Intellectual Property Rights, Trade and Biodiversity

by Dutfield, Graham

• ISBN13: 9781853836923
• ISBN10: 1853836923
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: World Conservation Union

Summary

This book provides the first full-scale account of how to integrate the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diersity into the global IPR regime.

Author Biography

Graham Dutfield is a researcher at the Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics and Society and at St. Peter's College, University of Oxford.

Table of Contents

List of Case Studies, Tables and Boxes	viii
Acronyms and Abbreviations	x
Foreword	xii
Mark Halle
Acknowledgements	xv
Plant Genetic Resources in the Global Economy	1	(7)
Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy	8	(6)
The Global Intellectual Property Regime	8	(2)
Intellectual Property Rights in International Trade	10	(4)
Biodiversity-related Aspects of the Global IPR Regime	14	(19)
The TRIPS Agreement	14	(12)
Objectives and General Principles	14	(5)
Patents	19	(1)
Ordre public and morality	19	(2)
`Patenting life' and the sui generis option	21	(2)
Geographical Indications	23	(1)
Trade Secrets	24	(1)
Trademarks	25	(1)
Other Provisions Relating to Agriculture	26	(1)
The UPOV Convention	26	(7)
IPR-related Aspects of the Convention on Biological Diversity	33	(7)
Article 16	34	(1)
Article 8 (j)	35	(2)
Article 17	37	(1)
Article 15	38	(2)
IPRs and Biodiversity: Conflict or Synergy?	40	(35)
Links between IPRs and Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity	43	(12)
Patents and IPRs in General	44	(1)
IPRs and monocultures	44	(2)
IPRs and crop-agrochemical linkages	46	(4)
Plant Variety Rights	50	(5)
IPRs and Transfer of Technologies Relevant to Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity	55	(6)
Technology Transfer and Developing Countries: General Observations	56	(4)
Transfer of CBD-related Technologies	60	(1)
IPRs and the Rights of Traditional Knowledge Holders	61	(14)
Are IPRs Inimical to Indigenous and Local People's Rights?	61	(8)
Can IPRs Protect Traditional Biodiversity-related Knowledge?	69	(6)
TRIPS and the CBD: Bridging the Gaps	75	(16)
Patents	76	(2)
Options for the Sui Generis System	78	(7)
Requirements for Protection	78	(2)
Scope of the Protection	80	(1)
Additional Provisions	80	(5)
Geographical Indications	85	(1)
Trade Secrets	86	(3)
Trademarks	89	(2)
The CBD, WTO and Other IPR- and Biodiversity-related Institutions, Forums and Processes	91	(17)
Intellectual Property Rights	91	(6)
The World Trade Organization	91	(1)
The Council for TRIPS	91	(1)
The Committee on Trade and Environment	92	(3)
The World Intellectual Property Organization	95	(2)
Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustainable Use	97	(5)
The CBD Conference of the Parties	97	(1)
Article 8 (j)	97	(2)
Intellectual property rights	99	(1)
Access and benefit-sharing	99	(1)
The UNCTAD Biotrade Initiative	100	(2)
Agriculture	102	(6)
The Food and Agriculture Organization	102	(3)
The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research	105	(3)
Government and Regional Initiatives: Some Case Studies	108	(10)
Andean Community Common System on Access to Genetic Resources	108	(2)
The Costa Rica Biodiversity Law	110	(4)
The Organisation of African Unity Draft Legislation on Community Rights and Access to Biological Resources	114	(4)
Non-governmental Initiatives and Proposals	118	(7)
Community Intellectual Rights	118	(3)
SRISTI's Local Innovations Databases	121	(1)
People's Biodiversity Registers	121	(4)
Conclusions, Unresolved Questions and Recommendations	125	(94)
Unresolved Questions	126	(2)
Recommendations	128	(4)
TRIPS and UPOV	128	(1)
Patents	128	(1)
Plant variety protection, UPOV and the sui generis option	129	(1)
The Convention on Biological Diversity	129	(1)
Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity	129	(1)
Benefit-sharing	130	(1)
Technology transfer	130	(1)
Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices	130	(2)
Appendices
1 Neem-related Patents Issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 1985--1998	132	(3)
2 Statement and Recommendations from a Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and Intellectual Property Rights, New Delhi, 29--31 January 1999	135	(9)
3 The Nairobi Statement, from an International Conference on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nairobi, 6--7 February 1999	144	(4)
4 IUCN Recommendations to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Inter-sessional Meeting on the Operations of the Convention, 28--30 June 1999	148	(9)
5 Annotated Bibliography on Intellectual Property Rights, Plants, Trade and Biodiversity	157	(62)
References	219	(14)
Index	233