Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright, Trade Secrets, Undeveloped Ideas, Unfair Competition, Semiconductor Chip Protection, Right of Publicity, Federal & sta

by Barrett, Margreth

• ISBN13: 9781565421929
• ISBN10: 1565421922
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-05-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

Intellectual Property extensively covers the three major areas of intellectual property: Patents, Trademarks, & Copyrights. It also contains a detailed treatment of other parts of this important subject, including Trade Secrets; Undeveloped Ideas; Unfair Competition; Semiconductor Chip Protection; Right of Publicity; & Federal & State Conflicts. Professor Barrett thoroughly covers all the major cases in this fast-growing area of the law. The author, Margreth Barrett, is a professor of law at Hastings Law School. She has been widely published on the subject of Intellectual Property. Special features: * Essay exam questions & answers, for practice applying the concepts you've learned to a fact pattern * Short-answer questions & answers, to drill the concepts you've learned into your head * Extensive tables, including a Table of Cases & Table of Statutory Sections & Restatement References * Detailed Subject-Matter Index * A Capsule Summary, perfect for night-before-the-exam review.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Study of Intellectual Property
Scope of the Term ``Intellectual Property''	1	(1)
Generally	1	(1)
Primary Policy Issues	1	(1)
An incentive to create	1	(1)
Promotion of competition	1	(1)
Potential conflict	1	(1)
Reaching a balance	2	(1)
Sources of Authority to Regulate Intellectual Property	2	(1)
Federal regulation	2	(1)
State regulation	2	(1)
The Law of Trade Secrets
The Purpose of Trade Secret Law	3	(1)
Generally	3	(1)
Status of Ideas or Information as Trade Secret	3	(3)
General definition	3	(1)
Six factors considered in determining trade secret status	4	(2)
When Acquisition, Use or Disclosure of a Trade Secret is Actionable	6	(6)
Disclosure or use of a trade secret in breach of confidence	6	(1)
Disclosure or use of a trade secret learned from a third party with notice	7	(1)
Disclosure or use of a trade secret learned by mistake with notice	8	(1)
Continued disclosure or use of a trade secret after receipt of notice that it is a trade secret and was acquired through another's breach of duty	9	(1)
Continued disclosure or use of a trade secret after receipt of notice that it is a trade secret and was acquired by mistake	9	(1)
Disclosure or use of a trade secret acquired through improper means	10	(1)
Disclosure or use of a trade secret with notice that the provider acquired it through improper means	11	(1)
Defendant's modification of plaintiff's trade secret	12	(1)
Private Owners' Rights in Trade Secret Information Submitted to Government Agencies	12	(2)
Freedom of information acts	12	(1)
An unconstitutional ``taking''	13	(1)
Use and Disclosure by Employees and Former Employees	14	(4)
In the absence of an express agreement	14	(1)
In the case of an express agreement	15	(3)
Remedies For Trade Secret Misappropriation	18	(2)
Injunctions	18	(1)
Damages	18	(1)
Criminal prosecution	19	(1)
Patents
Utility Patents	20	(52)
The nature of a utility patent	20	(2)
The novelty standard and the statutory bars	22	(14)
The non-obviousness standard	36	(1)
The pertinent prior art	36	(2)
The level of skill in the pertinent art	38	(1)
The legal determination	38	(1)
Secondary considerations	38	(1)
Combination patents	39	(1)
Biotechnological process patents	40	(1)
Obviousness as a trigger for the subsection 102(b) one-year period	41	(1)
The usefulness standard	42	(1)
A significant benefit to society	42	(1)
Inoperability as lack of usefulness	42	(1)
The disclosure requirement	42	(1)
The claiming requirement	42	(1)
The enablement requirement	43	(1)
The best mode requirement	43	(1)
Statutory subject matter of a utility patent	43	(1)
Process	43	(1)
Machine	44	(1)
Manufacture	44	(1)
Composition of matter	44	(1)
Naturally occurring vs. man-made articles	44	(1)
Live vs. inanimate matter	45	(1)
Laws of nature and abstract ideas	45	(3)
Medical procedures	48	(1)
Suits to enforce patents	48	(1)
Infringement	48	(1)
Direct infringement	48	(7)
Inducement to infringe	55	(1)
Contributory infringement	56	(1)
Importing, selling, offering to sell or using a product made abroad through a process protected by a U.S. patent	57	(1)
Manufacturing or selling components of a patented invention to be assembled abroad	58	(1)
Provisional rights prior to patent issuance	59	(1)
Defenses to infringement claims	60	(1)
Patent invalidity	60	(1)
Patent misuse	60	(3)
Inequitable conduct	63	(1)
The experimental use defense	64	(1)
Prior use	64	(1)
Remedies for patent infringement	65	(1)
The proper measure of damages	65	(4)
Injunctive relief	69	(1)
Remedies for infringement through performance of ``medical activities''	70	(1)
Comparison of utility patent and trade secret protection for inventions	71	(1)
Design Patents	72	(4)
The nature of a design patent	72	(1)
Standards for design patents	73	(1)
Novelty and statutory bars	73	(1)
The non-obviousness standard	73	(1)
The ornamentality standard	73	(1)
Infringement of a design patent	74	(1)
Defenses and remedies for infringement of design patents	75	(1)
Double patenting	75	(1)
The success of design patents	75	(1)
Plant patents	76	(2)
The nature of a plant patent	76	(1)
Standards for plant patents	76	(1)
Novelty and statutory bars	76	(1)
The distinctiveness requirement	76	(1)
The non-obviousness requirement	76	(1)
Asexual reproduction	77	(1)
Infringement of a plant patent	77	(1)
Independent discovery	77	(1)
Taking seeds	77	(1)
Plant parts	77	(1)
Other considerations	78	(1)
Other Methods of Obtaining Property Rights in New Varieties of Plants	78	(1)
Utility patents for plants	78	(1)
Plant Variety Protection Act	78	(1)
International Patent Treaties to Which the U.S. Adheres	79	(4)
The Paris Convention	79	(1)
The Patent Cooperation Treaty	80	(1)
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights	81	(2)
The Law of Undeveloped Ideas
The Nature of The Law of Undeveloped Ideas	83	(2)
Miscellaneous accumulation	83	(1)
The express contract theory	83	(1)
The contract-implied-in-fact theory	84	(1)
The contract-implied-in-law theory	84	(1)
The confidential relationship theory	85	(1)
The property theory	85	(1)
The Novelty and Concreteness Requirements	85	(2)
The novelty requirement	85	(1)
The concreteness requirement	86	(1)
The general policy reasons for imposing the novelty and concreteness requirements	86	(1)
Treating idea claims as claims for the value of services rendered	86	(1)
Trademark Law
The Nature of Trademark Law	87	(1)
The purpose of trademarks and trademark law	87	(1)
The relationship of state and federal law	87	(1)
The Lanham Act	88	(1)
Types of Marks	88	(3)
Four types of marks	88	(1)
Trademarks	88	(1)
Service marks	89	(1)
Certification marks	89	(1)
Collective marks	90	(1)
Distinctiveness	91	(4)
Marks must be distinctive	91	(1)
Arbitrary and fanciful marks	92	(1)
Suggestive marks	92	(1)
Descriptive marks	92	(1)
Abstract designs and other nonverbal marks	93	(1)
Generic marks	94	(1)
The standard for determining whether a mark is generic	94	(1)
Descriptive vs. generic marks	94	(1)
Non-verbal generic marks	95	(1)
The Content of marks	95	(8)
As used, the mark must create a separate commercial impression	95	(1)
Words and numbers as marks	95	(1)
Drawings and other forms of art or design	96	(1)
Trade dress	96	(1)
Trade dress rights in color alone	96	(1)
Functionality	97	(3)
Distinctiveness	100	(2)
Differences in federal and state law	102	(1)
Slogans	102	(1)
Scents and sounds	102	(1)
Composite marks	102	(1)
Things That Cannot be Enforced or Registered as Marks	103	(6)
The Lanham Act and common law	103	(1)
Generic marks	103	(1)
Scandalous or immoral marks	103	(1)
Deceptive marks	103	(1)
Marks that are merely descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive of the goods or services	104	(1)
Primarily geographically descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive marks	105	(1)
Marks that are primarily merely a surname	106	(1)
Functional marks	107	(1)
Marks in prior use	107	(1)
Additional Lanham Act prohibitions	108	(1)
Acquiring Ownership of Marks	109	(1)
Use of the mark in trade	109	(1)
Simultaneous or near-simultaneous use	110	(1)
Marks that are not inherently distinctive	110	(1)
Federal Registration of Marks	110	(4)
Ownership and registration	110	(1)
Advantages of registration on the Principal Register	111	(1)
Use in interstate commerce	111	(1)
Two paths to registration on the Lanham Act Principal Register	111	(1)
Constructive use	112	(1)
The certificate of registration	113	(1)
Administrative and judicial review	113	(1)
Registration on the Lanham Act Supplemental Register	113	(1)
Cancellation of Registration	114	(1)
During the first five years of registration	114	(1)
After five years of registration	115	(1)
Precluded grounds	115	(1)
Infringement of Marks	115	(10)
The injury to be protected against	115	(1)
The test for infringement	116	(1)
No side-by-side comparison	116	(1)
Factors to consider in determining a likelihood of confusion	116	(3)
The effect of a disclaimer	119	(1)
Post-sale confusion	119	(1)
Pre-sale confusion	120	(1)
Reverse confusion	121	(1)
Trademark parodies	121	(1)
First amendment considerations	122	(1)
Collateral use of marks	122	(1)
Resale of goods lawfully bearing a mark	122	(1)
Gray market goods	123	(1)
Competitors' use of marks for comparison purposes	124	(1)
Trademark counterfeiting	125	(1)
Contributory infringement	125	(1)
Inducing infringement	125	(1)
Knowingly aiding infringement	125	(1)
Geographic Boundaries	125	(5)
Geographic rights at common law	125	(1)
Good faith	126	(1)
Remote geographical area	126	(1)
The zone of natural expansion	127	(1)
The Lanham Act	127	(2)
A likelihood of consumer confusion about the source of goods or services	129	(1)
Defenses to an Infringement Action	130	(3)
The fair use defense	130	(1)
The manner in which the defendant uses the mark	130	(1)
Is the defendant using the mark in good faith?	130	(1)
Is the defendant's use likely to confuse?	130	(1)
Abandonment	131	(1)
Acts by the registrant that cause the mark to lose its significance as a mark	131	(1)
Challenges to the validity of the mark and to the plaintiff's ownership rights	132	(1)
Federal registration incontestability status	133	(1)
Remedies for Infringement	133	(2)
Injunctions	133	(1)
Monetary recovery	133	(1)
Actual damages	133	(1)
The defendant's profits	134	(1)
Attorney fees	134	(1)
Notice	135	(1)
Special remedies for use of counterfeit marks	135	(1)
International Trademark Treaties	135	(6)
The Paris Convention	135	(4)
Centralized filing treaties	139	(1)
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights	139	(2)
Unfair Competition
The Nature of the Law of Unfair Competition	141	(1)
Passing Off	141	(6)
The nature of the ``passing off'' cause of action	141	(2)
Lanham Act ∂43(a)	143	(1)
Relationship to the Lanham Act registration provisions	143	(1)
Construing ∂ 43(a)	144	(1)
Trade names	144	(1)
Incorporation under a particular trade name	144	(1)
Special sensitivity to use of personal names	145	(1)
Trade dress	145	(1)
Contributory passing off	146	(1)
Remedies for passing off	146	(1)
False Advertising	147	(3)
The common-law false advertising cause of action	147	(1)
The difficulty of satisfying the ascertainable loss requirement	148	(1)
State statutes	148	(1)
Lanham Act ∂43(a)	149	(1)
Injury	149	(1)
Falsity and materiality	150	(1)
Intent	150	(1)
Commercial Disparagement	150	(4)
The common-law commercial disparagement cause of action	150	(1)
False representation	151	(1)
Intent	151	(1)
The special damages requirement	151	(1)
State statutory provisions	152	(1)
The Lanham Act ∂43(a) disparagement cause of action	152	(1)
First amendment considerations in disparagement actions	152	(2)
Dilution	154	(10)
The nature of the dilution cause of action	154	(1)
Diminution of the uniqueness of the plaintiff's mark or trade name	155	(1)
Tarnishment	155	(1)
Use of the mark or trade name in a manner leading to likelihood of confusion	156	(1)
First Amendment limitations	156	(2)
The new Lanham Act ∂43(c) cause of action for dilution	158	(1)
Famous marks	158	(1)
Other limitations	159	(1)
The relationship of the new federal cause of action to state dilution relief	159	(1)
The courts' interpretation of the new federal dilution cause of action	159	(5)
Trademark Cybersquatting	164	(3)
The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act	164	(3)
Personal names	167	(1)
Misappropriation	167	(3)
The nature of the misappropriation cause of action	167	(2)
Limitations on the misappropriation cause of action	169	(1)
International Treaties Regarding Unfair Competition	170	(2)
The Paris Convention	170	(1)
National Treatment	170	(1)
Article 10bis	170	(1)
Protection for trade names	171	(1)
The Right of Publicity
The Nature and Purpose of the Right of Publicity	172	(1)
The nature of the publicity cause of action	172	(1)
The purpose of the right of publicity claim	173	(1)
The Scope of the Right of Publicity	173	(6)
Appropriation of the plaintiff's identity for commercial purposes	173	(3)
First Amendment concerns	176	(1)
Descendability of the right of publicity	176	(2)
Applicability of the doctrine of first sale	178	(1)
Remedies for violation of the right	178	(1)
Possibility of preemption	178	(1)
Copyright Law
The Purpose and Nature of Copyright Law	179	(4)
The purpose of copyright law	179	(1)
The nature of copyright law	179	(3)
Federal vs. state law	182	(1)
The Copyright Office	183	(1)
The Subject Matter of Copyright	183	(27)
Section 102	183	(1)
The ``originality'' requirement	183	(2)
Copyright Office rule re: words, short phrases, slogans, etc.	185	(1)
Scenes a faire	185	(1)
The fixation requirement	185	(1)
The meaning of ``fixation''	185	(2)
Common-law copyright protection for non-fixed works	187	(1)
Exclusion of ideas, procedures, processes, etc.	188	(1)
The Baker v. Selden case	188	(2)
Copyrightability of facts and research	190	(1)
Categories of protectible works of authorship	191	(1)
The literary works category---copyright ability of computer programs	192	(6)
The pictorial, graphic and sculptural works category	198	(4)
The sound recordings category	202	(1)
The architectural works category	203	(1)
Other problem areas	204	(1)
Copyright for fictitious characters	204	(1)
Copyright protection for immoral or obscene works	205	(1)
Compilations	206	(1)
Collective works	206	(1)
Other compilations	206	(1)
Copyright protection is limited to the compilation author's original expression	207	(1)
Unauthorized use of copyrighted material	208	(1)
Derivative works	208	(1)
Originality and derivative works	208	(1)
Concern about the effect of derivative work copyrights	208	(1)
Government works as copyrightable subject matter	209	(1)
No copyright for works of the U.S. government	209	(1)
Copyright in state and local government works	210	(1)
The Rights Afforded by Copyright Law	210	(1)
The exclusive rights of copyright	210	(1)
Moral rights in works of visual art	211	(1)
The Exclusive Right to Reproduce	211	(12)
Copying	212	(1)
Direct evidence of copying	212	(1)
Access plus similarity	212	(1)
Striking similarity	213	(1)
Unlawful appropriation	213	(3)
The Ninth Circuit's variation on the Arnstein v. Porter approach to finding ``unlawful appropriation''	216	(1)
The extrinsic/intrinsic test for ``literary works''	216	(1)
The meaning of ``reproduction''	217	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- computer programs	218	(1)
The limitation to ``owners'' of lawful copies of programs	218	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- pictorial, graphic and sculptural works	219	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- architectural works	220	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- the ephemeral recordings provisions	220	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- home audiotaping	221	(1)
Limitations on the exclusive right to reproduce --- sound recordings	221	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- compulsory licenses to record nondramatic musical works	222	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to reproduce --- specialized formats for the blind or otherwise disabled	223	(1)
The Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works	223	(3)
Overlap with the right to reproduce or perform	223	(1)
The adaptation right and computer program enhancements	224	(1)
A limitation on enhancement programs	225	(1)
Limitations on the exclusive right to adapt in the case of sound recordings	226	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to adapt --- computer programs	226	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right to adapt --- architectural works	226	(1)
The Exclusive Right to Distribute to The Public	226	(4)
The doctrine of first sale	227	(1)
The doctrine only applies to lawful copies and phonorecords	227	(1)
Exception for record and computer program rentals	227	(1)
Droit de suite	228	(1)
Imports	228	(2)
The doctrine of first sale on the internet	230	(1)
The Exclusive Right of Public Performance	230	(6)
The meaning of ``performance''	230	(1)
When a performance is ``public''	231	(2)
Performing rights societies	233	(1)
The new limited performance rights in sound recordings	233	(1)
Rights in performances, as such	234	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right of public performance --- nonprofit performances of nondramatic literary or musical works	235	(1)
Other exceptions to the exclusive right of public performance	235	(1)
Exceptions to the exclusive rights of public performance and display	236	(1)
The Exclusive Right to Display The Copyrighted Work Publicly	236	(4)
When a display is public	236	(1)
Exception to the exclusive right of public display --- owners of lawfully made copies	236	(1)
Exception to the exclusive rights of public performance and display --- transmissions received on home-style receivers	237	(1)
Exception to the exclusive rights of public performance and display --- face-to-face nonprofit instruction	238	(1)
Exception to the exclusive rights of public performance and display --- instructional broadcasts	238	(1)
Exception to the exclusive rights of public performance and display --- religious services	238	(1)
Exception to the exclusive rights of public performance and display --- electronic video games	239	(1)
Exceptions and compulsory licenses --- secondary transmissions	239	(1)
Exception to the exclusive rights of public performance and display --- compulsory licenses for noncommercial broadcasting	240	(1)
Moral Rights	240	(4)
The nature of moral rights	240	(1)
The Visual Artists' Rights Act of 1990	240	(1)
Works of visual art	240	(1)
The rights of attribution and integrity	241	(2)
Exceptions to moral right protection	243	(1)
Indirect protection of moral rights under the Copyright Act	243	(1)
Other federal sources for protecting moral rights --- Lanham Act ∂43(a)	244	(1)
State causes of action that may vindicate moral rights	244	(1)
Infringement of Copyright	244	(7)
Direct infringement	244	(1)
Vicarious and contributory liability for copyright infringement	245	(1)
Contributory infringement	245	(1)
Vicarious infringement liability	246	(1)
Infringement liability on the Internet	247	(1)
Safe harbors for internet service providers	248	(1)
Anti-circumvention provisions	249	(1)
Copyright management information	250	(1)
The Fair Use Defense to Infringement	251	(6)
The nature of the fair use defense	251	(1)
Section 107	251	(3)
Special considerations in parody cases	254	(2)
Educational and library copying	256	(1)
Reverse engineering	257	(1)
Ownership of Copyright	257	(7)
Determining the initial owner of copyright in a work	257	(1)
Ownership of copyright in joint works	257	(2)
Works for hire	259	(3)
Ownership of copyright in collective works	262	(1)
Divisibility of ownership	262	(1)
The requirement of a writing to transfer	263	(1)
Recordation of documents	263	(1)
Beneficial ownership of copyright	263	(1)
Notice of Copyright	264	(4)
The history of notice requirements in the U.S.	264	(1)
The Copyright Act of 1909	264	(1)
The Copyright Act of 1976 --- January 1, 1978 to March 1, 1989	265	(2)
The Berne Convention Amendments --- March 1, 1989 to the present	267	(1)
Foreign copyright restoration	267	(1)
Deposit and Registration	268	(2)
Deposit requirements	268	(1)
Registration requirements	269	(1)
The Duration of Copyright Protection	270	(5)
Commencement of federal copyright	270	(1)
Congressional extensions of the copyright term	270	(1)
Duration of copyright for works created on or after January 1, 1978	271	(1)
Duration of the copyright for works created but not published before January 1, 1978	272	(1)
Duration of the copyright for works already protected by federal copyright on January 1, 1978	273	(1)
Duration of the rights of attribution and integrity in works of visual art	274	(1)
Rule for calculating the end of the term	274	(1)
Renewals of Pre-1976 Act Federal Copyrights	275	(5)
Renewal of federal copyrights in their first term on January 1, 1978	275	(1)
The rationale for renewable terms	275	(1)
Ownership of the renewal right	275	(1)
Transfer of expectancy of renewal right	276	(1)
Exceptions to the rule that the author and his statutory successors have the right to renew	277	(1)
The process of renewal	277	(1)
Renewals and derivative works	278	(2)
Termination of Transfers of Copyright	280	(5)
Maintaining the author's ``second chance'' under the 1976 Act	280	(1)
Transfers executed on or after January 1, 1978	280	(3)
Transfers executed prior to January 1, 1978	283	(2)
Remedies for Infringement	285	(3)
Injunctions	285	(1)
Damages and/or profits	285	(3)
Costs and attorney fees	288	(1)
Criminal penalties	288	(1)
International Copyright Treaties	288	(6)
The Berne Convention	288	(2)
The Universal Copyright Convention	290	(1)
The GATT Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights	291	(1)
The WIPO Copyright Treaty	292	(2)
The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984
Legal Difficulties in Protecting Chips from Piracy	294	(1)
The nature of chips	294	(1)
Copyright protection for chips	294	(1)
Patent protection for chips	294	(1)
Sui Generis Protection --- The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984	294	(5)
The nature of the S.C.P.A.	294	(1)
The S.C.P.A. protects ``mask works''	294	(1)
Commencement and duration of protection	295	(1)
The rights protected	295	(1)
Limitations on the mask work owner's rights	296	(1)
No protection against independent creation	296	(1)
No protection against copying ideas	296	(1)
Copying for the purpose of teaching, analyzing or evaluating	296	(1)
``First sale'' doctrine	296	(1)
Notice of protection	296	(1)
Enforcement of rights	296	(1)
Persons protected under the S.C.P.A.	297	(1)
The GATT Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights	298	(1)
The Relationship Between Federal and State Law
The Supremacy Clause	299	(6)
Federal law prevails over conflicting state law	299	(1)
Examination of state causes of action in light of the federal Patent and Copyright Acts	299	(1)
The Sears and Compco cases	299	(1)
The Goldstein case	300	(1)
The Kewanee case	301	(1)
The Aronson case	302	(1)
The Bonito Boats case	303	(1)
Where do we stand now?	304	(1)
Section 301 of the Copyright Act	305	(7)
Uniform system of copyright	305	(1)
Preemption reaches beyond literal ``copyright'' claims	305	(1)
Dual test for preemption	306	(1)
Works of authorship	306	(1)
Equivalent rights	307	(1)
The extra elements test	308	(1)
The meaning of ``qualitatively different''	308	(2)
A review of certain state causes of action	310	(1)
Express exceptions to ∂301 preemption	311	(1)
The relationship between ∂301 and Supremacy Clause preemption	311	(1)
Essay Exam Questions and Answers	312	(20)
Short Answer Question and Answers	332	(9)
Table of Cases	341	(2)
Table of References to the Copyright Act of 1976 (17 U.S.C. ∂101 et seq.)	343	(1)
Table of References to the U.S. Patent Act (35 U.S.C. ∂101 et seq.)	344	(1)
Table of References to the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. ∂1051 et seq.)	345	(1)
Table of Other Statutory References	346	(1)
Subject-Matter Index	347