Integrative Plant Anatomy

by Dickison

• ISBN13: 9780122151705
• ISBN10: 0122151704
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-03-10
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

From this modern and profusely illustrated book, the reader will learn not just the basics, which are amply reviewed, but also how plant anatomy is integrated with a wide variety of other disciplines, such as plant breeding, forensic analysis, medicine, food science, wood and fiber products, and the arts. The author presents the basic concepts and terminology of plant anatomy with a special emphasis on its significance and applications to other disciplines, and addresses the central role of anatomy by consolidating previously scattered information into a single volume. Integrative Plant Anatomy highlights the important contribution made by studying anatomy to the solutions of a number of present and future problems. It succeeds in integrating diverse areas of botany, as well as the non-biological sciences, the arts, and numerous other fields of human endeavor.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
I ANATOMICAL FOUNDATION OF THE PLANT BODY: AN OVERVIEW	1	(202)
Plant Growth, Development, and Cellular Organization	3	(48)
Plant Growth	3	(6)
Meristem Function	4	(2)
Cell Differentiation	6	(3)
Terms Used in the Description of Plant Cells	9	(1)
Embryology	10	(3)
The Plant Cell	13	(17)
The Cell Wall	14	(1)
The Cell Plate and Middle Lamella	15	(1)
The Primary Wall	15	(8)
Plasmodesmata	23	(1)
The Secondary Wall	24	(3)
Warty Layer	27	(1)
Wall Pits	28	(2)
Cell Membranes	30	(10)
Cytoplasmic Organelles	32	(5)
Vacuome	37	(1)
Starch	38	(1)
Nucleus	39	(1)
Nonprotoplasmic Mineral Desposition	40	(4)
Summary	44	(2)
Additional Reading	46	(5)
Origin and Structure of the Primary Plant Body	51	(70)
Structure and Function of the Angiosperm Vegetative Shoot Apex	51	(1)
Shoot Apex Organization	52	(3)
Chimeras	55	(2)
Structure and Function of the Root Apex	57	(5)
Differentiation of Primary Tissues	62	(2)
Leaf Initiation and Development	64	(2)
Classification of Tissues	66	(36)
Dermal Tissue System	67	(1)
Cuticle and Epicuticular Waxes	68	(2)
Specialized Epidermal Cells	70	(4)
Fundamental Tissue System	74	(1)
Parenchyma	74	(2)
Collenchyma	76	(3)
Sclerenchyma	79	(1)
Sclereids	80	(2)
Fibers	82	(3)
Laticiferous Tissue System	85	(1)
Vascular Tissue Systems	86	(3)
Xylem	89	(1)
Tracheids	90	(1)
Vessel Elements	90	(2)
Primary Xylem Tracheary Elements	92	(1)
Phloem	93	(1)
Sieve Tube Elements	94	(5)
Companion Cells	99	(2)
Sieve Cells	101	(1)
Differentiation of Primary Vascular Tissues	102	(1)
Primary Xylem Differentiation	103	(4)
Cytodifferentiation of Tracheary Cells	107	(3)
Primary Phloem Differentiation	110	(2)
Vascular Differentiation in Leaves	112	(3)
Summary	115	(1)
Additional Reading	116	(5)
Tissue Organization in Stems, Leaves, and Roots	121	(40)
Stems	121	(8)
Vascular Bundles	122	(4)
Stem Structure	126	(3)
Leaves	129	(13)
Lamina Structure	132	(2)
Leaf Venation	134	(7)
Gymnosperm Leaves	141	(1)
Roots	142	(13)
Origin of Lateral Roots	148	(2)
Mycorrhizae	150	(3)
Root and Bacteria Interactions	153	(2)
Summary	155	(2)
Additional Reading	157	(4)
Origin and Structure of the Secondary Plant Body	161	(42)
Vascular Cambium Formation	162	(4)
Structure and Function of the Vascular Cambium	166	(7)
Cell Division in the Cambium	170	(3)
Anomalous Secondary Growth	173	(13)
Secondary Xylem (Wood)	178	(7)
Secondary Phloem	185	(1)
Structure and Function of the Cork Cambium and Periderm	186	(9)
Secondary Growth in Monocotyledons	195	(2)
Periderm Formation in Monocotyledons	197	(1)
Summary	198	(3)
Additional Reading	201	(2)
II EVOLUTIONARY, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL PLANT ANATOMY	203	(136)
Evolution and Systematics	205	(32)
Systematic Plant Anatomy	205	(11)
Variation in Anatomical Characters	206	(2)
Xylem Evolution	208	(8)
Use Wood Anatomy in Systematics	216	(13)
Nodal Anatomy	219	(2)
Foliar Epidermis	221	(4)
Trichomes	225	(2)
Mineral Inclusions	227	(2)
Ultrastructure	229	(1)
Phylogenetic Systematics	229	(4)
Summary	233	(1)
Additional Reading	234	(3)
Macromorphology	237	(22)
Floral Morphology and Anatomy	238	(2)
Homology of Floral Appendages	240	(4)
Conservative and Vestigial Vascular Bundles	244	(2)
Nectaries of Salix	246	(1)
Pseudomonomerous Gynoecia	247	(3)
Inverted Vascular Bundles	250	(1)
The Inferior Ovary	250	(2)
Leaves and Stipules	252	(2)
Two-Bundled Structures in Monocotyledons	254	(1)
Summary	255	(1)
Additional Reading	256	(3)
Structure and Function	259	(36)
Vascular Tissues	260	(1)
Phloem Structure and Translocation	260	(5)
Minor Leaf Veins and Phloem Loading and Unloading	265	(2)
Kranz Anatomy and Photosynthesis	267	(5)
Xylem Structure and Water Movement	272	(14)
Water Conductance	277	(5)
Hydraulic Segmentation and Safety	282	(2)
Water Flow	284	(2)
Anatomical Responses to Mineral Deficiency	286	(3)
Summary	289	(1)
Additional Reading	290	(5)
Ecological Anatomy	295	(44)
Habitat and Plant Structure	295	(2)
Ecological Leaf Anatomy	297	(15)
Sun and Shade Leaves	298	(3)
Xeromorphic Leaves	301	(1)
Ericoid Leaves	302	(1)
Sclerophyllous Leaves	302	(1)
Succulent Leaves	303	(1)
Poikilohydric Plants	304	(2)
Halophytic Leaves	306	(1)
Alpine Plants	307	(1)
Epiphytic Plants	308	(1)
Hydromorphic Leaves	308	(4)
Ecological Wood Anatomy	312	(8)
Growth Rings	313	(2)
Hydraulic Architecture	315	(3)
Adaptive Radiation in Dilleniaceae	318	(2)
Roots	320	(2)
Xeromorphic Roots	320	(1)
Hydromorphic Roots	321	(1)
Flooded and Drought-Stressed Roots	322	(1)
Aerial Roots	322	(1)
Frost Hardiness	322	(2)
Anatomy and Pollution	324	(9)
Anatomy and Plant Resistance	325	(1)
Effects of Pollution on Wood	326	(1)
Gaseous Air Pollutants	327	(1)
Ozone Injury to Plants	328	(1)
Acid Rain	329	(1)
Carbon Dioxide	329	(1)
Ionizing Radiation	330	(1)
Ultraviolet B Radiation	331	(1)
Insecticides and Herbicides	332	(1)
Summary	333	(1)
Additional Reading	334	(5)
III ECONOMIC AND APPLIED PLANT ANATOMY	339	(156)
Genetics and Plant Breeding	341	(16)
Molecular Genetic Analysis	342	(1)
Anatomy as an Indicator of Hybridization	342	(3)
Gene Expression and Anatomical Traits	345	(1)
The Wilted Gene	345	(2)
Trichome Development	347	(1)
Corn Leaf Development	347	(1)
Cell Wall Genes	348	(1)
Floral Development	349	(1)
Anatomy, Heredity, and Plant Breeding	349	(1)
Wood Quality	350	(2)
Summary	352	(1)
Additional Reading	353	(4)
Defense Mechanisms and Structural Responses of Plants to Diseases, Pests, and Mechanical Injury	357	(26)
The Nature of Plant Defenses	358	(1)
Responses of Plants to Wounding and Invasion by Microorganisms	359	(10)
Abscission	362	(1)
Tissue Regeneration	362	(6)
Grafting	368	(1)
Cytological Reactions to Invasion by Parasites	369	(2)
Structural Bases of Resistance	371	(5)
Trichomes	372	(1)
Laticifers	372	(1)
Dutch Elm Disease and Tyloses	373	(2)
Heartwood	375	(1)
Structural Aspects of Virus Movement in Plants	376	(2)
Summary	378	(2)
Additional Reading	380	(3)
Herbs, Spices, and Drugs	383	(16)
Classification of Secretory Structures	384	(3)
External Secretory Structures	385	(1)
Internal Secretory Structures	386	(1)
Anatomy of Secretory Structures	387	(2)
Secretory Cells and Cavities	389	(5)
Anatomical and Pharmacognostic Studies on Herb, Spice, and Drug Plants	394	(2)
Cinnamon	394	(1)
Ginger	394	(1)
Peppermint	394	(2)
Cinchona	396	(1)
Cascara Sagrada	396	(1)
Nirbisi	396	(1)
Summary	396	(1)
Additional Reading	397	(2)
Fibers, Fiber Products, and Forage Fiber	399	(22)
Extraxylayr Fibers	400	(2)
Xylary Fibers and Paper Manufacture	402	(4)
Reaction Wood	406	(4)
Compression Wood	407	(1)
Tension Wood and Gelatinous Fibers	408	(2)
Forage ``Fiber'' and Animal Nutrition	410	(6)
Grass Leaf Digestion	413	(1)
Legume Digestion	414	(2)
Summary	416	(1)
Additional Reading	417	(4)
Forensic Science and Animal Food Habits	421	(16)
Plant Anatomy as Forensic Evidence	422	(1)
Plant Cell Identification	423	(2)
Application of Anatomical Evidence in Criminal and Civil and Law	425	(6)
Animal Food Habits	431	(2)
Summary	433	(1)
Additional Reading	434	(3)
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Climatology	437	(16)
Wood Anatomy and the Environment	438	(1)
Dendrochronology	439	(7)
Methods of Dendrochronology	441	(3)
Dendrochronology Case Studies	444	(2)
Dendroclimatology	446	(1)
Tree Rings and Other Environmental Factors	447	(1)
Diets and Artifacts of Prehistoric Peoples	448	(2)
Summary	450	(1)
Additional Reading	451	(2)
Properties and Utilization of Wood	453	(20)
Features and Appearance of Sawed or Split Lumber	454	(5)
Physical Properties of Wood	459	(6)
Specific Gravity and Density	459	(1)
Wood and Water	460	(3)
Permeability	463	(2)
Sapwood and Heartwood	465	(1)
Mechanical Properties of Wood	465	(2)
Stiffness and Strength	467	(1)
Hardness and Toughness	468	(1)
Application of Wood Anatomy to the Field of Biomedical Research	469	(1)
Summary	470	(1)
Additional Reading	471	(2)
The Arts and Antiques	473	(22)
Identification and Deterioration of Plant Tissues and Cells Used in Object Construction	474	(1)
Deterioration	475	(1)
Dendrochronological Dating	476	(4)
Green-Stained Wood	480	(4)
Identification of Antique Upholstery Filling and Wooden Furniture	484	(1)
Antique Musical Instruments	485	(1)
Musical Instruments and Wood Technical Properties	485	(4)
Stringed Instruments	485	(4)
Wind Instruments	489	(1)
Summary	489	(3)
Additional Reading	492	(3)
General Anatomical References	495	(4)
Plant Anatomy and the World Wide Web	499	(4)
Glossary	503	(14)
Index	517