Integrated Management of Fruit Crops Nematodes

by Ciancio, Aurelio; Mukerji, K. G.

• ISBN13: 9781402098574
• ISBN10: 140209857X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-05-04
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The fourth volume of the IPMD Series covers, in three Sections, emerging issues in the integrated management of main nematode parasites of fruit, tree and forest crops. The chapters provide basic data about the crops concerned, listing main nematode threats, in order to facilitate their detection and management. Special attention is given to the management strategies as experienced by farmers, nematologists and consultants, in different areas of the world, including exploitation of plant resistance sources and integrated or organic management.The first Section covers key nematode parasites of tropical fruit crops, including banana, cocoa, coffee, citrus and other tropical crops, and the related management options. In the second Section, nematode problems of grapevine and other mediterranean crops like pistachio, Prunus spp. and olive are revised. Epidemiolgy data and management options are given, ranging from the status of resistance in grapevine to vector species, to available chemicals, plant quarantine schemes and virus vectors control tools. In the third final Section, an updated review of Pine Wilt Nematode is provided, with new data on the threat represented by its spreading in western Europe. The book approaches a broad range of subjects in a traditional way, with dedicated and detailed chapters, written by experienced nematologists, on defined topics. This approach provides a focus on the nematological issue of interest or that the reader has to afford, allowing the problem identification and illustrating the solutions developed and experienced by the authors. The general aim of the book, in an integration effort with Vol. 2 of the same IPMD series, is to provide updated background data together with a range of solutions for important nematode pests, worldwide.The volume is directed to students, technicians, extensions and scientists, providing contents of a professional level. Basic concepts and practical examples are provided to enable the reader to analyse and act in relation to his own conditions, crop environment and nematode population parameters. Among the features and benefits of the book also figure practical management data, updated bibliographies and exhaustive illustrations.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Tropical Fruit Crops and Commodities
Integrated Management of Banana Nematodes	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Botanical and Economical Backgrounds on Bananas	p. 4
Integrated Nematode Management: Concept Definition and Applications	p. 7
Dessert Bananas for Export	p. 8
Geographic Distribution of Associated Nematode Species	p. 8
Basic Studies on Nematode Biology	p. 10
Damage and Economic Importance	p. 13
Nematode Control: The Golden Age of Nematicides (1960-1990)	p. 15
Research of an Alternative to Chemical Control	p. 16
Future Prospects	p. 17
Nematode on Bananas in Asia and Oceania	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Nematode Species	p. 18
Importance and Damage Potential	p. 21
Nematode Management	p. 21
Future Prospects	p. 22
Nematodes on Bananas in Africa	p. 22
The Nematode Problem	p. 22
Nematode Species Occurrence	p. 23
Importance and Potential Damage	p. 26
Current Nematode Management	p. 27
Clean Planting Material	p. 27
Cultivated Fallow and Alternate Cropping	p. 28
Mulching and Fertilisers	p. 28
Future Prospect	p. 29
Nematodes on Banana in America	p. 30
The Nematode Problem	p. 30
The Nematode Species Occurrence	p. 31
Importance and Damage Potential	p. 32
Nematode Management	p. 33
Future Prospects	p. 33
Future and Common Strategies	p. 34
Plant Health Measures	p. 34
The Search for Sources of Resistance to Nematodes	p. 36
Resistance to the Burrowing Nematode R. similis	p. 37
Resistance to the Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus spp.	p. 37
Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp	p. 38
Resistance to the Spiral Nematode Helicotylenchus multicinctus	p. 38
Tolerance to Nematodes	p. 38
New Synthetic Banana Hybrids and Their Response to Nematodes	p. 39
Resistance Mechanisms and Plant Defence	p. 40
Transgenic Resistance	p. 41
Biological Control	p. 41
Soil Treatment with Antagonistic Microorganisms	p. 42
Induction of In Planta Suppressiveness	p. 42
Cultural Practice Improvements	p. 44
Conclusion	p. 44
References	p. 45
Nematodes of Tropical Fruit crops in Venezuela	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Nematodes by Crop	p. 64
Acerola (Malpighia glabra)	p. 64
Avocado (Persea americana)	p. 65
Banana and Plantain (Musa AAA and AAB)	p. 65
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)	p. 66
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)	p. 66
Citrus (Citrus spp.)	p. 66
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)	p. 71
Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)	p. 73
Fig (Ficus carica)	p. 73
Grapevine (Vitis sp.)	p. 73
Guava (Psidium guajava)	p. 74
Mango (Mangifera indica)	p. 75
Papaya (Carica papaya)	p. 76
Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. sp. flavicarpa)	p. 77
Peach (Prunus persica)	p. 78
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)	p. 79
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota)	p. 80
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)	p. 80
References	p. 80
Concepts in Management of Tree Crops Nematodes in Fruit Production Systems	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Good Quality of Root, and Balanced Plants	p. 88
Concepts of Resistance and Tolerance	p. 88
Rootstocks and Nematodes	p. 89
Nematodes Management Strategies	p. 90
Virgin Soils	p. 90
Fumigations	p. 91
Replants	p. 91
Treatments	p. 92
Fumigation	p. 92
Doses and Dates	p. 92
Application	p. 93
Concentration	p. 93
Volume of Treated Soil	p. 94
Elicitors of Resistance	p. 94
Soil Conditions	p. 95
Diagnosis	p. 95
Plant Vigor	p. 95
Test Pits Analysis	p. 95
Sampling Strategies	p. 96
Treatments	p. 96
Minirhizotrons	p. 97
Other Management Strategies	p. 98
References	p. 98
Nematodes Management in Coffee Production Systems	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Cropping Systems	p. 105
Natural or Mountain System	p. 105
Traditional Polyculture System	p. 106
Specialized System	p. 108
Commerical Polyculture System	p. 109
Sunlight System	p. 109
Phytosanitary Aspects of the Coffee Crop	p. 110
Nematodes Affecting Coffee	p. 110
Coffee Nematodes Investigations	p. 114
References	p. 117
Nematodes of Cacao and Their Integrated Management	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Production	p. 119
Climatic Requirements	p. 120
Cultivation Techniques and Practices	p. 121
Nematodes of Cacao	p. 122
Root-Knot Nematodes	p. 122
Geographic Distribution	p. 122
Species	p. 122
Damage Symptoms	p. 123
"Morte Subite" or Sudden Death	p. 123
Other Nematodes Parasitic on Cacao	p. 124
Disease Complexes	p. 124
Nematode Control in Cacao	p. 124
Integrated Management Approach to Nematode Control	p. 127
Resistant Planting Materials	p. 127
Production of Nematode-Free Seedlings in the Nursery	p. 128
Use of Nematicides in the Field	p. 128
Organic Amendments	p. 128
Biological Control	p. 130
Conclusions and Outlook for Future Containment	p. 130
References	p. 131
Managing Nematodes in Citrus Orchards	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Tylenchulus semipenetrans	p. 136
Slow Decline Symptoms	p. 136
Biology and Ecology	p. 137
Interactions with Soil Organisms	p. 141
Biotypes and Rootstock Resistance	p. 142
Economic Importance and Crop Loss Prediction	p. 143
Management	p. 145
Sampling and Extraction	p. 145
Sanitation and Exclusion	p. 146
Cultural Practices	p. 147
Fumigants and Nematicides	p. 148
Radopholus similis and R. citri	p. 149
Spreading Decline Symptoms	p. 150
Biology and Ecology	p. 151
Interactions with Soil Organisms	p. 152
Biotypes and Resistance	p. 152
Economic Importance	p. 153
Management	p. 153
Pratylenchus spp	p. 154
Belonolaimus longicaudatus	p. 157
Meloidogyne spp	p. 158
Hemicycliophora spp.	p. 159
Dorilaimid Species	p. 160
References	p. 160
Temperate Fruit Crops and Forest Nematodes
Integrated Management of Nematodes Parasitic on Prunus spp	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus spp	p. 178
Root-Knot Nematodes	p. 178
Root Lesion Nematodes	p. 179
Ring Nematodes	p. 180
Dagger Nematodes	p. 180
Management of Nematodes and Control Methods	p. 181
Prevention and Quarantine	p. 181
Pre-planting Measures	p. 182
Fallow	p. 182
Crop Rotation	p. 182
Site Preparation	p. 182
Soil Solarization	p. 183
Biofumigation	p. 183
Steam	p. 183
Soil Fumigation	p. 184
Chemical Control with Non-fumigants Nematicides at Pre-planting	p. 185
Seedling Treatments	p. 185
Resistance	p. 185
Post Planting Measures	p. 187
Chemical Control	p. 187
Biological Control	p. 188
Cultural Methods	p. 189
Integrated Management	p. 189
Future Prospects	p. 190
References	p. 190
Selection and Application of Resistant Germplasm for Grapevine Nematodes Management	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
The Root-Knot Nematodes Meloidogyne spp.	p. 196
Biology, Ecology, Symptoms and Control	p. 196
Selection and Breeding of Resistant Rootstocks	p. 197
Evidence of Resistant Vitis and Muscadinia Material	p. 197
Breeding for Resistance	p. 197
Genetics of Resistance	p. 198
Resistance Mechanisms and Durability	p. 199
GFLV Vector Nematode Xiphinema index	p. 200
Xiphinema index and the Other Virus Vector Nematodes on Grape	p. 200
Biology, Vection and Classical Control of X. index	p. 201
Biology and Vection	p. 201
Classical Control	p. 201
Selection and Breeding of Resistant Rootstocks	p. 202
Vitis Breeding	p. 202
Vitis x Muscadinia Breeding	p. 204
Resistance Features of Muscadinia rotundifolia	p. 204
V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia F1 Hybrids Obtained in California	p. 204
V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia F1 and Backcrosses Obtained in France	p. 205
Future Prospects	p. 206
Resistance to Other Nematodes and Rootstock Control of Multiple Nematode Pests	p. 206
References	p. 208
Management of Virus-Transmitting Nematodes with Special Emphasis on South-East Europe	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Geographic Distribution and Spread	p. 217
Vector and Virus Diagnosis	p. 221
Morphological Identification of Virus Vectors	p. 221
Transmission Assays	p. 222
Molecular Detection	p. 222
Integrated Management	p. 225
Prevention and Quarantine Procedures	p. 225
Agronomic Practices	p. 226
Chemical Control	p. 226
Nematode Resistance in Plants	p. 227
Organic Management	p. 228
Organic and Natural Products	p. 228
Biofumigation and Nematicidal Plants	p. 232
Biological Control Agents	p. 234
Conclusions	p. 237
References	p. 237
Integrated Management of Pistachio Nematodes	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Pistachio Production and Properties	p. 243
Pistachio Production	p. 243
Nutritional Value	p. 244
Nematodes Management	p. 246
Pistachio Nematodes	p. 246
Management	p. 248
References	p. 250
Pine Wilt Disease and the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
PWN Distribution and Disease Dissemination	p. 256
Pinewood Nematode Taxonomy	p. 259
Morphological Approaches	p. 259
Molecular Approaches	p. 260
PWN Introduction in Portugal and the EU	p. 262
Dispersal of the PWN Within the Affected Area in Portugal	p. 263
Control Measures for PWD	p. 263
Control Measures Before the Discovery of PWN as the Causal Agent	p. 264
Control Measures After the Discovery of the PWN and its Vector, Monochamus alternatus	p. 266
Physical Control	p. 266
Chemical Control	p. 266
Biological Control	p. 267
Breeding of Resistant Hosts	p. 268
A Blind Spot in PWD Control Strategy: The Asymptomatic Carrier and its Sophisticated Detection Method	p. 269
Conclusions	p. 270
References	p. 270
Olive Nematodes and Their Control	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Symptoms and Pathogenicity of Nematodes on Olive	p. 280
Interactions Between Nematodes and Soil Fungi	p. 288
Management and Control	p. 293
Prevention and Use of Nematodes-Free Propagation Material	p. 293
Use of Resistant Cultivars or Rootstocks	p. 294
Grafting	p. 296
Biological Control	p. 297
Soil Solarization	p. 298
Biofumigation	p. 300
Soil Amendments	p. 301
Nematicidal Plants	p. 302
Soil Steam Sterilization	p. 304
Chemical Control	p. 304
Fumigants	p. 305
Non Fumigant Nematicides	p. 307
Conclusions	p. 307
References	p. 308
Index	p. 317
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