Intelligent Control Systems Using Soft Computing Methodologies

by Zilouchian; Ali

• ISBN13: 9780849318757
• ISBN10: 0849318750
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-03-27
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

In recent years, intelligent control has emerged as one of the most active and fruitful areas of research and development. Until now, however, there has been no comprehensive text that explores the subject with focus on the design and analysis of biological and industrial applications. Intelligent Control Systems Using Soft Computing Methodologies does all that and more.Beginning with an overview of intelligent control methodologies, the contributors present the fundamentals of neural networks, supervised and unsupervised learning, and recurrent networks. They address various implementation issues, then explore design and verification of neural networks for a variety of applications, including medicine, biology, digital signal processing, object recognition, computer networking, desalination technology, and oil refinery and chemical processes.The focus then shifts to fuzzy logic, with a review of the fundamental and theoretical aspects, discussion of implementation issues, and examples of applications, including control of autonomous underwater vehicles, navigation of space vehicles, image processing, robotics, and energy management systems. The book concludes with the integration of genetic algorithms into the paradigm of soft computing methodologies, including several more industrial examples, implementation issues, and open problems and open problems related to intelligent control technology.Suited as both a textbook and a reference, Intelligent Control Systems explores recent advances in the field from both the theoretical and the practical viewpoints. It also integrates intelligent control design methodologies to give designers a set of flexible, robust controllers and provide students with a tool for solving the examples and exercises within the book.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(17)
Ali Zilouchian
Mo Jamshidi
Motivation	1	(2)
Neural Networks	3	(1)
Rationale for Using NN in Engineering	3	(1)
Fuzzy Logic Control	4	(2)
Rationale for Using FL in Engineering	5	(1)
Evolutionary Computation	6	(1)
Hybrid Systems	7	(1)
Organization of the Book	8	(9)
References	8	(9)
Fundamentals of Neural Networks	17	(22)
Ali Zilouchian
Introduction	17	(1)
Basic Structure of a Neuron	18	(6)
Model of Biological Neurons	18	(1)
Elements of Neural Networks	19	(1)
Weighting Factors	19	(1)
Threshold	19	(1)
Activation Function	19	(5)
Adaline	24	(1)
Linear Separable Patterns	25	(1)
Single Layer Perceptron	26	(5)
General Architecture	26	(1)
Linear Classification	27	(3)
Perceptron Algorithm	30	(1)
Multi-Layer Perceptron	31	(7)
General Architecture	31	(1)
Input-Output Mapping	32	(2)
XOR Realization	34	(4)
Conclusion	38	(1)
References	38	(1)
Neural Network Architectures	39	(28)
Hooman Yousefizadeh
Ali Zilouchian
Introduction	39	(1)
NN Classifications	40	(1)
Feedforward and feedback networks	40	(1)
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Networks	41	(1)
Back Propagation Algorithm	41	(10)
Delta Training Rule	43	(8)
Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN)	51	(5)
Kohonen Self Organization Network	56	(6)
Training of the Kohonen Network	58	(1)
Examples of Self-Organization	59	(3)
Hopfield Network	62	(3)
Conclusions	65	(2)
References	66	(1)
Applications of Neural Networks in Medicine and Biological Sciences	67	(26)
Faramarz Valafar
Introduction	67	(1)
Terminology and Standard Measures	67	(5)
Recent Neural Network Research Activity in Medicine and Biological Sciences	72	(16)
ANNs in Cancer Research	72	(1)
ANN Biosignal Detection and Correction	73	(6)
Decision-making in Medical Treatment Strategies	79	(9)
Summary	88	(5)
References	88	(5)
Application of Neural Network in Design of Digital Filters	93	(20)
Dali Wang
Ali Zilouchian
Introduction	93	(1)
Problem Approach	94	(3)
Neural Network for Identification	94	(1)
Neural Network Structure	95	(2)
A Training Algorithm for Filter Design	97	(2)
Representation	97	(1)
Training Objective	97	(1)
Weight Adjustment	98	(1)
The Training Algorithm	99	(1)
Implementation Issues	99	(1)
Identifying a System in Canonical Form	99	(1)
Stability, Convergence, Learning Rate and Scaling	100	(1)
Filter Design Using Neural Network	100	(3)
Two-imensional Signal and Digital Filters	100	(1)
Design Techniques	101	(1)
Neural Network Approach	102	(1)
Simulation Results	103	(6)
1-D Filters	103	(4)
2 D Filters	107	(2)
Conclusions	109	(4)
References	110	(3)
Application of Computer Networking Using Neural Network	113	(26)
Homayoun Yousefizadeh
Introduction	113	(1)
Self Similar Packet Traffic	113	(6)
Fractal Properties of Packet Traffic	114	(4)
Impacts of Fractal Nature of Packet Traffic	118	(1)
Neural Network Modeling of Packet Traffic	119	(11)
Perceptron Neural Networks and Back Propagation Algorithm	119	(3)
Modeling Individual Traffic Patterns	122	(4)
Modeling Aggregated Traffic Patterns	126	(4)
Applications of Traffic Modeling	130	(6)
Packet Loss Prevention	130	(4)
Packet Latency Prediction	134	(2)
Experimental Observations	136	(1)
Summary	136	(3)
References	137	(2)
Application of Neural Networks in Oil Refineries	139	(20)
Ali Zilouchian
Khalid Bawazir
Introduction	139	(1)
Building the Artificial Neural Network	140	(4)
Range of Input Data	141	(1)
Size of the Training Data Set	142	(1)
Acquiring the Training Data Set	142	(1)
Validity of the Training Data Set	142	(1)
Selecting Process Variables	142	(2)
Data Analysis	144	(3)
Elimination of Bad Lab Values	144	(1)
Process Parameters' Effect on Neural Network Prediction	145	(2)
Implementation Procedure	147	(2)
Identifying the Application	147	(1)
Model Inputs Identification	148	(1)
Range of Process Variables	149	(1)
Prdictor Model Training	149	(2)
Simulation Results and Discussions	151	(5)
Naphtha 95% Cut Point	152	(4)
Naphtha Reid Vapor Pressure	156	(1)
Conclusions	156	(3)
References	157	(2)
Introduction to Fuzzy Sets: Basic Definitions and Relations	159	(16)
Mo Jamshidi
Aly El-Osery
Introduction	159	(1)
Classical Sets	160	(1)
Classical Set Operations	160	(2)
Properties of Classical Sets	162	(1)
Fuzzy Sets	163	(2)
Fuzzy Membership Functions	163	(2)
Fuzzy Set Operations	165	(1)
Properties of Fuzzy Sets	166	(4)
Alpha-Cut Fuzzy Sets	168	(1)
Extension Principle	168	(2)
Classical Relations vs. Fuzzy Relations	170	(3)
Conclusion	173	(2)
References	173	(2)
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic	175	(12)
Mo Jamshidi
Aly El-Osery
Timothy J. Ross
Introduction	175	(1)
Predicate Logic	176	(6)
Tautologies	179	(1)
Contradictions	180	(1)
Deductive Inferences	180	(2)
Fuzzy Logic	182	(2)
Approximate Reasoning	184	(1)
Conclusion	185	(2)
References	185	(2)
Fuzzy Control and Stability	187	(26)
Mo Jamshidi
Aly El-Osery
Introduction	187	(1)
Basic Definitions	188	(6)
Inference Engine	191	(2)
Defuzzification	193	(1)
Fuzzy Control Design	194	(1)
Analysis of Fuzzy Control Systems	195	(4)
Stability of Fuzzy Control Systems	199	(11)
Lyapunov Stability	203	(4)
Stability via Interval Matrix Method	207	(3)
Conclusion	210	(3)
References	210	(3)
Soft Computing Approach to Safe Navigation of Autonomous Planetary Rovers	213	(30)
Edward Tunstel
Homayoun Seraji
Ayanna Howard
Introduction	213	(2)
Practical Issues in Planetary Rover Applications	213	(2)
Navigation System Overview	215	(2)
Fuzzy-Behaviour-Based Structure	216	(1)
Fuzzy-Logic-Based Rover Health and Safety	217	(8)
Health and Safety Indicators	217	(2)
Stable Attitude Control	219	(2)
Traction Management	221	(1)
Neuro-Fuzzy Solution	222	(3)
Fuzzy Terrain-Based Navigation	225	(4)
Visual Terrain Traversability Assessment and Fuzzy Reasoning	226	(1)
Terrain Roughness Extraction	226	(2)
Terrain Slope Extraction	228	(1)
Fuzzy Inference of Terrain Traversability	229	(1)
Strategic Fuzzy Navigation Behaviors	229	(5)
Seek-Goal Behavior	230	(1)
Traverse-Terrain Behavior	231	(1)
Avoid-Obstacle Behavior	232	(1)
Fuzzy-Behavior Fusion	233	(1)
Rover Test Bed and Experimental Results	234	(5)
Safe Mobility	235	(3)
Safe Navigation	238	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	239	(4)
Acknowledgement	240	(1)
References	240	(3)
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Control Using Fuzzy Logic	243	(18)
Feijun Song
Samuel M. Smith
Introduction	243	(1)
Background	243	(1)
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)	244	(1)
Sliding Mode Control	245	(3)
Sliding Mode Fuzzy Control (SMFC)	248	(2)
SMFC Design Examples	250	(5)
Guidelines for Online Adjustment	255	(1)
Sliding Slope λ Effects	256	(1)
Thickness of the Boundary Layer φ Effects	256	(1)
At Sea Experimental Results	256	(2)
Summary	258	(3)
References	258	(3)
Application of Fuzzy Logic for Control of Heating, Chilling, and Air Conditioning Systems	261	(30)
Reza Talebi-Daryani
Introduction	261	(1)
Building Energy Management System (BEMS)	262	(3)
System Requirements	262	(2)
System Configuration	264	(1)
Automation Levels	264	(1)
Air Conditioning System: FLC vs. DDC	265	(9)
Process Description	265	(1)
Process Control	266	(1)
Digital PID Controller	267	(1)
Fuzzy Cascade Controller	268	(5)
DDC vs. FLC	273	(1)
Fuzzy Control for the Operation Management of a Complex Chilling System	274	(6)
Process Description	274	(1)
Process Operation with FLC	275	(1)
Description of the Different Fuzzy Controllers	276	(3)
System Performance and Optimization with FLC	279	(1)
Application of Fuzzy Control for Energy Management of a Cascade Heating Center	280	(9)
The Heating System	280	(2)
FLC for System Optimization	282	(1)
FLC Description	283	(4)
Temperature Control: Fuzzy vs. Digital	287	(2)
Conclusions	289	(2)
References	290	(1)
Application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems to Robotics	291	(26)
Ali Zilouchian
David Howard
Introduction	291	(1)
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems	292	(2)
Inverse Kinematics	294	(9)
Solution of Inverse Kinematics Using Fuzzy Logic	295	(2)
Solution of Inverse Kinematics Using ANFIS	297	(1)
Simulation Experiments	297	(6)
Controller Design of Microbot	303	(10)
Design of a Conventional Controller	304	(2)
Hierarchical Control	306	(1)
ANFIS Controller for Microbot	307	(6)
Conclusions	313	(4)
References	313	(4)
Application of Soft Computing for Desalination Technology	317	(34)
Mutaz Jafar
Ali Zilouchian
Introduction	317	(1)
General Background on Desalination and Reverse Osmosis	318	(5)
Critical Control Parameters	319	(1)
Temperature	319	(1)
Pressure	320	(1)
Recovery	320	(1)
Feed pH	320	(2)
Salt Rejection	322	(1)
Scaling	322	(1)
Predictive Modeling Using Neural Networks	323	(3)
Redistributed Receptive Fields of RBFN	324	(1)
Data Clustering	324	(1)
Histogram Equalization	325	(1)
Widths of Receptive Fields	325	(1)
Case Studies	326	(8)
Beach Well Seawater Intake	326	(1)
Simulation Results	327	(2)
A Ground Water Intake	329	(1)
A Direct Seawater Intake	330	(1)
Scaling Simulation	330	(4)
Fuzzy Logic Control	334	(12)
Chemical Dosing Control	337	(1)
Fuzzy Rule Base	338	(1)
Membership Functions	338	(1)
Decision Matrix	338	(1)
Results and Discussion	338	(3)
High-Pressure Control	341	(1)
Fuzzy Rule Base	341	(1)
Decision Matrix	341	(1)
Results and Discussion	342	(1)
Flow Rate Control	342	(1)
Fuzzy Rule Base for Flow Control	342	(3)
Decision Matrix	345	(1)
Results and Discussion	346	(1)
Application of ANFIS to RO Parameters	346	(1)
ANFIS Simulation Results	346	(1)
Conclusion	346	(5)
References	349	(2)
Computational Intelligence Approach to Object Recognition	351	(14)
K.C. Tan
T.H. Lee
M.L. Wang
Introduction	351	(1)
Object Recognition by Neural Feature Extraction and Fuzzy Combination	352	(6)
Feature Extraction by Neural Network	354	(1)
Fuzzy State Dependent Modulation	355	(1)
Combination of Features Extracted from Multiple Sources with Fuzzy Reasoning	356	(2)
A Face Recognition Application	358	(4)
Conclusions	362	(3)
References	363	(2)
An Introduction to Evolutionary Computation	365	(16)
Gerry Dozier
Abdollah Homaifar
Edward Tunstel
Darryl Battle
Introduction	365	(1)
An Overview of Genetic Search	365	(8)
The Genetic Representation of Candidate Solutions	366	(1)
Population Size	367	(1)
Evaluation Function	367	(1)
Genetic Operators	368	(1)
Single Point Crossover	368	(1)
Uniform Crossover	369	(1)
Mutation	370	(1)
The Selection Algorithm	370	(1)
Proportionate Selection	371	(1)
Linear Rank Selection	372	(1)
Tournament Selection	372	(1)
Generation Gap	372	(1)
Elitism	373	(1)
Duplicates	373	(1)
Genetic Search	373	(3)
Genetic Programming	376	(2)
Structure Representation	376	(1)
Closure and Sufficiency	376	(1)
Fitness Evaluation	377	(1)
Genetic Operators	377	(1)
Summary	378	(3)
Acknowledgments	378	(1)
References	378	(3)
Evolutionary Concepts for Image Processing Applications	381	(28)
Madjid Fathi
Lars Hildebrand
Introduction	381	(1)
Optimization Techniques	381	(4)
Basic Types of Optimization Methods	381	(1)
Deterministic Optimization Methods	382	(1)
Minimization in the Direction of the Coordinates	382	(1)
Minimization in the Direction of the Steepest Slope	382	(1)
Simplex Minimization	383	(1)
Probabilistic Optimization Methods	383	(2)
Evolutionary Strategies	385	(12)
Biological Evolution	385	(2)
Mechanisms of Evolution Strategy	387	(7)
The (1+1) Evolutionary Strategy	394	(1)
The (ν+1) Evolutionary Strategy	395	(1)
The (ν,λ) Evolutionary Strategy	396	(1)
Image Processing Applications	397	(8)
Generating Fuzzy Sets for Linguistic Color Processing	398	(1)
Resistance Spot Welding	398	(1)
Linguistic Color Processing	399	(3)
Developing Specialized Digital Filters	402	(1)
Digital Image Filters	403	(2)
Optimization of Digital Filters	405	(1)
Conclusion	405	(4)
References	406	(3)
Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems	409	(28)
Mohammad R. Akbarzadeh-T.
A.H. Meghdadi
Introduction	409	(3)
The Problem Statement and Design Outline	410	(2)
Free Parameters	412	(2)
Competing Conventions	413	(1)
Design of Interpretation (Encoding) Function	414	(8)
Membership Functions	414	(1)
Triangular Membership Functions	415	(1)
Non-triangular Membership Functions	416	(1)
General Method of MF Encoding	417	(1)
Rule Encoding	417	(1)
A Control System Problem Formulation	418	(4)
The Initial Population	422	(5)
Grandparenting: A Method of Incorporating a priori Expert Knowledge	424	(3)
Fitness Function	427	(2)
Speed Regulation of a DC Motor	429	(4)
The Control Architecture	431	(1)
Results	431	(2)
Current Problems and Challenges	433	(1)
Summary and Results	434	(3)
Acknowledgement	435	(1)
References	435	(2)
Genetic and Evolutionary Methods for Mobile Robot Motion Control and Path Planning	437	(18)
Abdollah Homaifar
Edward Tunstel
Gerry Dozier
Darryl Battle
Introduction	437	(1)
Genetic Programming for Path Tracking Control	437	(4)
Path Tracking Formulation	438	(1)
GP Solution	439	(1)
Controller Fitness Evaluation	440	(1)
Path Tracking Simulation Result	441	(4)
Evolved Controller Robustness	444	(1)
Evolutionary Path Planning	445	(4)
Evolutionary Path Planning System	446	(1)
Environment and Path Representation	446	(1)
Visibility-Based Repair of Candidate Paths	446	(2)
Path Evaluation, Selection, and Evolutionary Operators	448	(1)
Path Evolution with Fuzzy Selection	449	(3)
Fuzzy Inference System	449	(2)
Experimental Example	451	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	452	(3)
Acknowledgments	453	(1)
References	453	(2)
Problems and Matlab Programs	455	(14)
Ali Zilouchian
Mo Jamshidi
Introduction	455	(1)
Neural Network Problems	455	(5)
Fuzzy Logic Problems	460	(4)
Applications	464	(2)
MATLAB Programs	466	(3)
Index	469