Intellectual Property in the Global Marketplace Vol. 2 : Commerical Exploitation and Country-by-Country Profiles

by Simensky, Melvin; Bryer, Lanning; Wilkof, Neil J.

• ISBN13: 9780471351092
• ISBN10: 0471351091
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-16
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

With contributions from prestigious lawyers and consultants from around the world, this two-volume set acts as an intellectual property advisor to business professionals and their counsel. It also helps advisors explore and answer intellectual property questions in business transactions in global settings. Supplemented.

Author Biography

Melvin Simensky is the author of Intellectual Property in the Global Marketplace, 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Country-by-Country Profiles, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley. Lanning G. Bryer is the author of Intellectual Property in the Global Marketplace, 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Country-by-Country Profiles, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxvii
Acknowledgments	xxxix
Overview: Intellectual Property---The New Global Currency	1	(1)
Colleen Spring Zimmerman
Introduction	1	(4)
The Legal Scheme for Protecting Intellectual Property	5	(6)
Intellectual Property as a New Source of Wealth	11	(16)
International Developments	27	(4)
New Intellectual Property Laws	31	(4)
Conclusions---Countertrends	35
PART I THE NEW MARKETPLACE: THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN ON-LINE COMMERCE
Trademarks and Domain Names	1	(1)
Steven M. Weinberg
Introduction	1	(1)
The Internet Defined	2	(2)
Domain Names: Trademarks on the Internet	4	(13)
Personal Jurisdiction Issues	17	(1)
Hyperlinking Liability	18	(3)
Trade Dress and the Web	21
Trademark and Domain Names: International Perspective	1	(1)
Dennis S. Prahl
Introduction	1	(1)
Administrative Relief in the Generic Top Level Domains	2	(1)
Administrative Relief in the Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)	3	(4)
Judicial Remedies	7
The Advent of Electronic Commerce: Intellectual Property, Banking, and Finance	1	(1)
Robert Boyden Lamb
Randie Beth Rosen
Introduction	1	(1)
Strategic and Business Implications of Recent Copyright, Trademark, and Patent Developments	2	(16)
Strategic and International Planning with Patent Rights	18	(1)
Alternative Route of Trade Secrets	19	(2)
Obtaining Jurisdiction in Cyberspace	21	(4)
Brave New World of Electronic Commerce	25	(4)
Other Potential Legal Solutions and Analytic Frameworks	29	(2)
Internet Business-to-Business Transactions and IP Laws	31	(1)
Additional Areas of Concern for the Banking and Financial Communities	32	(4)
Conclusion: The Internet's Impact on Financial Transactions, Global Business, and Legal Protections of Intellectual Property	36
Internet Industries Convergence: Legal, Strategic, and Global Concerns	1	(1)
Robert Boyden Lamb
Randie Beth Rosen
Introduction	1	(10)
Technology and Medical Convergence	11	(7)
Dominance of On-Line Commerce via Control of On-Ramp Domestically and Abroad	18	(10)
Conclusion	28
PART II ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, AND VALUATION
Economic and Financial Issues in Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Robert Boyden Lamb
Global Problems of Intellectual Property	1	(8)
History of Valuation of Intellectual Property	9	(7)
Intellectual Property in Investment Banking Transactions	16	(6)
Conclusion: Intellectual Property Valuation Ranges are Moving Targets	22
Quantitative Methods of Valuing Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Gordon V. Smith
Russell L. Parr
Business Enterprise Model	1	(2)
How Intellectual Property Delivers Value to the Business Enterprise	3	(8)
Intellectual Property Valuation Principles	11	(15)
Royalty Rates	26	(3)
Conclusion	29
Intellectual Property: Proactive Auditing	1	(1)
Nigel Swycher
What is an Intellectual Property Audit?	1	(1)
Why Conduct an Audit?	1	(1)
When Should an Audit be Conducted?	2	(1)
Who Should Conduct an Audit?	3	(1)
Divergence of National Laws	4	(1)
Methodology	4	(5)
Conclusion	9
Financial Accounting and Reporting Considerations	1	(1)
Andrew W. Carter
Michael J. Lasinski
Introduction	1	(1)
Intellectual Property Acquired in Business Combinations	2	(1)
Direct Acquisition of Intellectual Property	3	(1)
Costs Incurred to Create and Maintain Intellectual Property	3	(2)
Amortization of Intellectual Property	5	(1)
Impairment of Intellectual Property	5	(1)
Application of Recognition and Amortization Criteria	6	(1)
Recent Activities	7
Amortization of Intellectual Property for U.S. Federal Income Taxes	1	(1)
Raymond F. Gehan
Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993	1	(11)
Prior Law and Regulations	12	(7)
IRS Coordinated Issue Papers	19	(2)
Leading Intangible Asset Amortization Court Decisions	21	(4)
General Accounting Office Report to the Joint Committee on Taxation	25	(3)
International Tax Issues	28
The Rating Agency View of Intangible Assets	1	(1)
Thomas W. Hoens
What is a Rating?	1	(7)
Major Factors Used in a Rating Decision	8	(3)
Effect of GAAP on Reported Results	11	(2)
Quantitative Methods of Evaluating Intangibles	13	(3)
How a Rating Agency Uses the Income Method	16	(1)
The Model	17	(9)
Risk-Adjusted Leverage	26
Global Piracy and Financial Valuation of Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Robert Boyden Lamb
Randie Beth Rosen
Foreign Governments' Partial Ownership of Pirate Businesses	1	(10)
Foreign Investment in Pirate Factories: Direct and Indirect	11	(5)
Strategic Compromise: Corporations---Foreign Governments---Pirates	16	(2)
Financial Valuation Problems of Process Patents in Healthcare	18	(8)
The Internet's Financial Opportunities and Problems: The World of the Wild Web	26	(7)
Conclusion	33
PART III PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Imperative Strategies for Protecting Trademark Assets: The International Market	1	(1)
Ian Jay Kaufman
Bharati Bakshani
Necessity of Trademark Protection	1	(1)
Selection of Trademarks Suitable for International Markets	2	(2)
International Licensing and Assignment Recordals	4	(1)
International Intellectual Property Treaties	5	(9)
Adherence to the Protocol: Advantage and Disadvantages	14	(5)
The European Community Trademark	19	(2)
The EC Harmonization Directive	21	(1)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	22	(3)
Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) in GATT	25	(1)
Conclusion	26
Certification Marks in the Competitive Commercial Environment	1	(1)
Jeffrey Belson
Introduction	1	(1)
What is a Certification Mark?	1	(2)
The Quality Guarantee Function of Certification Marks	3	(2)
Role of Standards	5	(1)
Certification Marks as Regulatory Instruments	6	(2)
Mandatory Marking in the Single European Market	8	(4)
Conclusion	12
Parallel Imports into and Within the European Union	1	(1)
Stuart Jackson
Richard Kempner
What is Parallel Importing?	1	(2)
Trademarks	3	(7)
Parallel Imports within the EEA	10	(8)
Patents	18	(1)
Parallel Imports within the EEA	19	(3)
Copyright	22	(1)
Parallel Imports Within the EEA	23	(1)
Conclusion	24
Imperative Strategies for Protecting Intangible Assets: The U.S. Market	1	(1)
Al J. Daniel, Jr.
Intellectual Property Rights, Protection, and Exploitation	1	(46)
Judicial Remedies for Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights	47	(4)
Customs Service Exclusion of Goods that Infringe U.S.-Based Intellectual Property Rights	51	(2)
Clearing Intellectual Property Rights	53
The Gatt Copyright Restoration: A Loss for the Public Domain for the Benefit of Trade Policy	1	(1)
Alan J. Hartnick
Nancy J. Mertzel
Introduction	1	(1)
Legislative Background	2	(1)
Analysis of New Section 104A	3	(2)
Effective Data	5	(1)
Conclusion	6
New International Copyright Rules: The Wipo Copyright Treaty	1	(1)
Thomas C. Vinje
Introduction	1	(1)
Provisions on Specific Types of Works: Computer Programs and Databases	2	(2)
Right of Communication/Making Available	4	(1)
Right of Reproduction	5	(3)
Technical Protection Systems	8	(1)
Rights Management Information	9	(1)
Rights of Distribution and Rental	9	(2)
Conclusion	11
Trends in the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: A Case Study From Ghana	1	(1)
Paul Kuruk
Introduction	1	(1)
Policies Regarding the Transfer of Technology	1	(2)
National Legislation on Intellectual Property	3	(11)
Conclusion	14
Current State of Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of the Former Soviet Union	1	(1)
Maria Eliseeva
Trademarks	2	(5)
Patents	7	(3)
Copyright	10
The Intellectual Property Characteristics of a Generic Company	1	(1)
A. David Cohen
Introduction	1	(1)
Patents	2	(5)
Trademarks	7	(3)
Copyright	10	(1)
Agricultural Registration	10	(2)
Conclusion	12
Some Practical Applications of Brand Valuation to Corporate Trademark Management	1	(1)
Steven M. Getzoff
Intracompany Use	2	(7)
Extracompany Use	9	(2)
Financial Statements	11	(1)
Collateral for Loans	11	(1)
Acquisitions	12	(1)
Third-Party Licensing	13	(2)
New Developments	15
The Insurance and Management of Intellectual Property Risks	1	(1)
Melvin Simensky
Eric C. Osterberg
Introduction	1	(1)
Legal Compliance Programs---Providing One's Own ``Insurance''	2	(2)
Insurance Coverage for Intellectual Property Disputes	4	(8)
Expanding the Scope of Intellectual Property Risk Management	12	(4)
Conclusion	16
PART IV COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The Acquisition and Disposition of Intellectual Property in Commercial Transactions: The Canadian Perspective	1	(1)
R. Scott Jolliffe
Andrew Kelly Gill
Introduction	1	(1)
Overview of the Transaction	1	(4)
Intellectual Property Rights---Broadly Defined	5	(1)
Due Diligence: The Intellectual Property Audit	5	(4)
International Transactions	9	(2)
Valuation of Relevant Rights	11	(1)
Rights to be Acquired: Assignments	11	(6)
Rights to be Acquired: Licenses	17	(2)
Letter of Intent	19	(2)
Conclusion	21
The Acquisition and Disposition of Intellectual Property in Commercial Transactions: The U.S. Perspective	1	(1)
Samuel Fifer
Carol Anne Been
Types of Intellectual Property	1	(6)
Due Diligence in Preparation for Transfer or Collateral Assignment of Intellectual Property	7	(4)
Opinion Letters	11	(1)
Security Interests in Intellectual Property	12	(5)
Assignments of Intellectual Property	17	(3)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Collections of Information Antipiracy Act	20
The Acquisition and Disposition of Intellectual Property in Commercial Transactions: The European Perspective	1	(1)
Morag Macdonald
Audrey Horton
Due Diligence: Types of Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Identifying the Intellectual Property Rights	2	(1)
Patents	2	(1)
Ownership of Employee Inventions	3	(1)
Trademarks	4	(1)
Copyright	5	(1)
Database Right	6	(1)
Designs	6	(1)
Utility Models and Petty Patents	7	(1)
Confidential Information	8	(1)
Licenses and Agreements	9	(1)
Investigating IPRS Licensed in from Third Parties: Transferability of IP Licenses	9	(2)
EC Competition Law Issues	11
International and U.S. Licensing of Intangibles	1	(1)
Lanning G. Bryer
Introduction	1	(1)
Overview	2	(12)
License Agreement Terms	14	(4)
Franchising	18	(4)
Licensing of Advanced Technology	22	(5)
Antitrust	27	(9)
International Licensing	36	(6)
Registration Requirements	42	(2)
Sublicensing	44	(3)
Licensing and the Internet	47
Available Remedies for Dispute Resolution in International and Domestic Trademark Licenses	1	(1)
Theodore C. Max
Focal Point in Drafting a License: Anticipating Disputes	1	(12)
Nonjudicial Dispute Resolution	13	(4)
Judicial Dispute Resolution	17	(12)
Monetary Awards	29	(5)
Maintaining an Action for Trademark Infringement	34	(1)
Tort Liability of the Licensor	35
Bankruptcy and Intellectual Property	1	(1)
William M. Goldman
Charles G. Klink
The Bankruptcy Code	1	(7)
Treatment of Intellectual Property in Bankruptcy	8
PART V TAKING A SECURITY INTEREST IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Liberating Untapped Millions for Investment Collateral: The Arrival of Security Interests in Intangible Assets	1	(1)
Melvin Simensky
Howard A. Gootkin
Definitions	1	(2)
New Respect for Intellectual Property	3	(3)
Security Interests Under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code	6	(1)
The Problem of Preemption	7	(14)
Article 9 and Intellectual Property: Additional Considerations	21	(7)
Foreclosure	28	(1)
The Future of Intellectual Property Law	29
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Argentina	1	(1)
Sergio M. Ellmann
Introduction	1	(1)
Civil or Commercial Pledge	1	(1)
Pledge with Registration	2	(5)
Law of Trusts	7
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Australia	1	(1)
Simon D. Williams
Kate Johnston
John M. K. Afaras
Introduction	1	(2)
Stamp Duty on Transactions Concerning Intellectual Property	3	(2)
Security Registration Provisions Under the Corporations Law of 1991	5	(1)
The Patents Act of 1990	6	(1)
The Trade Marks Act of 1995	6	(2)
Common-Law Trademarks	8	(1)
Designs Act of 1906	8	(1)
Copyright Act of 1968	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Brazil	1	(1)
Luiz Henrique O. Do Amaral
Peter D. Siemsen
Introduction	1	(1)
Civil and Commercial Codes	1	(1)
International Laws and Developments on Security Insterests in Intangible Assets: Canada	1	(1)
Gervas W. Wall
Introduction	1	(1)
Relevant Legislation	2	(3)
Canadian Federal Intellectual Property Statutes and Their Relation to Security Interests	5	(4)
Conclusions	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Chile	1	(1)
Rodrigo Cooper
Introduction	1	(1)
Security Interests in Chile	2	(1)
Security Interests in Intellectual Property	3	(1)
Security Interests in Industrial Property	3	(2)
Conclusion	5
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Colombia	1	(1)
Aura Duenas Rodriguez
Helena Camargo Williamson
Introduction	1	(1)
``Personal'' and ``Real'' Rights	2	(1)
Intellectual Property as Property	3	(1)
The ``Right of Usufruct''	4	(1)
Intellectual Property as Movable Collateral	5	(2)
The Pledged Contract	7	(1)
Objects Susceptible to Being Pledged	8
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Denmark	1	(1)
Dorte Van Kaam
Susie P. Arnesen
IP Rights as Assets	1	(1)
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Ecuador	1	(1)
Bruce Horowitz
Constitutional Protection of Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Categorization of Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Creatin of Intellectual Property Rights	2	(1)
Registration of Assignments	3
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: European Community Trademark	1	(1)
Wilhelm J. H. Stahlberg
Andreas Ebert-Weidenfeeller
Introduction	1	(1)
Conclusion	2
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Finland	1	(1)
Rainer Hilli
Introduction	1	(1)
General	2	(1)
Security Registration Provisions Under the Act on Floating Charges	2	(1)
The Patents Act	3	(2)
The Trademarks Act	5	(1)
The Design Protection Act	6	(1)
The Act on Utility Models	6	(1)
The Act on Exclusive Right to the Topography of Semiconductor Products	7	(1)
The Copyright Act	7	(1)
Execution of Intellectual Property Rights	8
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: France	1	(1)
Jean-Pierre Stenger
Introduction	1	(1)
The Pledge of Intellectual Property Rights Taken Individually	2	(1)
Direct Pledge of Registered Rights	2	(1)
Rights that May Be Pledged	3	(3)
Conditions Relating to Form and Publication	6	(1)
Rights and Obligations of the Parties to the Contract	7	(2)
The Case of Copyright	9	(1)
The Pledge of a Business as a Going Concern	10	(1)
Rights of the Pledgee	11	(1)
Rights of the Pledger	12	(1)
Conclusion	12
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Germany	1	(1)
Wilhelm J. H. Stahlberg
Andreas Ebert-Weidenfeller
Economically Disposable Corporeal Rights	1	(3)
Relevant Security Interest	4	(1)
Security Rights in Intangibles	5	(2)
Disposal of Security Interests	7	(1)
General Assessment and Prospects	8	(1)
Developments Since 1993	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Honduras	1	(1)
Ricardo Anibal Mejia M.
Introduction	1	(1)
Classification of Intellectual Property Rights; Special Needs of Those Rights	1	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights as Collateral	2	(2)
Conclusion	4
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Hong Kong	1	(1)
Lindsay B. Esler
Introduction	1	(1)
Legal Mortgages	2	(1)
Equitable Mortgages	2	(1)
Charges	2	(1)
Liens/Pledges	2	(1)
Assignability	3	(1)
Notice	3	(1)
Trademarks	3	(2)
Patents	5	(1)
Designs	5	(1)
Copyright	6	(1)
Conclusion	6
International Laws and Development on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Hungary	1	(1)
Eva Szigeti
Creating and Obtaining Security Interest in Intellectual Property	1	(1)
Perfecting a Security Interest	1	(1)
Enforcing Security Interest	1	(1)
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: India	1	(1)
Amar Raj Lall
Anuradha Salhotra
Introduction	1	(1)
Trademarks	2	(2)
Patents	4
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Ireland	1	(1)
Martin Tierney
Niall Tierney
Introduction	1	(1)
Security Interests Generally	2	(1)
Intellectual Property as Security Assets	2	(4)
Conclusion	6
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Israel	1	(1)
Neil J. Wilkof
Aaron S. Lewin
Introduction	1	(1)
The Pledges Law	1	(2)
Security Interests Under the Specific IP Statutory Schemes	3	(5)
Conditional Assignment	8	(1)
Conclusion	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Italy	1	(1)
Domenico De Simone
Giovanni Gugielmetti
Introduction	1	(2)
Patents of Inventions	3	(3)
Utility Model, Design, and Plant Varieties Patents	6	(1)
Registered Trade/Service Marks (Trademarks)	6	(1)
Nonregistered Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs	7	(1)
Copyright	7	(1)
Copyrigh-Related Rights	8	(1)
Recordal Fees	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Jamaica	1	(1)
Suzanne Lopez Allicock
Introduction	1	(1)
Types of Security	2	(1)
Registration of Securities Under the Companies Act	3	(1)
Types of Intellectual Property and Their Suitability as Security	4	(2)
Conclusion	6
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Japan	1	(1)
Eiichiro Kubota
Introduction	1	(1)
Patents, Utility Models, Designs, and Trademarks	2	(3)
Copyright	5	(2)
Developments since 1993	7
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Korea	1	(1)
Soon Yung Cha
Yoon Kun Cha
Introduction	1	(1)
Security Interests Relevant to Intellectual Property Rights	2	(3)
Security Interests in Intellectual Property Rights	5
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Mexico	1	(1)
Horacio Rangel-Ortiz
Intellectual Property as Personal Property (Bienes Muebles)	2	(1)
Pledges Created Through Delivery of the Subject Matter Pledged	3	(1)
Actual Delivery and Juridicial Delivery	3	(1)
Delivery Requirement Not Regarded as Assignment of Ownership	4	(1)
Pledges Created Through the Recording of Documents	5	(1)
Title of Collateral	5	(1)
Procedural Issues Regarding Pledges on Intellectual Property	6	(1)
Lender as Legal Owner	7	(1)
Conclusion	7	(1)
Nota Bene	7
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: New Zealand	1	(1)
Mark Hargreaves
Introduction	1	(1)
Forms of Security	2	(2)
Patents Act of 1953	4	(1)
Design Act of 1953	5	(1)
Trade Marks Act of 1953	5	(1)
Goodwill in Unregistered Trademarks	6	(1)
Copyright Act of 1994	7	(1)
Enforcement of Security Interests in Intellectual Property	7
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Panama	1	(1)
Audrey Williams
Introduction	1	(1)
Trust	1	(2)
Commercial Pledge	3	(2)
Conclusion	5
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Russia	1	(1)
Nathan J. Feltman
Intellectual Property Legislation	2	(1)
Security Interests Under Russian Law	3	(1)
The Use of a Pledge as Security	4	(1)
Kinds of Pledges	5	(1)
The Pledge Agreement	6	(1)
Enforcement of the Pledge	7	(1)
Conclusion	8
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Singapore	1	(1)
Murgiana Haq
Introduction	1	(1)
Types of Security Interests	2	(1)
Registration of Any Charge Created	2	(1)
Formalities and Protective Measures	3	(1)
Conclusion	4
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: South Africa
Esme D. Du Plessis	1	(1)
Blain M. De Villiers
Introduction	1	(3)
Patents	4	(1)
Designs	5	(1)
Trademarks	6	(1)
Copyrigh	7	(1)
Common Law Intellectual Property	8
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Spain	1	(1)
Jose A. Hernandez
Patricia Koch
Introduction	1	(1)
Securities Regulated by Spanish Law	1	(1)
The Chattel Mortgage	2	(2)
Trademark and Establishment Signs	4	(1)
Patents and Utility Models	4	(1)
Trade Names and Collective Trademark	5	(1)
Intellectual Property	5	(1)
Conclusion	6
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Sweden	1	(1)
Astrid Johnsson
Tomas Johansson
General Principles of Swedish Law	1	(1)
Private Law and the Law of Property	1	(1)
Security Interest Through Pledge	2	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights	3	(1)
Patents	4	(2)
Trademarks	6	(1)
Copyright, Designs, and Other IP Rights	7	(1)
Conclusion	8
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Taiwan	1	(1)
Kwan-Tao Li
Daisy Wang
C. T. Chang
C. W. Ting
Julia Ho
Background	1	(1)
Copyright	2	(1)
Trademarks	3	(1)
Patents	4	(1)
Integrated Circuit Layout	5	(1)
Trade Secret Protection	6	(1)
Perfection of Pledge on Intellectual Property Rights	6	(2)
Enforcing Pledge on Intellectual Property Rights	8	(1)
Conclusion	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: United Kingdom	1	(1)
Morag Macdonald
Audrey Horton
Introduction	1	(2)
Types of Security Interests	3	(2)
Creation	5	(2)
Perfection	7	(1)
Enforcement	8	(1)
Conclusion	9
International Laws and Developments on Security Interests in Intangible Assets: Venezuela	1	(7)
Gabriel Bentata
Creation and Obtaining of Security Interests in Intellectual Property	1	(4)
Perfection of Security Interest	5	(1)
Foreclosure of a Security Interest	5	(3)
Conclusion	8