Intellectual Property : Examples and Explanations

by McJohn, Stephen M.

• ISBN13: 9780735527195
• ISBN10: 0735527199
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-03-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

Now the Examples & Explanations format is finally available for courses in the growing field of intellectual property. This new study guide covers the core concepts of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret, using the same Examples & Explanations pedagogy that has proven successful with tens of thousands of students. Each new concept is introduced with a concise overview, followed by examples and related questions, then answers with follow-up explanations. Students benefit from the kind of practice and feedback they'd get in an extensive tutoring session. The book is designed to support any of the major intellectual property texts, with modular chapters that make it easy to adapt to your course. This effective study guide features: complete coverage of core topics in intellectual property treating key legal concepts and issues behind copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets the proven Examples & Explanations format to introduce students to intellectual property concepts in a clear, straightforward manner with plentiful examples, questions, and follow-up answers in full an organization designed to support the major survey casebooks, with enough examples to reinforce any gaps in the text coverage a modular chapter organization that adapts readily to any course structure and allows students to work independently, brushing up on specific topics as needed

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
The Contours of Intellectual Property Law	1	(6)
Copyright	2	(1)
Patent	3	(1)
Trademark	4	(1)
Trade Secret	4	(3)
PART I Copyright	7	(96)
Subject Matter: Creative Expression, ``No Matter How Humble, Crude or Obvious''	9	(22)
Originality	11	(7)
Work of Authorship	18	(7)
Literary Works	21	(1)
Musical Works, Including Any Accompanying Words	21	(1)
Dramatic Works, Including Any Accompanying Music	21	(1)
Pantomimes and Choreographic Works	22	(1)
Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Works	22	(1)
Motion Pictures and Other Audiovisual Works	22	(1)
Sound Recordings	22	(1)
Architectural Works	23	(2)
Fixation	25	(6)
Excluded Subject Matter: Ideas, Functional Aspects, Infringing Material, Government Works	31	(20)
Ideas and Functional Aspects	31	(14)
Idea v. Expression: The Abstractions Test	32	(7)
Functional Aspects of Works	39	(1)
Useful Articles	40	(5)
Infringing Works	45	(1)
Government Works	46	(5)
Obtaining Protection and Licensing: Ownership, Formalities, Duration	51	(24)
Initial Ownership of Copyright	51	(10)
Who Is the Author?	52	(1)
Works Made for Hire	53	(1)
Joint Authors	54	(1)
Collective Works	55	(6)
Ownership of Copyright Distinguished from Ownership of Material Object	61	(2)
Copyright as Property: Licensing, Recordation, Termination, and Common Law	63	(7)
Licensing	63	(1)
Recordation	64	(1)
Termination of Transfers and Licenses Granted by Author	65	(1)
Copyright as Personal Property	65	(5)
Formalities: Copyright Notice, Deposit, and Registration	70	(3)
Copyright Notice	71	(1)
Registration	71	(1)
Deposit	72	(1)
Period of Protection	73	(2)
Exclusive Rights: Their Enforcement and Limitations	75	(28)
Exclusive Rights of the Copyright Owner	76	(13)
Reproduction Right	76	(2)
Adaptation Right	78	(1)
To Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public	79	(1)
To Perform the Work Publicly	80	(1)
To Display the Work Publicly	80	(1)
Section 106A: Moral Rights in Works of Visual Art	81	(1)
Walter's Grand Slam: A Quick Review of the Exclusive Rights	82	(1)
Note on Protection for Anticopying Technology, Antiaccess Technology, and ``Copyright Management Information''	82	(7)
Limitations on the Exclusive Rights	89	(10)
Fair Use	89	(2)
First Sale	91	(1)
Compulsory License for Nondramatic Musical Works	92	(1)
Limitations on Exclusive Rights in Computer Programs	93	(1)
Other Limitations on the Exclusive Rights	93	(6)
Contributory Infringement and Vicarious Liability	99	(1)
Remedies	100	(3)
PART II Patent	103	(92)
Patentable Subject Matter: Products and Processes	105	(22)
Categories of Patentable Subject Matter	105	(8)
Processes	106	(1)
Products	107	(1)
Machine	107	(1)
Manufacture	108	(1)
Composition of Matter	109	(1)
Improvements (Herein of Blocking Patents)	109	(4)
Excluded Subject Matter	113	(14)
Laws of Nature	113	(1)
Physical Phenomena (and Biotechnology Patents)	114	(2)
Abstract Ideas (Herein of Mathematics, Computer Software, and Business Methods)	116	(2)
Immoral Inventions, Human Beings, Atomic Weapons, and Medical Procedures	118	(9)
Substantive Standards for Protection: New, Useful, and Nonobvious Inventions	127	(24)
``New'': Novelty and Loss of Right	127	(13)
Novelty	128	(1)
Anticipation (§102(a), (e))	128	(2)
Derivation (§102(f))	130	(1)
Priority (§102(g))	131	(1)
Loss of Right (§102(b))	131	(9)
``Useful'': The Requirement of Utility	140	(3)
Nonobviousness	143	(8)
The Scope and Content of the Prior Art	144	(1)
Difference Between the Prior Art and the Claims at Issue	144	(1)
The Level of Ordinary Skill in the Pertinent Art	145	(1)
Obvious or Not?	145	(6)
Obtaining Protection, Ownership, and Licensing: Of Hoops and Pitfalls	151	(20)
The Patent Application and Examination	151	(3)
Written Description Requirements	154	(7)
Written Description	154	(1)
Enablement	155	(1)
Best Mode	156	(5)
The Claims	161	(4)
Ownership and Licensing	165	(6)
Inventorship (and Misjoinder)	165	(1)
Patents as Property: Assignment and Licensing	166	(1)
Duration	167	(4)
Rights and Infringement: ``The Benefit of His Invention''	171	(24)
Infringement Analysis	171	(12)
Scope of the Rights to Exclude	171	(2)
Determination of Infringement	173	(1)
Claim Interpretation	173	(1)
Literal Infringement	174	(1)
Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents	175	(1)
Indirect Infringement	176	(7)
Defenses	183	(7)
Invalidity	183	(1)
Inequitable Conduct	183	(1)
Implied License and First Sale	184	(1)
Repair and Reconstruction	184	(1)
Experimental Use: A ``Truly Narrow'' Exception	184	(1)
Laches	185	(1)
Antitrust and Patent Misuse	185	(5)
Patent Litigation	190	(5)
Jurisdiction	190	(1)
Standing	191	(1)
Remedies	191	(1)
Injunctions	191	(1)
Damages	192	(1)
Attorneys' fees	192	(1)
Remedies Against the United States	193	(2)
PART III Trademark	195	(92)
Subject Matter of Trademark Law	197	(18)
Categories of Marks	198	(7)
Trademark	198	(1)
Service Marks	198	(1)
Trade Dress	199	(1)
Collective Marks	200	(1)
Certification Marks	200	(5)
Symbol	205	(2)
Source-Identifying Function	207	(8)
Substantive Standards for Protection: ``The Source-Distinguishing Ability of a Mark''	215	(24)
Distinctiveness	216	(15)
Inherently Distinctive Marks	217	(1)
Arbitrary and Fanciful Marks	217	(1)
Suggestive Marks	218	(1)
Marks That Are Protectable Only with Acquired Distinctiveness	219	(1)
Merely Descriptive Marks	220	(1)
Primarily Geographically Descriptive Marks	221	(1)
Primarily a Surname	221	(1)
Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks	222	(1)
Color	222	(1)
Product Design	222	(1)
Generic Terms	223	(8)
Unprotectable Symbols	231	(8)
Likely to Cause Confusion with an Existing Mark	231	(1)
Functional Matter	231	(1)
Deceptive Matter	232	(1)
Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks	232	(1)
Mark Suggesting False Connection	232	(1)
Immoral or Scandalous Matter	233	(1)
Disparaging Marks	233	(1)
Government Symbols	234	(1)
Names or Likenesses of Individuals	234	(5)
Obtaining Protection and Licensing: Using, Registering, Licensing, and Losing a Trademark	239	(22)
Trademark Rights Come with Use of the Symbol as a Mark	240	(5)
Trademark Searching	240	(1)
Acquisition of Trademark Rights	240	(5)
Registration	245	(8)
Registration Process	245	(4)
Incontestability	249	(4)
Ownership	253	(8)
Determining the Owner	253	(1)
Priority Between Confusingly Similar Marks	253	(1)
Priority Based on Use	253	(1)
Geographic Limitations	254	(1)
Assignment	255	(1)
Abandonment and Loss of Rights	255	(1)
Use Discontinued with Intent Not to Resume Use	255	(1)
Loss of Rights Through Mark Becoming Generic	256	(1)
Other Ways to Lose Significance as a Mark	256	(5)
Infringement and Related Rights Under Trademark Law	261	(26)
Trademark Infringement	261	(14)
Ownership of a Valid Registered Mark	262	(1)
The Alleged Infringer Used	262	(1)
In Commerce	262	(1)
The Mark or a Similar Symbol	263	(1)
In Connection with Marketing of Goods or Services	263	(1)
Likelihood of Confusion	263	(1)
Necessary Showing of Confusion	264	(1)
Factors for Determining Likelihood of Confusion	265	(2)
Defenses	267	(8)
§43(a): ``False Designations of Origin and False Descriptions Forbidden''	275	(5)
False Designation of Origin	275	(1)
Infringement of Unregistered Mark	275	(1)
Trade Names and Other Nonmark Indications of Source	276	(1)
Misrepresentations Concerning Commercial Activities	276	(1)
False Advertising	276	(1)
Standing for §43(a) Actions	277	(3)
Remedies for Infringement, False Designation, or False Advertising	280	(1)
Dilution	281	(3)
``Cybersquatting'': ACPA and UDRP	284	(3)
PART IV Trade Secret	287	(52)
Trade Secret Subject Matter: Information with Economic Value from Not Being Generally Known	289	(16)
Typical Trade Secret Cases	291	(2)
Business v. Former Employee	291	(1)
Employer v. Next Employer	291	(1)
Business v. Former Partner or Former Potential Partner	292	(1)
Inventor or Author v. Business	292	(1)
Business v. Competitor	292	(1)
Business v. Person Who Makes Information Public	292	(1)
Business v. Agency or Court	293	(1)
Subject Matter of Trade Secret Protection	293	(1)
Trade Secret Must Be Information	293	(2)
Formula	293	(1)
Pattern	294	(1)
Compilation	294	(1)
Program	294	(1)
Device	294	(1)
Method, Technique, or Process	294	(1)
Information Must Have Value	295	(1)
Trade Secret Must Have ``Economic'' Value	295	(2)
Information Not in Continuous Use	296	(1)
Information Not in Positive Use	296	(1)
Information Not in Use in a Business	296	(1)
Information Not Yet in Use	296	(1)
Information That Does Not Give a Competitive Advantage	296	(1)
Economic Value Must Be ``From Not Being Generally Known''	297	(1)
Information Must Not Be ``Readily Ascertainable'' by Others	298	(7)
Getting Protection Through Reasonable Security Measures and Losing Protection Through Public Disclosure	305	(20)
Reasonableness of Security Measures	306	(2)
Value of the Information	306	(1)
Need to Disclose the Information to Employees and Others to Exploit It	306	(1)
Limits on Disclosure of the Information	307	(1)
Means Taken to Maintain Confidentiality When Disclosure Is Made	307	(1)
Physical Limitations on Access	307	(1)
Keeping Track of Copies of the Information and Keeping Records of Those with Access	307	(1)
Whether Employees and Others Were Informed of Restrictions	307	(1)
Industry Standards and Ethics	308	(1)
Whether an Overall Security Program Is in Place	308	(1)
Costs of Security Measures	308	(1)
Application of the Factors	308	(1)
Contractual Measures Used in Connection with Trade Secrets	309	(5)
Employee Contracts	310	(1)
Confidentiality/Nondisclosure Agreements	310	(1)
Covenants Not to Compete	311	(1)
Assignment of Inventions Clauses	312	(1)
Holdover/Trailer Clauses	312	(1)
Keep Employees Happy---An Ounce of Prevention	312	(1)
Regulations	313	(1)
Outsider Contracts	313	(1)
Confidentiality/Nondisclosure Agreements	313	(1)
Cross-Licenses	314	(1)
Grant-Back Clauses	314	(1)
Enforceability Issues	314	(1)
Ownership	314	(2)
Termination of the Trade Secret by Public Disclosure	316	(9)
Misappropriation and Remedies	325	(14)
Misappropriation Defined and Illustrated	325	(3)
Definition of Misappropriation	325	(1)
Variations on a Theme: Examples of Misappropriation	326	(1)
Examples of Cases That Do Not Constitute Misappropriation	327	(1)
Duty to Maintain Secrecy or Limit Use	328	(1)
Modes of Misappropriation	328	(3)
Improper Disclosure	329	(1)
Improper Use	329	(1)
Improper Acquisition	329	(2)
Remedies	331	(8)
Injunctions	331	(1)
Damages	332	(1)
Punitive Damages and Attorneys' Fees	333	(6)
PART V Three State Law Theories and Preemption	339	(22)
Three More State Law Theories and Federal Preemption	341	(20)
Contract Law and Idea Submissions	341	(5)
Was a Contract Formed?	342	(1)
Express Contract: Offer and Acceptance, Definiteness	342	(1)
Consideration	343	(1)
Implied Contract	343	(1)
Did the Defendant Use the Submitted Idea?	343	(1)
Did the Submitter Perform the Promised Contractual Obligation?	344	(2)
Misappropriation	346	(2)
Right of Publicity	348	(5)
Whether the State Recognizes the Right of Publicity	349	(1)
Who Has a Right of Publicity	349	(1)
How Broadly the Protected Identity Is Defined	349	(1)
How Broadly the Exclusive Right to Commercial Exploitation Is Defined	350	(1)
The Duration of the Right	350	(1)
Assignability	350	(1)
The Scope of Limitations to the Right	350	(3)
Federal Preemption of State Law Affecting Intellectual Property Rights	353	(8)
Copyright Preemption	353	(3)
Patent Preemption	356	(5)
Index	361