Inter- and Intra-Vehicle Communications

by Held; Gilbert

• ISBN13: 9781420052213
• ISBN10: 1420052217
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-11-08
• Publisher: Auerbach Public

Summary

The PC revolution, the advent of PDAs, and growth in the use of wireless LANs have changed the way we live our lives. Next on the horizon is the application of new technologies that will change the way we drive our cars. De rigeur for many drivers, electronic passes and GPS systems represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of emerging applications of new technology. Not far off are networks consisting of vehicles, lane markers, exit ramps, and other highway structures that work together to create safer highways.Inter- and Intra-Vehicle Communications provides details on the current state-of-the-art in wireless communication technology within and between vehicles. The author describes the operation of vehicle systems and sensors and provides a tutorial covering the fundamental concepts associated with communications and transmission technologies that can be used for inter- and intra vehicle operations. He explains the inexpensive local interconnect network (LIN) and the more costly controller area network (CAN) and how LIN-CAN networks can be integrated.The book includes detailed information on wired and wireless communications within a vehicle and how such communications provide the capability for vehicle communications and the intelligent roadway. It also examines protocols used to transfer data, and analyzes the role of sensors used inside and outside a vehicle as a mechanism for developing smart automobiles. The author examines the issues from every angle, elucidating problems surrounding security, radio frequency interference, and operation under severe conditions and offers actual and potential solutions. These features provide an in-depth exploration of the possibilities and how to bring them into reality.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
About the Author	p. xvii
Introducing the Smart Vehicle	p. 1
Intra-Vehicle Communications	p. 2
Communications Protocols	p. 2
Additional Intra-Vehicle Communication Functions	p. 2
Systems and Sensors	p. 2
Air Bag System	p. 3
Air Conditioning and Climate Control System	p. 4
Braking System	p. 4
Crash Sensors	p. 7
Engine Control Unit	p. 8
Electronic Stability Control	p. 11
Steering	p. 11
Infotainment System	p. 12
Integrated Starter Generator	p. 14
Lighting System	p. 17
Power Train	p. 17
Seat Belt Sensors	p. 18
Tire Pressure Monitoring System	p. 19
Window and Door System	p. 19
Inter-Vehicle Communications	p. 20
Cooperative Driving	p. 21
Accident Warning	p. 22
Frontal Collision Prevention	p. 22
Hazard Warning	p. 22
Intersection Alert	p. 23
Overtaking and Lane Change Assistance	p. 23
Rear-End Collision Prevention	p. 23
Road Departure Prevention	p. 24
Speed Alert	p. 24
Consumer Assistance	p. 24
Traffic Information	p. 24
Mobile Business Support	p. 25
Multimedia Services	p. 25
Smart Parking	p. 25
Summary	p. 26
Communications Fundamentals	p. 27
Fundamental Concepts	p. 28
Powers of 10	p. 28
Frequency	p. 28
Signal Period	p. 29
Wavelength	p. 29
Bandwidth	p. 29
Power Measurements	p. 30
The Bel	p. 30
Log Relationships	p. 30
The Decibel	p. 32
Decibel above 1 mW	p. 32
The Decibel Isotropic	p. 34
Considering Power Limits	p. 34
Antenna Selection	p. 35
Receiver Sensitivity	p. 36
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 37
Thermal Noise	p. 37
Categorizing Communications	p. 38
Transmission Rate Constraints	p. 38
The Nyquist Relationship	p. 39
Shannon's Law	p. 39
Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation	p. 41
U.S. Spectrum Allocation	p. 41
Band Nomenclature	p. 41
Applications	p. 43
Radar Operations	p. 44
Police Radar	p. 44
S-Band Radar	p. 45
X-Band Radar	p. 45
Ku-Band Radar	p. 45
K-Band Radar	p. 45
Ka-Band Radar	p. 45
Types of Radar	p. 46
Laser Radar	p. 46
Collision Avoidance Radar	p. 46
IEEE Wireless LANs	p. 47
IEEE Standards	p. 47
The 802.11 Standard	p. 47
The 802.11a Standard	p. 48
The 802.11b Standard	p. 49
The 802.11g Standard	p. 49
The 802.11n Standard	p. 49
Communications Technologies	p. 51
Transmission Technologies	p. 51
Cellular Communications	p. 52
GSM	p. 52
CDMA	p. 55
Bluetooth	p. 57
Wireless LANs	p. 60
MANET	p. 66
Mesh Networking	p. 67
Network Formation	p. 67
Area of Coverage	p. 67
The IEEE 802.11s Standard	p. 68
Understanding MANET	p. 70
The Local Interconnect Network	p. 79
Overview	p. 79
Founding Members	p. 79
Goal	p. 80
Applications	p. 80
The LIN Specification	p. 81
The Specification Components	p. 82
The Physical Layer	p. 82
Master-Slave Relationship	p. 83
Interference	p. 83
Examining the Master-Slave Relationship	p. 83
Data-Link Layer	p. 84
Summary	p. 91
The Controller Area Network	p. 93
Overview	p. 93
Evolution	p. 94
CAN Versions	p. 94
Types of Controllers	p. 95
Layered Architecture	p. 95
The CAN Bus	p. 96
Signaling States	p. 97
The Physical Layer	p. 97
Data Transmission	p. 97
Interoperability Issues	p. 98
Bus Speed	p. 99
Cable Length	p. 99
Bus Termination	p. 99
Cable and Cable Connectors	p. 100
Message Frames	p. 100
Data Frame	p. 101
Standard Data Frame	p. 101
Extended Data Frame	p. 102
Arbitration	p. 103
Bit Stuffing	p. 103
Remote Frame	p. 103
Operation	p. 103
Error Frame	p. 104
Overload Frame	p. 104
Error Handling	p. 104
Communications Error Handling	p. 104
Parity Checking	p. 105
Block Checking	p. 105
CAN Error Handling	p. 106
Node Removal	p. 106
Error Detection Methods	p. 107
Bit Monitoring	p. 107
Bit Stuffing	p. 107
Frame Check	p. 108
Acknowledgment Check	p. 108
Cyclic Redundancy Check	p. 108
CAN Controller Operations	p. 109
Controller States	p. 109
Mode Control	p. 109
Counter Updating	p. 109
Receiver Error Counter	p. 110
Transmit Error Counter	p. 110
Error Signaling	p. 110
Intra-Vehicle Communications	p. 113
Wired Communications	p. 113
Network Comparison	p. 114
Two-Tier Approach	p. 114
LIN Applications	p. 115
Localized Vehicle Area Support	p. 115
General Support Areas	p. 116
CAN Applications	p. 117
Nonautomotive Support	p. 117
Vehicle Operations	p. 117
Utilization	p. 118
Infotainment	p. 125
Wireless Communications	p. 126
Bluetooth	p. 126
Evolution	p. 126
Classes	p. 127
Operation	p. 127
Spectrum Utilization	p. 128
Modulation	p. 128
Frequency Hopping	p. 128
Logical Channels	p. 129
Device Addressing	p. 129
Packets	p. 129
Operational Modes	p. 130
Service Discovery Protocol	p. 130
Vehicle Applications	p. 132
Satellite Services	p. 133
Satellite Radio	p. 133
Vehicle Care	p. 133
Traffic Status	p. 135
Inter-Vehicle Communications	p. 137
Ad Hoc Networking	p. 138
Overview	p. 138
Formation	p. 138
Rationale for Use	p. 139
Applications	p. 140
Vehicle Traffic Monitoring	p. 141
Collision and Congestion Avoidance	p. 142
Law Enforcement	p. 142
Broadband Transmission	p. 142
Highway Lane Reservation	p. 143
Emission Control	p. 143
Communications Technologies	p. 144
IEEE 802.11 Standard	p. 144
Vehicle Frequency Utilization	p. 148
AM Radio	p. 149
Bluetooth	p. 149
FM Radio	p. 149
GPS	p. 149
Satellite Radio	p. 149
Short-Range Radar	p. 150
Wireless LANs	p. 151
The Intelligent Roadway	p. 167
Roadway Design	p. 167
Lane Markers	p. 168
Lane Direction	p. 168
Road Junction	p. 169
Traffic Light	p. 169
Road Exit	p. 169
Temporary Obstacles	p. 170
Transmission Methods	p. 170
Infrastructure to Vehicle	p. 170
Vehicle to Vehicle	p. 171
The Evolving Smart Vehicle	p. 171
Microprocessor	p. 172
Wireless Networking Transmitter/Receiver	p. 172
Forward Radar	p. 172
Side Radar	p. 173
GPS	p. 173
Cellular Transmission	p. 173
Event Data Recorder	p. 173
Summary	p. 173
Index	p. 175
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