Intellectual Property

by McJohn, Stephen M.

• ISBN13: 9780735556652
• ISBN10: 0735556652
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-30
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

By applying the proven Examples & Explanations format To The core concepts of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret, noted author Stephen M. McJohn helped thousands of students gain a better understanding of intellectual property. Now, In its Second Edition, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: Examples & Explanations keeps pace with recent developments as it continues to clarify this important area of study. Instructors can count on this high-quality study guide to support their primary text: offers complete coverage of all core topics in intellectual property the book is keyed To The major IP survey casebooks and includes enough examples to reinforce any gaps in the text coverage adhering To The effective Examples & Explanations method, each section of the book provides a short account of the law, followed by a variety of concrete examples and explanations which reinforce and give substance To The key rules and concepts the text focuses on the fundamental rules and concepts and remains clear and straightforward by omitting specialized areas modular chapter organization adapts readily to any course structure and allows students to work independently, brushing up on specific topics as needed the Second Edition incorporates a wide range of new material: significant cases, including Grokster, Eldred, Lexmark/Chamberlain, Eolas, Wiredata, Southco, Silverstein, Integra, Knorr-Bremse, Moseley, KP Permanente, Dastar, Patents.com, and Harjo new copyright cases on originality, fair use, scope of rights, moral rights, DMCA, and file sharing new patent law cases on utility, statutory bars, claim interpretation, obviousness, de minimis defense, inherency, and written description new trademark cases on search engine advertising, fair use, 43a post-Dastar, dilution post-Moseley, incontestability, and descriptiveness the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005 the CREATE Act, changing obviousness rules for joint research projects developments in intellectual property ownership and licensing the ongoing discussions on reform of the patent system the growing influence of international treaties on domestic IP law trade secret law developments Eldred's effect in both constitutional and statutory law patent subject matter issues, from cloning to natural phenomena refreshed examples and explanations throughout

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
The Contours of Intellectual Property Law	1	(6)
Copyright	2	(1)
Patent	3	(1)
Trademark	4	(1)
Trade Secret	5	(2)
PART I Copyright	7	(134)
Subject Matter: Creative Expression, ``No Matter How Humble, Crude or Obvious''	9	(34)
Originality	11	(14)
Copying Unprotected Material Is Not Infringement	14	(11)
Work of Authorship	25	(10)
Literary Works	28	(1)
Musical Works, Including Any Accompanying Words	28	(1)
Dramatic Works, Including Any Accompanying Music	29	(1)
Pantomimes and Choreographic Works	29	(1)
Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Works	29	(1)
Motion Pictures and Other Audiovisual Works	30	(1)
Sound Recordings	30	(1)
Architectural Works	31	(1)
Compilations	31	(1)
Derivative Works	31	(4)
Fixation	35	(8)
Excluded Subject Matter: Ideas, Functional Aspects, Infringing Material, Government Works	43	(24)
Ideas and Functional Aspects	43	(18)
Idea v. Expression: The Abstractions Test	44	(8)
Functional Aspects of Works	52	(1)
Software	53	(3)
Useful Articles	56	(5)
Infringing Works	61	(2)
Government Works	63	(4)
Obtaining Protection and Licensing: Ownership, Formalities, Duration	67	(36)
Initial Ownership of Copyright	67	(10)
Who Is the Author?	68	(1)
Individual Works	69	(1)
Works Made for Hire	69	(2)
Joint Authors	71	(1)
Collective Works	72	(5)
Ownership of Copyright Distinguished from Ownership of Material Object	77	(2)
Copyright as Property: Licensing, Recordation, Termination, and Common Law	79	(10)
Licensing	79	(1)
Selling the Copyright	79	(1)
Exclusive Licenses	80	(1)
Nonexclusive Licenses	80	(1)
Formalities	81	(1)
Recordation	82	(1)
Termination of Transfers and Licenses Granted by Author	82	(2)
Copyright as Personal Property	84	(5)
Formalities: Copyright Notice, Deposit, and Registration	89	(10)
Copyright Notice	90	(1)
Works Published Between 1909--Dec. 31, 1977	90	(2)
Works Published Between Jan. 1, 1978--Feb. 28, 1989	92	(1)
Works Published After March 1, 1989	92	(1)
The Limited Information in a Copyright Notice	93	(1)
Form of Notice	94	(1)
Registration	94	(2)
Deposit	96	(3)
Period of Protection	99	(4)
Exclusive Rights: Their Enforcement and Limitations	103	(38)
Exclusive Rights of the Copyright Owner	104	(20)
Reproduction Right	104	(1)
Volition or Causation	105	(1)
Actual Copying	105	(2)
Misappropriation	107	(1)
Substantial Similarity	107	(1)
The DRAM Issue: Is a Temporary Copy Inside a Computer a Potentially Infringing Copy?	108	(1)
Adaptation Right	109	(2)
To Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public	111	(2)
To Perform the Work Publicly	113	(1)
To Display the Work Publicly	113	(1)
Section 106A: Moral Rights in Works of Visual Art	114	(1)
Walter's Grand Slam: A Quick Review of the Exclusive Rights	115	(1)
Protection for Anticopying Technology, Antiaccess Technology, and ``Copyright Management Information''	116	(8)
Limitations on the Exclusive Rights	124	(12)
Fair Use	124	(2)
First Sale	126	(1)
Compulsory License for Nondramatic Musical Works	127	(1)
Limitations on Exclusive Rights in Computer Programs	128	(1)
Other Limitations on the Exclusive Rights	129	(7)
Contributory Infringement and Vicarious Liability	136	(2)
Remedies	138	(3)
PART II Patent	141	(100)
Patentable Subject Matter: Products and Processes	143	(22)
Categories of Patentable Subject Matter	143	(8)
Processes	144	(1)
Products	145	(1)
Machine	146	(1)
Manufacture	146	(1)
Composition of Matter	147	(1)
Improvements (Herein of Blocking Patents)	147	(4)
Excluded Subject Matter	151	(14)
Laws of Nature	152	(1)
Physical Phenomena (and Biotechnology Patents)	152	(2)
Abstract Ideas (Herein of Mathematics, Computer Software, and Business Methods)	154	(3)
Immoral Inventions, Human Beings, Atomic Weapons, and Medical Procedures	157	(8)
Substantive Standards for Protection: New, Useful, and Nonobvious Inventions	165	(28)
``New'': Novelty and Loss of Right	165	(15)
Novelty	166	(1)
Anticipation (§102(a), (e))	166	(3)
Derivation (§102(f))	169	(1)
Priority (§102(g))	169	(1)
Loss of Right (§102(b))	170	(10)
``Useful'': The Requirement of Utility	180	(4)
Nonobviousness	184	(9)
The Scope and Content of the Prior Art	185	(1)
Differences Between the Prior Art and the Claims at Issue	186	(1)
The Level of Ordinary Skill in the Pertinent Art	186	(1)
Obvious or Not?	187	(6)
Obtaining Protection, Ownership, and Licensing: Of Hoops and Pitfalls	193	(20)
The Patent Application and Examination	193	(3)
Written Description Requirements	196	(7)
Written Description	196	(1)
Enablement	197	(1)
Best Mode	198	(5)
The Claims	203	(5)
Ownership and Licensing	208	(5)
Inventorship (and Misjoinder)	208	(1)
Patents as Property: Assignment and Licensing	209	(1)
Duration	210	(3)
Rights and Infringement: ``The Benefit of His Invention''	213	(28)
Infringement Analysis	213	(13)
Scope of the Rights to Exclude	213	(2)
Determination of Infringement	215	(1)
Claim Interpretation	215	(2)
Literal Infringement	217	(1)
Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents	217	(2)
Indirect Infringement	219	(7)
Defenses	226	(9)
Invalidity	226	(1)
Inequitable Conduct	227	(1)
Implied License and First Sale	227	(1)
Repair and Reconstruction	227	(1)
Experimental Use: A ``Truly Narrow'' Exception	228	(1)
Laches	228	(1)
Antitrust and Patent Misuse	229	(6)
Patent Litigation	235	(6)
Jurisdiction	235	(1)
Standing	235	(1)
Remedies	236	(1)
Injunctions	236	(1)
Damages	236	(1)
Attorneys' Fees	237	(1)
Remedies Against the United States	237	(4)
PART III Trademark	241	(100)
Subject Matter of Trademark Law	243	(18)
Categories of Marks	244	(8)
Trademarks	244	(1)
Service Marks	244	(1)
Trade Dress	245	(1)
Collective Marks	246	(1)
Certification Marks	246	(6)
Symbol	252	(1)
Source-Identifying Function	253	(8)
Substantive Standards for Protection: ``The Source-Distinguishing Ability of a Mark''	261	(26)
Distinctiveness	261	(17)
Inherently Distinctive Marks	263	(1)
Arbitrary and Fanciful Marks	263	(1)
Suggestive Marks	264	(1)
Marks That Are Protectable Only with Acquired Distinctiveness	264	(1)
Merely Descriptive Marks	265	(2)
Primarily Geographically Descriptive Marks	267	(1)
Primarily a Surname	267	(1)
Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks	267	(1)
Color	268	(1)
Product Design	268	(1)
Generic Terms	269	(9)
Unprotectable Symbols	278	(9)
Likely to Cause Confusion with an Existing Mark	278	(1)
Functional Matter	278	(1)
Deceptive Matter	279	(1)
Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks	279	(1)
Mark Suggesting False Connection	280	(1)
Immoral or Scandalous Matter	280	(1)
Disparaging Marks	281	(1)
Government Symbols	281	(1)
Names or Likenesses of Individuals	281	(6)
Obtaining Protection and Licensing: Using, Registering, Licensing, and Losing a Trademark	287	(24)
Trademark Rights Come with Use of the Symbol as a Mark	287	(7)
Trademark Searching	287	(2)
Acquisition of Trademark Rights	289	(5)
Registration	294	(7)
Registration Process	294	(4)
Incontestability	298	(3)
Ownership	301	(10)
Determining the Owner	301	(1)
Priority Between Confusingly Similar Marks	302	(1)
Priority Based on Use	302	(1)
Geographic Limitations	303	(1)
Assignment	303	(1)
Abandonment and Loss of Rights	304	(1)
Use Discontinued with Intent Not to Resume Use	304	(1)
Loss of Rights Through Mark Becoming Generic	305	(1)
Other Ways to Lose Significance as a Mark	305	(6)
Infringement and Related Rights Under Trademark Law	311	(30)
Trademark Infringement	311	(17)
Ownership of a Valid Registered Mark	312	(1)
The Alleged Infringer Used	312	(1)
In Commerce	312	(1)
The Mark or a Similar Symbol	313	(1)
In Connection with Marketing of Goods or Services	313	(1)
Likelihood of Confusion	313	(1)
Necessary Showing of Confusion	314	(1)
Factors for Determining Likelihood of Confusion	315	(3)
Defenses	318	(10)
§43(a): ``False Designations of Origin and False Descriptions Forbidden''	328	(6)
False Designation of Origin	328	(1)
Infringement of Unregistered Mark	328	(1)
Trade Names and Other Nonmark Indications of Source	329	(1)
Misrepresentations Concerning Commercial Activities	329	(1)
False Advertising	330	(1)
Titles and Artistic Freedom	330	(1)
Standing for §43(a) Actions	331	(3)
Remedies for Infringement, False Designation, or False Advertising	334	(1)
Dilution	335	(3)
``Cybersquatting'': ACPA and UDRP	338	(3)
PART IV Trade Secret	341	(52)
Trade Secret Subject Matter: Information with Economic Value from Not Being Generally Known	343	(16)
Typical Trade Secret Cases	345	(2)
Business v. Former Employee	345	(1)
Employer v. Next Employer	346	(1)
Business v. Former Partner or Former Potential Partner	346	(1)
Inventor or Author v. Business	346	(1)
Business v. Competitor	346	(1)
Business v. Person Who Makes Information Public	347	(1)
Business v. Agency or Court	347	(1)
Subject Matter of Trade Secret Protection	347	(12)
Trade Secret Must Be Information	347	(1)
Formula	348	(1)
Pattern	348	(1)
Compilation	348	(1)
Program	348	(1)
Device	348	(1)
Method, Technique, or Process	349	(1)
Information Must Have Value	349	(1)
Trade Secret Must Have ``Economic'' Value	350	(1)
Information Not in Continuous Use	350	(1)
Information Not in Positive Use	350	(1)
Information Not in Use in a Business	350	(1)
Information Not Yet in Use	350	(1)
Information That Does Not Give a Competitive Advantage	351	(1)
Economic Value Must Be ``From Not Being Generally Known''	351	(1)
Information Must Not Be ``Readily Ascertainable'' by Others	352	(7)
Getting Protection Through Reasonable Security Measures and Losing Protection Through Public Disclosure	359	(20)
Reasonableness of Security Measures	360	(2)
Value of the Information	360	(1)
Need to Disclose the Information to Employees and Others to Exploit It	360	(1)
Limits on Disclosure of the Information	361	(1)
Means Taken to Maintain Confidentiality When Disclosure Is Made	361	(1)
Physical Limitations on Access	361	(1)
Keeping Track of Copies of the Information and Keeping Records of Those with Access	361	(1)
Whether Employees and Others Were Informed of Restrictions	361	(1)
Industry Standards and Ethics	362	(1)
Whether an Overall Security Program Is in Place	362	(1)
Costs of Security Measures	362	(1)
Application of the Factors	362	(1)
Contractual Measures Used in Connection with Trade Secrets	363	(5)
Employee Contracts	364	(1)
Confidentiality/Nondisclosure Agreements	364	(1)
Covenants Not to Compete	365	(1)
Assignment of Inventions Clauses	365	(1)
Holdover/Trailer Clauses	366	(1)
Keep Employees Happy---An Ounce of Prevention	366	(1)
Regulations	366	(1)
Outsider Contracts	367	(1)
Confidentiality/Nondisclosure Agreements	367	(1)
Cross-Licenses	367	(1)
Grant-Back Clauses	368	(1)
Enforceability Issues	368	(1)
Ownership	368	(2)
Termination of the Trade Secret by Public Disclosure	370	(9)
Misappropriation and Remedies	379	(14)
Misappropriation Defined and Illustrated	379	(3)
Definition of Misappropriation	379	(1)
Variations on a Theme: Examples of Misappropriation	380	(1)
Examples of Cases That Do Not Constitute Misappropriation	381	(1)
Duty to Maintain Secrecy or Limit Use	382	(1)
Modes of Misappropriation	382	(3)
Improper Disclosure	383	(1)
Improper Use	383	(1)
Improper Acquisition	383	(2)
Remedies	385	(8)
Injunctions	385	(1)
Damages	386	(1)
Punitive Damages and Attorneys' Fees	387	(6)
PART V Three State Law Theories and Preemption	393	(24)
Three More State Law Theories and Federal Preemption	395	(22)
Contract Law and Idea Submissions	395	(6)
Was a Contract Formed?	396	(1)
Express Contract: Offer and Acceptance, Definiteness	396	(1)
Consideration	397	(1)
Implied Contract	397	(1)
Did the Defendant Use the Submitted Idea?	397	(1)
Did the Submitter Perform the Promised Contractual Obligation?	398	(1)
Avoiding Contractual Obligations	398	(3)
Misappropriation	401	(2)
Right of Publicity	403	(4)
Whether the State Recognizes the Right of Publicity	403	(1)
Who Has a Right of Publicity	404	(1)
How Broadly the Protected Identity Is Defined	404	(1)
How Broadly the Exclusive Right to Commercial Exploitation Is Defined	404	(1)
The Duration of the Right	404	(1)
Assignability	405	(1)
The Scope of Limitations to the Right	405	(2)
Federal Preemption of State Law Affecting Intellectual Property Rights	407	(10)
Copyright Preemption	408	(3)
Patent Preemption	411	(6)
Index	417