development of Small Islands	92	(1)
Significance of the UNCED Agreements for Oceans and Coasts	93	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
Chapter 4. Earth Summit Implementation: Growth in Capacity in Ocean and Coastal Management	95	(26)
Introduction	95	(2)
Adoption of the ICM Concept Widens	97	(5)
Framework Convention on Climate Change	97	(1)
Convention on Biological Diversity	98	(1)
Global Programme of Action on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities	99	(1)
Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States	100	(1)
International Coral Reef Initiative	101	(1)
The ICM Concept Is Further Defined: Development of International Guidelines	102	(2)
Capacity-Building Efforts in ICM Increase	104	(12)
UN Organizations and Their Work in ICM	109	(3)
New and Existing Teaching and Training Efforts in ICM	112	(4)
Summary	116	(5)
PART III. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT	121	(132)
Chapter 5. Setting the Stage for Integrated Coastal Management	121	(18)
Introduction	121	(1)
Tailoring and Lesson Drawing	121	(4)
Toward a Typology of ICM Contexts	122	(2)
Comparative Assessments and Lesson Drawing	124	(1)
Undertaking ICM: Setting the Stage and Developing the Political Will	125	(4)
Setting the Stage	126	(3)
Developing the Political Will to Undertake ICM	129	(1)
The Importance of Public Participation and Consensus Building	129	(5)
Creating a Coastal Users' Group	130	(1)
Obtaining Early NGO Support	131	(1)
Strengthening the Support of the National Government	132	(1)
Community-Level Participation and Support	132	(2)
Options for Early Leadership--Top-Down or Bottom-Up	134	(1)
Starting Small If Necessary	135	(1)
Summary	135	(4)
Chapter 6. Intergovernmental, Institutional, Legal, and Financial Considerations	139	(32)
Introduction	139	(1)
Intergovernmental Considerations	139	(10)
Nature of the Problem: Harmonizing Local and National Levels of Government	140	(2)
Perspectives of the Local Government	142	(2)
Perspectives of the National Government	144	(2)
Building Understanding and Cooperation	146	(1)
Creating a Mutually Beneficial Partnership	147	(2)
Institutional Considerations	149	(12)
The Meaning of Integrated Policy	150	(2)
Findings on Various Dimensions of Integration from the Cross-National Survey	152	(1)
Caveats on Policy Integration	153	(2)
Incentives for Policy Integration	155	(1)
Options for Achieving Intersectoral Integration	156	(1)
Findings on Intersectoral Integration in the Cross-National Survey	157	(4)
Legal Considerations	161	(5)
Legal Jurisdiction in the Coastal Zone	161	(1)
Creating an Adequate Legal Framework for ICM	162	(1)
Regulatory Power: Its Exercise and Its Limits	163	(1)
Coordinating the Use of Regulatory Power	164	(1)
Economic Incentives for Modifying Behavior	165	(1)
Financial Considerations	166	(3)
Funding the Development Phase	166	(2)
Funding the Implementation and Operation Phases	168	(1)
Summary	169	(2)
Chapter 7. Informing the ICM Process: Building the Science and Information Base	171	(26)
Introduction	171	(2)
Importance of a Solid Scientific Basis for ICM	173	(3)
Dealing with Scientific Uncertainty	175	(1)
Data, Information, and Scientific Requirements	176	(6)
Data and Information Needs for Eight Areas of Concern in ICM	178	(1)
Coping with Missing or Sparse Information	178	(4)
Useful Methodologies, Technologies, and Analytical Tools	182	(9)
Resource Inventories and Environmental Profiles	183	(1)
Mapping and GIS Systems	184	(1)
Remote Sensing	185	(1)
Rapid Appraisal Techniques	186	(1)
Environmental Impact Assessment	186	(1)
Benefit-Cost Studies	187	(1)
Risk Assessment	188	(1)
Valuation of Resources	189	(1)
Habitat Assessment Techniques	190	(1)
Focusing the Science on Management Needs: The Science-Policy Interface	191	(5)
The Cultures of Science and Policy	191	(2)
Results of Cross-National Survey Regarding Science-Policy Integration	193	(1)
Ways to Improve Science-Policy Interactions	193	(3)
Summary	196	(1)
Chapter 8. Formulation and Approval of an ICM Program	197	(18)
Introduction	197	(1)
The Program Formulation Process	197	(2)
Identification of Initial Problems, Issues, and Opportunities: Setting Priorities	199	(5)
Development and Analysis of Coastal Profiles: Assessment of Issues	199	(2)
Programmatic Scope: One Issue or Multiple Issues?	201	(2)
Geographical Scope: National Approach or Pilot Project?	203	(1)
The Importance of Having Early Positive Results	204	(1)
Formulation of Goals, Objectives, and Strategies	204	(1)
Establishment of Boundaries for the Management Area	205	(3)
Inland Boundary	206	(1)
Seaward Boundary	207	(1)
Assessment of Existing Institutional and Legal Capacity for ICM	208	(1)
Design of the Intersectoral-Intergovernmental Coordinating Mechanism and of the ICM Office	209	(2)
Consideration of New Management Measures	210	(1)
The Resulting ICM Plan	211	(1)
Formal Approval of the ICM Plan by Participating Governments	211	(2)
Summary	213	(2)
Chapter 9. Implementation, Operation, and Evaluation of ICM Programs	215	(38)
Introduction	215	(1)
The Implementation Process	215	(6)
Securing the Necessary Legal, Legislative, and Regulatory Changes	216	(1)
Putting the Institutional Arrangements in Place	217	(3)
Obtaining the Necessary Resources	220	(1)
Involving the Affected Interests in the Process	220	(1)
Management Tools and Techniques in the Operation Phase	221	(11)
Zonation	222	(4)
Set-Back Lines and Exclusionary Zones	226	(1)
Protected Areas	227	(1)
Special Area Planning	227	(1)
Acquisition, Easements, and Development Rights	227	(3)
Mitigation and Restoration	230	(1)
Coastal Permits	230	(2)
Conflict Management in an ICM Program	232	(5)
Understanding and Addressing Coastal and Marine Conflicts	232	(5)
Transparency and Public Participation in an ICM Program	237	(4)
Consensus Building	238	(1)
Types of Public Participation: "Advice Giving" and "Power Sharing,"	238	(2)
Building and Maintaining Public Support: The Importance of Public Education and Awareness	240	(1)
Evaluation of ICM Programs	241	(7)
What Should Be Evaluated?	244	(1)
Who Should Do the Evaluation?	245	(1)
When Should Evaluation Begin?	246	(1)
How Should the Evaluation Be Done?	247	(1)
Performance Monitoring and Program Accountability	247	(1)
Evaluation of ICM Programs: An Undeveloped Art	248	(1)
Summary	248	(5)
PART IV. COUNTRY CASE COMPARISONS AND LESSONS LEARNED	253	(206)
Chapter 10. Case Comparisons of ICM Practices in Twenty-Two Selected Nations	253	(26)
Introduction	253	(1)
Case Comparisons	254	(15)
Patterns of Commonalities and Differences	269	(8)
General Observations	269	(3)
Similarities and Differences among Developed, Middle Developing, and Developing Countries	272	(1)
Developed Nations	273	(2)
Middle Developing Nations	275	(1)
Developing Nations	276	(1)
Summary	277	(2)
Chapter 11. Summary and Conclusions	279	(26)
Introduction	279	(2)
A Reality Check Regarding ICM	281	(1)
A Practical Guide to ICM Programs: Summary	282	(12)
Initiating an ICM Effort	283	(7)
Formulating an ICM Program and Getting It Adopted	290	(2)
Implementing and Operating an ICM Program	292	(2)
Examples of Good Practices in ICM Programs	294	(6)
The Absence of Evaluative Data on ICM Programs	295	(2)
Examples of Successful Practices Related to ICM Processes	297	(1)
Examples of Successful Practices Related to Substantive Aspects of ICM Programs	297	(3)
Prospects and Future Challenges	300	(3)
ICM at the National Level	300	(1)
ICM at the International Level	301	(2)
Concluding Observations	303	(2)
APPENDIX 1: ICM PRACTICES IN TWENTY-TWO SELECTED NATIONS	305	(136)
Introduction	305	(4)
Part I: Developed Nations	309	(44)
Canada	309	(6)
United States	315	(7)
United Kingdom	322	(5)
France	327	(4)
The Netherlands	331	(5)
Spain	336	(4)
The Republic of Korea	340	(7)
Australia	347	(6)
Part II: Middle Developing Nations	353	(34)
Brazil	353	(5)
Turkey	358	(7)
Thailand	365	(8)
Malaysia	373	(7)
Fiji	380	(7)
Part III: Developing Nations	387	(54)
Ecuador	387	(4)
The People's Republic of China	391	(8)
Indonesia	399	(7)
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan	406	(5)
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka	411	(6)
Federated States of Micronesia	417	(5)
The United Republic of Tanzania	422	(4)
Republic of India	426	(6)
Republic of the Philippines	432	(9)
APPENDIX 2: CROSS-NATIONAL SURVEY AND RESPONDENTS	441	(18)
Respondents	441	(6)
Cross-National Survey	447	(12)
Glossary	459	(8)
Acronyms	467	(4)
References	471	(28)
Index	499