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This first volume in a two-volume set presents the state of the art for the concepts, practical applications, and future of renewable energy and how to move closer to true sustainability.
Renewable energy supplies are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance in every country worldwide. A wide range of renewable energy technologies has been established commercially and recognized as an important set of growth industries for most governments. World agencies, including the United Nations, have extensive programs to encourage these emerging technologies.
This book will bridge the gap between descriptive reviews and specialized engineering technologies. It centers on demonstrating how fundamental physical processes govern renewable energy resources and their applications. Although the applications are updated continually, the fundamental principles remain the same, and this book will provide a useful platform for those advancing the subject and its industries.
Integrated Resilient Energy Solutions is a two-volume set covering subjects of proven technical and economic importance worldwide. Energy supply from renewables is an essential component of every nation’s strategy, especially when there is responsibility for the environment and sustainability. These two volumes will consider the timeless renewable energy technologies’ principles yet demonstrate modern applications and case studies. Whether for the veteran engineer, student, or other professional, these two volumes are a must-have for any library.
Milind Shrinivas Dangate, PhD, is currently an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India. He has authored several publications and has a grant and a fellowship to his credit, in addition to several postdoctoral appointments.
W. S. Sampath, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Director for Next Generation Photovoltaics (NGPV) Laboratory at Colorado State University, and Site Director at NSF I/UCRC for Next Generation Photovoltaics. With over 30 years of industry experience, he has contributed significantly to the science of renewable energy.
O. V. Gnana Swathika, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering at VIT Chennai, India. She earned her PhD in electrical engineering at VIT University and completed her postdoc at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching. He is currently involved in publishing multiple books with Wiley-Scrivener.
Preface xvii
1 Green Economy and the Future in a Post-Pandemic World 1
Luke Gerard Christie and Deepa Cherian
1.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2
1.2 The Need to Question How we Do Business and the Evolution of Green Policies 3
1.3 The Shift from Fossil Fuels to Nuclear Energy for a Cleaner, Sustainable Environment 4
1.4 Significance of Emergent Technologies in the Reduction of Global Warming and Climate Change 6
Conclusion 8
Bibliography 9
2 Home Automation System Using Internet of Things for Real-Time Power Analysis and Control of Devices 11
Richik Ray, Rishita Shanker, V. Anantha Krishnan, O.V. Gnana Swathika and C. Vaithilingam
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Methodology 14
2.3 Design Specifications 15
2.3.1 Components Required 15
2.3.2 Circuit Diagram and Working 18
2.3.3 Blynk GUI (Graphical User Interface) for Smartphone 19
2.3.4 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Design 20
2.4 Results and Discussion 20
2.4.1 Prototype Design Completion 20
2.4.2 Testing and Observations 22
2.4.3 Future Prospects 23
2.5 Conclusion 24
References 25
3 Energy Generation from Secondary Li-Ion Batteries to Economical Na-Ion Batteries 27
R. Rajapriya and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Li-Ion Battery 29
3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 33
3.4 Conclusion 40
References 41
4 Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell 45
R. Rajapriya and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Operating Principle 48
4.2.1 Types of Fuel Cells 49
4.3 Why Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell? 50
4.3.1 Electrolyte 52
4.3.2 Catalyst Layer (At the Cathode & Anode) 52
4.3.3 Bipolar Plate (Cathode & Anode) 52
4.4 Hydrogen as an Energy-Vector in a Long-Term Fuel Cell 53
4.5 Application 55
4.6 Conclusion 56
References 57
5 IoT and Machine Learning–Based Energy-Efficient Smart Buildings 61
Aaron Biju, Gautum Subhash V.P., Menon Adarsh Sivadas, Thejus R. Krishnan, Abhijith R. Nair, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Methodology 63
5.3 Design Specifications 65
5.3.1 NodeMCU 65
5.3.2 Relay 65
5.3.3 Firebase 66
5.3.4 Raspberry Pi 66
5.3.5 Camera 66
5.4 Results 66
5.5 Conclusion 69
References 69
6 IOT-Based Smart Metering 71
Parth Bhargav, Umar Ansari, Fahad Nishat and O.V. Gnana Swathika
Abbreviations and Nomenclature 72
6.1 Introduction 72
6.1.1 Motivation 72
6.1.2 Objectives 73
6.2 Methodology 73
6.2.1 Advent of Smart Meter 73
6.2.2 Modules 77
6.2.3 Energy Meter 77
6.2.4 Wi-Fi Module 78
6.2.5 Arduino UNO 78
6.2.6 Back End 78
6.3 Design of IOT-Based Smart Meter 81
6.3.1 Energy Meter 81
6.3.2 Arduino UNO 82
6.3.3 Wi-Fi Module 83
6.3.4 Calculations 84
6.3.5 Units 84
6.4 Results and Discussion 84
6.4.1 Working 84
6.4.2 Readings Captured in the Excel Sheet 85
6.4.3 Predication Using Statistical Analytics 86
6.4.4 Quantitative Analytics 86
6.4.5 Predication of Missing Data 87
6.4.6 Hardware Output 87
6.5 Conclusion 88
References 89
7 IoT-Based Home Automation and Power Consumption Analysis 93
K. Trinath Raja, Challa Ravi Teja, K. Madhu Priya and Berlin Hency V.
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Literature Review 94
7.3 IoT (Internet of Things) 96
7.4 Architecture 96
7.5 Software 97
7.5.1 IFTTT 97
7.5.2 ThingSpeak 97
7.5.3 Google Assistant 98
7.6 Hardware 98
7.6.1 DHT Sensor 98
7.6.2 Motor 98
7.6.3 NodeMCU 99
7.6.4 Gas Sensor 99
7.7 Implementation, Testing and Results 99
7.8 Conclusion 102
References 103
8 Advanced Technologies in Integrated Energy Systems 105
Maheedhar and Deepa T.
8.1 Introduction 106
8.2 Combined Heat and Power 107
8.2.1 Stirling Engines 107
8.2.2 Turbines 108
8.2.3 Fuel Cell 110
8.2.4 Chillers 112
8.2.5 PV/T System 113
8.3 Economic Aspects 114
8.4 Conclusion 115
References 116
9 A Study to Enhance the Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) Process Using Organic Base 119
M.J.A. Prince and Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 Materials and Methods 121
9.3 Similarity Study of NA in the Saline Water Containing Cations Having a Valency of 2 122
9.4 Results and Discussion 123
9.4.1 Alkalinity Contributed by NA for Intensifying the IFT Characteristics 123
9.4.2 Interfacial Tension Properties 124
9.4.3 The Similarity of NA + Polymer 124
9.4.4 Traits of Adsorption 125
9.4.5 Economics 125
9.4.6 Regular NA Injection Recommendation 125
9.5 Conclusions 126
References 126
10 Flexible Metamaterials for Energy Harvesting Applications 129
K.A. Karthigeyan, E. Manikandan, E. Papanasam and S. Radha
10.1 Introduction 130
10.2 Metamaterials 131
10.2.1 Energy Harvesting Using Metamaterials 132
10.2.2 Solar Energy Harvesting 132
10.2.2.1 Numerical Setup 133
10.2.3 Acoustic Energy Harvesting 135
10.2.4 RF Energy Harvesting 137
10.3 Summary and Challenges 138
References 138
11 Smart Robotic Arm 141
Rangit Ray, Koustav Das, Akash Adhikary, Akash Pandey, Ananthakrishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika
Abbreviations and Nomenclature 141
11.1 Introduction 142
11.1.1 Motivation 142
11.1.2 Objectives 143
11.1.3 Scope of the Work 143
11.1.4 Organization 143
11.2 Design of Robotic Arm with a Bot 144
11.2.1 Design Approach 144
11.2.1.1 Codes and Standards 144
11.2.1.2 Realistic Constraints 144
11.2.2 Design Specifications 149
11.3 Project Demonstration 152
11.3.1 Introduction 152
11.3.2 Analytical Results 153
11.3.3 Simulation Results 153
11.3.4 Hardware Results 154
11.4 Conclusion 155
11.4.1 Cost Analysis 155
11.4.2 Scope of Work 155
11.4.3 Summary 155
References 156
12 Energy Technologies and Pricing Policies: Case Study 157
Shanmugha S. and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
12.1 Introduction 157
12.2 Literature Review 159
12.3 Non-Linear Pricing 161
12.4 Agricultural Water Demand 162
12.5 Priced Inputs and Unpriced Resources 163
12.6 Proposed Set Up on Paper 164
12.7 Empirical Model 167
12.8 Identification Strategy 168
12.9 Data 170
12.10 Empirical Results 171
12.11 Counterfactual Simulation A 173
12.12 Counterfactual Simulation B 174
12.13 Counterfactual Simulation: Costs of Reduced Groundwater Demand 176
12.14 Conclusion 180
References 181
13 Energy Availability and Resource Management: Case Study 185
Shanmugha S. and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
13.1 Introduction 185
13.2 Literature Review 187
13.3 Study Area 189
13.3.1 Producer Survey 192
13.4 Empirical Model of Adoption 193
13.5 Material and Methods 196
13.6 Results 198
13.7 Conclusion 203
References 204
14 Energy-Efficient Dough Rolling Machine 207
Nerella Venkata Sai Charan, Abhishek Antony Mathew, Adnan Ahamad Syed, Nallavelli Preetham Reddy, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika
14.1 Introduction 208
14.2 Methodology 208
14.3 Specifications 210
14.3.1 Motor 210
14.3.2 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 210
14.3.3 Speed Reduction 211
14.3.4 Coupler 212
14.3.5 Main Base Structure 212
14.3.6 Rotating Platform and Rollers 212
14.3.7 Rotating Platform 213
14.3.8 Rollers 213
14.4 Result and Discussion 215
14.5 Conclusion 215
References 215
15 Peak Load Management System Using Node-Red Software Considering Peak Load Analysis 217
Mohit Sharan, Prantika Das, Harsh Gupta, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, P. Balamurugan and D. Subbulekshmi
15.1 Introduction 218
15.2 Methodology 219
15.2.1 Peak Demand and Load Profile 219
15.2.2 Need of Peak Load Management (PLM) 220
15.2.3 Data Analysis 220
15.2.4 Need to Flatten the Load Curve 221
15.2.5 Current Observations 221
15.2.6 Equations 221
15.3 Model Specifications 221
15.4 Features of UI Interface 225
15.4.1 App Prototype 225
15.5 Conclusions 227
Bibliography 227
16 An Overview on the Energy Economics Associated with the Energy Industry 229
Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman and M.J.A. Prince
16.1 Time Value of Money 230
16.1.1 Present Value of an Asset 230
16.1.2 Future Value of an Investment 230
16.1.3 Rule of 72 231
16.2 Classification of Cost 232
16.2.1 Fixed Cost of an Asset (FCA) 232
16.2.2 Variable Cost of a Plant (VCP) 232
16.2.3 Total Cost of a Plant (TCP) 232
16.2.4 Break-Even Location (BEL) 232
16.3 Economic Specification 233
16.3.1 Return on Cost (ROC) 233
16.3.2 Payback Span 233
16.3.3 Net Present Worth 233
16.3.4 Discounted Money Flow (DMF) 234
16.3.5 Internal Charge of Returns (ICR) 234
16.4 Analysis 234
16.4.1 Incremental Analysis (IA) 234
16.4.1.1 Pertinent Cost (PC) 234
16.4.1.2 Non-Pertinent Cost (NPC) 235
16.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis (SA) 235
16.4.3 Replacement Analysis (RA) 237
16.5 Conclusion 239
Bibliography 240
17 IoT-Based Unified Child Monitoring and Security System 241
A.R. Mirunalini, Shwetha. S., R. Priyanka and Berlin Hency V.
17.1 Introduction 242
17.2 Literature Review 243
17.3 Proposed System 247
17.3.1 Block Diagram 247
17.3.2 Design Approach 249
17.3.3 Software Analysis 249
17.3.4 Hardware Analysis 252
17.3.4.1 Experimental Setup 253
17.4 Result and Analysis 256
17.5 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 259
17.5.1 Conclusion and Inference 259
17.5.2 Future Enhancement 260
References 260
18 IoT-Based Plant Health Monitoring System Using CNN and Image Processing 263
Anindita Banerjee, Ekta Lal and Berlin Hency V.
18.1 Introduction 264
18.2 Literature Survey 265
18.3 Data Analysis 268
18.3.1 Convolutional Neural Network 268
18.3.2 Phases of the Model 269
18.3.3 Proposed Architecture 269
18.4 Proposed Methodology 271
18.4.1 System Module and Structure 271
18.4.2 System Design and Methods 272
18.4.3 Plant Disease Detection and Classification 272
18.4.3.1 Dataset Used 272
18.4.3.2 Preprocessing and Labelling Methods 273
18.4.3.3 Procedure of Augmentation 273
18.4.3.4 Training Using CNN 273
18.4.3.5 Analysis 275
18.4.3.6 Final Polishing of Results 275
18.4.4 Hardware and Software Instruments 275
18.5 Results and Discussion 275
18.6 Conclusion 286
References 286
19 IoT-Based Self-Checkout Stores Using Face Mask Detection 291
Shreya M., R. Nandita, Seshan Rajaraman and Berlin Hency V.
19.1 Introduction 292
19.2 Literature Review 292
19.2.1 Self-Checkout Stores 292
19.2.2 Face Mask Detection 293
19.3 Convolution Neural Network 295
19.4 Architecture 298
19.5 Hardware Requirements 299
19.5.1 PIR Sensor 299
19.5.2 LCD 299
19.5.3 Arduino UNO 299
19.5.4 Piezo Sensor 299
19.5.5 Potentiometer 300
19.5.6 Led 300
19.5.7 Raspberry Pi 300
19.6 Software 300
19.6.1 Jupyter Notebook 300
19.6.2 TinkerCAD 300
19.7 Implementation 300
19.7.1 Building and Training the Model 301
19.7.2 Testing The Model 302
19.8 Results and Discussions 303
19.9 Conclusion 306
References 306
20 IoT-Based Color Fault Detection Using TCS 3200
in Textile Industry 309
T. Kalavathidevi, S. Umadevi, S. Ramesh, D. Renukadevi and S. Revathi
20.1 Introduction 310
20.2 Literature Survey 311
20.3 Methodology 313
20.3.1 Sensor 314
20.3.2 Microcontroller 315
20.3.3 NodeMCU and Wi-Fi Module 317
20.3.4 Servomotor 317
20.3.5 IoT-Based Data Monitoring 318
20.3.6 IR Sensor 318
20.3.7 Proximity Sensor 319
20.3.8 Blynk 319
20.4 Experimental Setup 321
20.5 Results and Discussion 322
20.6 Conclusion 324
References 324
21 Energy Management System for Smart Buildings 327
Shivangi Shukla, V. Jayashree Nivedhitha, Akshitha Shankar, P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika
21.1 Introduction 328
21.2 Literature Survey 328
21.3 Modules of the Project 331
21.3.1 Data Collection for Accurate Energy Prediction 331
21.3.2 ML Prediction 332
21.3.3 Web Server 332
21.3.4 Hardware Description and Implementation 332
21.4 Design of Smart Energy Management System 334
21.4.1 Design Approach 334
21.4.1.1 ML Algorithm 334
21.4.1.2 EMS Algorithm 334
21.4.2 Design Specifications 336
21.5 Result & Analysis 337
21.5.1 Introduction 337
21.5.2 ML Model Results 337
21.5.3 Web Page Results 337
21.5.4 Hardware Results 339
21.6 Conclusion 346
References 346
22 Mobile EV Charging Stations for Scalability of EV in the Indian Automobile Sector 349
Mohit Sharan, Ameesh K. Singh, Harsh Gupta, Apurv Malhotra, Muskan Karira, O.V. Gnana Swathika and Anantha Krishnan V.
22.1 Introduction 350
22.2 Methodology 350
22.2.1 Design Specifications 351
22.2.2 Block Diagrams 356
22.3 Result 357
22.4 Conclusions 358
Bibliography 358
About the Editors 361
Index 363
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