Integrated Science

by Tillery, Bill W.; Enger, Eldon D.; Ross, Frederick C.

• ISBN13: 9780072921908
• ISBN10: 0072921900
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-24
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Integrated Science is a straight forward, easy-to-read, but substantial introduction to the fundamental behavior of matter and energy in living and nonliving systems. It is intended to serve the needs of non-science majors who are required to complete one or more science courses as part of a general or basic studies requirement. It introduces basic concepts and key ideas while providing opportunities for students to learn reasoning skills and a new way of thinking about their environment. No prior work in science is assumed. The language, as well as the mathematics, is as simple as can be practical for a college-level science course.

Table of Contents

Chapter One - What Is Science?

Objects and Properties

Quantifying Properties

Measurement Systems

Standard Units for the Metric System

Length

Mass

Time

A Closer Look: The Leap Second

Metric Prefixes

Understanding from Measurements

Data

Ratios and Generalizations

The Density Ratio

Symbols and Equations

The Nature of Science

The Scientific Method

Explanations and Investigations

Scientific Laws

Models and Theories

Science, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience

From Experimentation to Application

Science and Nonscience

Pseudoscience

Limitations of Science

Chapter Two - Motion

Describing Motion

Measuring Motion

Speed

Velocity

Acceleration

Forces

A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer's Edge

Horizontal Motion on Land

Falling Objects

Compound Motion

Vertical Projectiles

Horizontal Projectiles

Laws of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Weight and Mass

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Momentum

Conservation of Momentum

Impulse

Forces and Circular Motion

Newton's Law of Gravitation

A Closer Look: Space Station Weightlessness

Chapter Three - Energy

Work

Units of Work

Power

Motion, Position, and Energy

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

Energy Flow

Energy Forms

Energy Conversion

Energy Conservation

Energy Transfer

Energy Sources Today

Petroleum

Coal

Moving Water

Nuclear

A Closer Look: Solar Technology

Chapter Four - Heat and Temperature

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

Molecules

Molecules Interact

Phases of Matter

Molecules Move

Temperature

Thermometers

Thermometer Scales

Heat

Heat as Energy Transfer

Measures of Heat

Specific Heat

Heat Flow

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design

Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory

Phase Change

Evaporation and Condensation

Relative Humidity

Thermodynamics

Chapter Five - Wave Motions and Sound

Forces and Elastic Materials

Forces and Vibrations

Describing Vibrations

Waves

Kinds of Waves

Waves in Air

A Closer Look: Ultrasonics

Hearing Waves in Air

Describing Waves

Sound Waves

Velocity of Sound in Air

Refraction and Reflection

Interference

Energy and Sound

Loudness

Resonance

Sources of Sounds

Vibrating Strings

Sounds from Moving Sources

Chapter Six - Electricity

Electric Charge

Measuring Electrical Charge

Measuring Electrical Force

Electric Current

Resistance

AC and DC

Electric Circuit

A Closer Look: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Electrical Power and Work

A Closer Look: Household Circuits and Safety

Magnetism

Moving Charges and Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields Interact

A Moving Magnet Produces an Electric Field

A Closer Look: Solar Cells

Chapter Seven - Light

Sources of Light

Properties of Light

Light Interacts with Matter

Reflection

Refraction

A Closer Look: Optics

Dispersion and Color

A Closer Look: The Rainbow

Evidence for Waves

Interference

Polarization

Evidence for Particles

Photoelectric Effect

Quantization of Energy

A Closer Look: The Compact Disc (CD)

The Present Theory

Chapter Eight - Atoms and Periodic Properties

Atomic Structure Discovered

Discovery of the Electron

The Nucleus

The Bohr Model

The Quantum Concept

Atomic Spectra

Bohr's Theory

Quantum Mechanics

Electron Configuration

The Periodic Table

A Closer Look: The Rare Earths

Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors

Chapter Nine - Chemical Reactions

Compounds

Elements

Chemical Change

Valence Electrons and Ions

Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Composition of Compounds

A Closer Look: Name That Compound

A Closer Look: How To Units a Chemical Formula

Chemical Equations

A Closer Look: On Balancing Equations

Types of Chemical Reactions

Chapter Ten - Water and Solutions

Household Water

Properties of Water

Structure of the Water Molecule

The Dissolving Process

Concentration of Solutions

Solubility

Properties of Water Solutions

Electrolytes

Boiling Point

Freezing Point

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Properties of Acids and Bases

Explaining Acid-Base Properties

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

The pH Scale

Properties of Salts

Hard and Soft Water

A Closer Look: Acid Rain

Chapter Eleven - Nuclear Reactions

Natural Radioactivity

Nuclear Equations

The Nature of the Nucleus

Types of Radioactive Decay

Radioactive Decay Series

Measurement of Radiation

Measurement Methods

Radiation Units

Radiation Exposure

Nuclear Energy

A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Power Plants

A Closer Look: Three Mile Island and Chernobyl

Nuclear Fusion

A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste

Chapter Twelve - The Universe

The Night Sky

Origin of Stars

Brightness of Stars

Star Temperature

Star Types

The Life of a Star

Galaxies

The Milky Way Galaxy

Other Galaxies

A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials?

The Life of a Galaxy

A Closer Look: Dark Matter

Chapter Thirteen - The Solar System

The Planets, Moons, and Other Bodies

Mercury

Venus

Earth’s Moon

Mars

A Closer Look: Planets and Astrology

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto

Small Bodies of the Solar System

Comets

Asteroids

Meteors and Meteorites

A Closer Look: Strange Meteorites

Origin of the Solar System

Chapter Fourteen - The Earth

Earth Materials

Minerals

A Closer Look: Asbestos

Rocks

The Rock Cycle

The Earth's Interior

The Crust

The Mantle

The Core

A More Detailed Structure

Plate Tectonics

Evidence from Earth's Magnetic Field

Evidence from the Ocean

Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries

A Closer Look: Seismic Topography

Present-day Understandings

A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement

Chapter Fifteen - The Earth's Surface

Interpreting Earth's Surface

Processes That Build Up the Surface

Stress and Strain

Folding

Faulting

Earthquakes

Origin of the Mountains

A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World

Processes that Tear Down the Surface

Weathering

A Closer Look: Acid Rain and Chemical Weathering

A Closer Look: Municipal Solid Waste Problems

Erosion

Wind

Chapter Sixteen - Earth's Weather

The Atmosphere

Composition of the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Pressure

Warming the Atmosphere

Structure of the Atmosphere

The Winds

Local Wind Patterns

A Closer Look: The Wind Chill Factor

Global Wind Patterns

A Closer Look: Wind Power

Water and the Atmosphere

Evaporation and Condensation

Fog and Clouds

Precipitation

Weather Producers

Air Masses

Weather Fronts

Waves and Cyclones

Major Storms

Weather Forecasting

Climate

Major Climate Groups

Regional Climate Influence

A Closer Look: El Nino and La Nina

Chapter Seventeen - Earth's Waters

Water on the Earth

Freshwater

Surface Water

Groundwater

Freshwater as a Resource

A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment

Seawater

Oceans and Seas

The Nature of Seawater

Movement of Seawater

A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution

The Ocean Floor

A Closer Look: Key Forecasting Tool for the Chesapeake Bay

Chapter Eighteen - Organic and Biochemistry

Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons

Alkenes and Alkynes

Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Petroleum

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Alcohols

Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

Organic Acids and Esters

Organic Compounds of Life

Carbohydrates

Proteins

A Closer Look: Some Interesting Amino Acid Information

Nucleic Acids

Lipids

A Closer Look: Omega Fatty Acids and Your Diet

A Closer Look: Fat and Your Diet

Synthetic Polymers

Chapter Nineteen – The Nature of Living Things

Characteristics of Life

The Cell Theory

A Closer Look: The Energy Currency of Living Things--ATP

Cell Membranes

Getting Through Membranes

Diffusion

Dialysis and Osmosis

Controlled Methods of Transporting Molecules

Organelles Composed of Membranes

A Closer Look: Biochemical Pathways

Nonmembranous Organelles

Nuclear Components

Major Cell Types

The Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A Closer Look: Antibiotics and Cell Structural Differences

The Eukaryotic Cell Structure

The Importance of Cell Division

The Cell Cycle

The Stages of Mitosis

A Closer Look: Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer

Chapter Twenty - The Origin and Evolution of Life

Current Thinking About the Origin of Life

Extraterrestrial Origin for Life on Earth

Earth Origin for Life on Earth

Meeting Metabolic Needs -- Heterotrophs or Autotrophs

Reproduction and the Origin of Genetic Material

Major Events in the Early Evolution of Living Things

The Development of an Oxidizing Atmosphere

The Establishment of Three Major Domains of Life

The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

The Role of Natural Selection in Evolution

What Influences Natural Selection?

Genetic Variety Resulting from Mutation

Genetic Variety Resulting from Sexual Reproduction

Acquired Characteristics Do Not Influence Natural Selection

Processes That Drive Natural Selection

Differential Survival

Differential Production Rates

Differential Mate Selection

A Closer Look: Human Designed Organisms

A Summary of the Causes of Evolutionary Change

Accumulating Evidence of Evolution

A Closer Look: Common Misconceptions About the Theory of Evolution

Species: A Working Definition

A Closer Look: Is the Red Wolf a Species?

How New Species Originate

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

The Tentative Nature of the Evolutionary History of Organisms

Chapter Twenty-one - The History of Life on Earth

Geologic Time

Early Attempts at Earth Dating

Modern Techniques for Determining the Age of the Earth

Arranging Events in Order

Geologic Time and the Fossil Record

Early Ideas About Fossils

Types of Fossils

Correlating Fossils with Geologic Time

A Closer Look: What is Carbon-14 Dating?

The Geologic Time Scale

Paleontology, Archaeology, and Human Evolution

A Closer Look: Neanderthals Were Probably a Different Species

The First Hominids—The Australopiths

Later Hominids—The Genus Homo

The Origin of Homo sapiens

The Classification of Organisms

Domains Archaea and Eubacteria

Domain Eucarya

A Closer Look: The World’s Oldest and Largest Living Organisms

Acellular Infectious Particles

Viroids: Infectious RNA

Prions: Infectious Proteins

Chapter Twenty-two - Ecology and Environment

A Definition of Environment

The Organization of Ecological Systems

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Community Interactions

Types of Terrestrial Communities

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Grassland or Prairie

Savanna

Desert

Boreal Forest

Temperate Rainforest

Tundra

Tropical Rainforest

Types of Aquatic Communities

Marine Communities

Freshwater Communities

Estuaries

Community, Habitat, and Niche

A Closer Look: The Importance of Habitat Size

Kinds of Organism Interactions

Predation

Parasitism

Commensalism

Mutualism

Competition

The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems

The Carbon Cycle

A Closer Look: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming

The Nitrogen Cycle

Population Characteristics

The Population Growth Curve

Population-Size Limitations

A Closer Look: Government Policy and Population Control in China

Limiting Factors to Human Population Growth

Chapter Twenty-three - Human Biology: Sex and Nutrition

Sexual Reproduction

The Mechanics of Meiosis: Meiosis I

Chromosomes and Sex Determination

A Closer Look: Karyotyping and Down Syndrome

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

A Closer Look: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A Closer Look: The Human Genome Project

Sexual Maturation of Young Adults

Nutrition

Living Things as Chemical Factories: Matter and Energy

Manipulators

Kilocalories, Basal Metabolism, and Weight Control

Amounts and Sources of Nutrients

The Food Guide Pyramid with Five Food Groups

Eating Disorders

A Closer Look: Nutritional Needs Associated with Pregnancy and Lactation

Deficiency Diseases

Chapter Twenty-four - Human Biology: Materials Exchange and Control Mechanisms

Exchanging Materials: Basic Principles

Transporting Materials: The Circulatory System

The Nature of Blood

The Heart

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Exchanging Gases: The Respiratory System

A Closer Look: Cigarette Smoking and Your Health

Obtaining Nutrients: The Digestive System

Mechanical and Chemical Processing

Nutrient Uptake

Waste Disposal: The Excretory System

Control Mechanisms

The Structure of the Nervous System

The Nature of the Nerve Impulse

Activities at the Synapse

Endocrine System Function

Sensory Input

Chemical Detection

Light Detection

Sound Detection

Touch

Output Mechanisms

Muscles

A Closer Look: Which Type of Exercise Do You Do?

Glands

Growth Responses

Chapter Twenty-five - Mendelian and Molecular Genetics

Genetics, Meiosis, and Cells

Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns

Dominant and Recessive Alleles

Codominance

X-Linked Genes

Mendel's Laws of Heredity

A Closer Look: Cystic Fibrosis -- What's the Probability?

Steps in Solving Heredity Problems: Single Factor Crosses

A Closer Look: Blame That Trait on Your Mother!

A Closer Look: Muscular Dystrophy and Genetics

Alternative Inheritance Situations

Multiple Alles

Polygenic Inheritance

Pleiotropy

Environmental Influences on Gene Expression

What is a Gene and How Does It Work?

The Structure of DNA and RNA

A Closer Look: Of Men (and Women!), Microbes, and Molecules

DNA Replication

DNA Transcription

Translation of Protein Synthesis

A Closer Look: Basic Steps of Translation

Alterations of DNA

A Closer Look: The PCR and Genetic Fingerprinting

Genetic Engineering

Appendix A

Mathematical Review

Working with Equations

Significant Figures

Conversion of Units

Scientific Notation

Appendix B

Solubilities Chart

Appendix C

Relative Humidity Table

Appendix D

Solutions for Group A Parallel Exercises

Appendix E

Problem Solving

Glossary

Credits

Index