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9780471138303

Interfaces in Materials Atomic Structure, Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Solid-Vapor, Solid-Liquid and Solid-Solid Interfaces

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780471138303

  • ISBN10:

    0471138304

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1997-02-27
  • Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
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Summary

A thorough exploration of the atomic structures and properties of the essential engineering interfaces-an invaluable resource for students, teachers, and professionalsThe most up-to-date, accessible guide to solid-vapor, solid-liquid, and solid-solid phase transformations, this innovative book contains the only unified treatment of these three central engineering interfaces. Employing a simple nearest-neighbor broken-bond model, Interfaces in Materials focuses on metal alloys in a straightforward approach that can be easily extended to all types of interfaces and materials. Enhanced with nearly 300 illustrations, along with extensive references and suggestions for further reading, this book provides: A simple, cohesive approach to understanding the atomic structure and properties of interfaces formed between solid, liquid, and vapor phases Self-contained discussions of each interface-allowing separate study of each phase transformation A comparative look at the different interfaces, including atomic structure and crystallography; anisotropy, roughening, and melting; interfacial stability and segregation; continuous and ledge growth models; and atomistic modeling An analysis of nearest-neighbor broken-bond results against thermodynamic and kinetic descriptions of the interfaces Problem sets at the end of each chapter, emphasizing the key concepts detailed in the text Spanning the fields of chemical, electrical and computer engineering, materials science, solid-state physics, and microscopy, Interfaces in Materials bridges a major gap in the literature of surface and interface science.

Author Biography

JAMES M. HOWE, PhD, is Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Virginia. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards for his research on transformation interfaces and electron microscopy, and his articles have appeared in such journals as Philosophical Magazine A, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, and Ultramicroscopy.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii(2)
Acknowledgments xv(2)
Symbols xvii
1 INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL 1(44)
1 Atomic Bonding
3(14)
1.1 Interatomic Potential and Binding Energy
3(4)
1.2 Correlation of Binding Energy and Interatomic Potential with Physical Properties
7(6)
1.2.1 Interatomic Potential, Binding Energy and Enthalpy of Sublimation
7(1)
1.2.2 Interatomic Potential and Theoretical Strength
7(4)
1.2.3 Interatomic Potential and Vibrational Frequency
11(2)
1.3 Embedded Atom, Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Calculations
13(2)
1.4 Problems
15(2)
2 Regular Solution (Qausi-Chemical) Model
17(28)
2.1 The Gibbs Free Energy of Binary Solutions
17(2)
2.2 Ideal Solutions
19(1)
2.3 Chemical Potential
20(2)
2.4 Regular Solutions
22(4)
2.5 Systems with a Miscibility Gap
26(2)
2.6 Ordered Alloys
28(4)
2.7 Effect of Temperature on Solid Solubility
32(2)
2.8 Calculation of Regular Solution Constant and EAB from Phase Diagrams
34(3)
2.9 Generality of the Regular Solution Model
37(1)
2.10 Problems
38(4)
Part I References and Additional Reading
42(3)
II SOLID-VAPOR INTERFACES 45(156)
3 Surfaces Energy
47(24)
3.1 Definition of Surface Energy and Thermodynamic Functions
47(6)
3.2 Correlation of Solid Surface Energy with Physical Properties
53(2)
3.3 Calculation of Surface Energy Using a Nearest Neighbor Broken-Bond Model
55(5)
3.4 The y Plot
60(3)
3.5 The Wulff Plot and Wulff Construction
63(6)
3.5.1 Wulff Plot
63(1)
3.5.2 Wulff Consturction
63(6)
3.6 Problems
69(2)
4 Surface Structure
71(56)
4.1 Terrace-Ledge-Kink Model of Surfaces
71(4)
4.2 Surface Defects and Surface Roughening
75(11)
4.2.1 Analytical Treatment of Terrace and Ledge Roughening
78(5)
4.2.2 Computer Calculation of the Equilibrium Structure of Crystal Surfaces
83(3)
4.3 Surface Crystallography
86(4)
4.4 Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction
90(10)
4.5 Phase Transformations and Surface Melting
100(12)
4.5.1 Surface Phase Transformations
102(7)
4.5.2 Surface Melting
109(3)
4.6 Particle Size, Surface Stress and Stability
112(11)
4.7 Problems
123(4)
5 Crystal Growth from the Vapor
127(23)
5.1 Continuous Growth
127(1)
5.2 Growth of Vicinal Surfaces
127(22)
5.2.1 Sources of Ledges (Steps)
129(1)
5.2.2 Two-Dimensional Nucleation and Growth
129(4)
5.2.3 Surface Diffusion
133(4)
5.2.4 Crystal Growth by Ledge Motion
137(4)
5.2.5 Crystal Growth by Screw Dislocations
141(3)
5.2.6 Comparison with Experiment
144(5)
5.3 Problems
149(1)
6 Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems and Surface Segregation
150(26)
6.1 Binary Systems--The Surface Excess
150(2)
6.2 Gibb's Equation
152(3)
6.3 Adsorption Isotherms
155(1)
6.4 Surface Segregation
156(12)
6.5 Alloy Surface Phase Transformations
168(5)
6.6 Problems
173(3)
7 Surface Films
176(25)
7.1 Contact Angle, Wetting, Interfacial Energy and Work of Adhesion
176(5)
7.2 Epitaxial Layers
181(10)
7.2.1 Lattice Mismatch
183(2)
7.2.2 Elastic Strain Energy
185(1)
7.2.3 Stability of Heteroepitaxial Layers
185(4)
7.2.4 Epitaxy Between Different Crystal Structures
189(2)
7.3 Problems
191(3)
Part II References and Additional Reading
194(7)
III SOLID--LIQUID INTERFACES 201(94)
8 Liquids
203(16)
8.1 The Structure of Liquids
203(7)
8.2 Properties of Liquids
210(8)
8.2.1 Surface Energy of Liquids
210(1)
8.2.2 Segregation in Liquids
210(4)
8.2.3 Thickness of Liquid--Vapor Interface
214(4)
8.3 Problems
218(1)
9 Interfacial Structure and Energy
219(37)
9.1 Solid/Liquid Interfacial Energy
219(5)
9.2 Atomic Structure of the Solid--Liquid Interface
224(12)
9.2.1 Spaepen's Model
224(9)
9.2.2 Computer Models
233(3)
9.3 Anisotropy of Solid--Liquid Interfacial Energy
236(6)
9.4 Interfacial Roughening
242(11)
9.4.1 Jackson's Parameter
242(4)
9.4.2 Kinetic Roughening
246(7)
9.5 Problems
253(3)
10 Crystal Growth from the Liquid
256(13)
10.1 Continuous Growth
256(2)
10.2 Lateral Growth
258(5)
10.2.1 Ledge Velocity
258(1)
10.2.2 Two-Dimensional Nucleation Rate
259(1)
10.2.3 Mononuclear Growth Rate
260(1)
10.2.4 Polynuclear Growth Rate
261(1)
10.2.5 Screw Dislocation Growth
262(1)
10.3 Comparison with Experiment
263(5)
10.4 Problems
268(1)
11 Solute Partitioning and Morphological Stability
269(21)
11.1 Plane-Front Solidification of Pure Substances
270(4)
11.1.1 Temperature Gradient and Interface Morphology
270(4)
11.1.2 Heat Flow
274(1)
11.2 Plane-Front Solidification of Single-Phase Alloys
274(14)
11.2.1 Equilibrium Partition Ratio
274(4)
11.2.2 Solute Redistribution During Solidification
278(2)
11.2.3 Constitutional Supercooling and Cell Formation
280(2)
11.2.4 Morphological (Mullins-Sekerka) Stability Theory
282(6)
11.3 Problems
288(2)
Part III References and Additional Reading
290(5)
IV SOLID--SOLID INTERFACES 295(196)
12 Introduction to Solid--Solid Interfaces
297(10)
12.1 Types of Solid--Solid Interfaces
298(1)
12.2 Atomic Matching at Solid--Solid Interfaces
299(7)
12.3 Problem
306(1)
13 Structure and Energy of Homophase Interfaces
307(70)
13.1 Grain Boundary Energy
307(2)
13.2 Grain Boundary Structure
309(62)
13.2.1 Dislocation Models
309(16)
Symmetrical Tilt Grain Boundary
309(6)
Asymmetrical Tilt Grain Boundary
315(2)
Twist Grain Boundary
317(2)
Degrees of Freedom of a General Grain Boundary
319(3)
Frank's Formula for the Dislocation Content of a Boundary
322(3)
13.2.2 O-Lattice Formulation
325(6)
13.2.3 Coincident Site and Displacement Shift Complete Lattices
331(15)
Coincident Site Lattice
333(4)
Displacement Shift Complete Lattice
337(4)
Structure and Properties of Grain and Interphase Boundary Line Defects
341(5)
13.2.4 Atomistic Modeling of Grain Boundary Structure and Energy
346(9)
Structural (Polyhedral) Unit Model
347(2)
Structure--Energy Correlation
349(6)
13.2.5 Stacking Faults and Twin Boundaries
355(3)
13.2.6 Roughening, Phase Transformations and Melting
358(2)
13.2.7 TLK Model of Grain Boundary Motion
360(5)
13.2.8 Segregation to Grain Boundaries
365(6)
13.3 Problems
371(6)
14 Structure and Energy of Heterophase Interfaces
377(71)
14.1 Interphase Boundary Energy
378(1)
14.2 Coherent Interphase Boundary Structure and Energy
379(15)
14.2.1 Becker Model
379(1)
14.2.2 Cahn-Hilliard (Gradient Energy) Model
380(6)
14.2.3 Discrete Lattice Plane Model
386(8)
14.3 Roughening and Phase Transformations at Interphase Boundaries
394(6)
14.4 Antiphase Boundaries
400(6)
14.5 Semicoherent Interphase Boundaries
406(17)
14.5.1 Geometry of Semicoherent Interfaces
408(2)
14.5.2 Energy of Semicoherent Interfaces
410(5)
14.5.3 Incoherent Interfaces
415(1)
14.5.4 Comparison of the Compositional and Structural Components of the Interphase Boundary Energy
416(3)
14.5.5 Atomistic Modeling of Semicoherent Interphase Boundaries
419(4)
14.6 Interfaces Between Phases with Different Bravais Lattices
423(14)
14.6.1 Orientation Relationships at Heterophase Interfaces
424(4)
14.6.2 High-Index Heterophase Interfaces
428(7)
14.6.3 Atomistic Calculations
435(2)
14.7 Terrace-Ledge-Kink Structure of Interphase Boundaries
437(5)
14.8 Problems
442(6)
15 Growth of Solid-Solid Heterophase Interfaces
448(22)
15.1 Diffusion Versus Interface-Controlled Growth
448(3)
15.2 Continuous Growth of Planar Interface
451(1)
15.3 Diffusion-Controlled Lenghthening of Plates or Needles
452(1)
15.4 Growth by Ledges
453(7)
15.5 Ledge Interactions
460(2)
15.6 Growth by Kinks in Ledges
462(1)
15.7 Comparison with Experiment
463(5)
15.8 Problems
468(2)
16 Morphological Stability and Segregation
470(12)
16.1 Morphological Stability
470(5)
16.2 Segregation to Heterophase Interfaces
475(5)
16.3 Problems
480(2)
Part IV References and Additional Reading
482(9)
Appendix A. Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 491(1)
Appendix B. Physical Data of the Elements 492(5)
Appendix C. Surface Data from Alonso and March 497(3)
Appendix D. Circle Patterns for Constructing Interfaces 500(5)
Index 505

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