Intergroup Relations

by Brewer, Marilynn B.

• ISBN13: 9780335209897
• ISBN10: 0335209890
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-03-01
• Publisher: Open University Press

Summary

/pas0/Praise for the first edition: "...manages to integrate theory, research, and illustration very nicely...all in all an excellent piece of work." - Michael Hogg, University of Queensland "...extremely contemporary in its coverage and yet it introduces the classic works as well. The balance here is perfect..." - Samuel Gaertner, University of Delaware * What are the origins of individals' identification with groups? * What are the causes and consequences of the distinction between different groups? * How can intergroup conflict be reduced, whilst maintaining group loyalty and community? The first edition of Intergroup Relations, co-authored with Norman Miller, received considerable critical acclaim. In this fully revised edition, Marilynn Brewer has added new research and ideas to provide an up-to-date and invaluable resource for all those concerned with this key area of social psychology. It is clearer than ever that group identities play a major role in human behaviour, impelling heroic action on behalf of ingroups, as well as horrific atrocities against designated outgroups. Revisions have been made that reflect the relevance of recent international events and the social psychological approaches that can illuminate and explain them. Social psychological understanding of these processes has grown as the study of intergroup relations takes centre stage within the discipline, making this a topical and timely new edition for undergraduate courses in social psychology and the wider social sciences.

Author Biography

Marilynn Brewer is Professor of Psychology and Eminent Scholar in Social Psychology at the Ohio State University. Her primary area of research is the study of social identity and intergroup relations and she is the author of numerous research articles and co-author of several books in this area, including Groups in Contact: The Psychology of Desegregation (1984) with Norman Miller. Professor Brewer was recipient of the 1996 Kurt Lewin Memorial Award from the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, the 1993 Donald T. Campbell award for Distinguished Contributions in Social Psychology from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, and the 2001 Career award from the International Society for Self and Identity. She has also served as President of the American Psychological Society, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and the Western Psychological Association, and has been editor of Personality and Social Psychology Review and is currently an associate editor of Psychological Review.

Table of Contents

Preface	viii
From basic psychological processes to intergroup behaviour	1	(19)
What are intergroup relations?	2	(2)
Defining intergroup settings	2	(1)
What behaviour is studied in intergroup research?	3	(1)
Building blocks for the study of intergroup relations	4	(14)
Social cognition: categorization	4	(5)
Social cognition: attribution	9	(3)
Social emotions: affect and cognition	12	(1)
Social comparison: evaluating self and others	13	(3)
Social motives: cooperation or competition	16	(2)
Perspectives on individuals and social groups	18	(1)
Further readings	19	(1)
Ethnocentrism and in group identity: the need for `we-ness'	20	(23)
Ethnocentrism: the ingroup and the self	20	(3)
Behavioural consequences of group identity	23	(9)
Speech style	23	(1)
Polarization of beliefs and attitudes	24	(1)
Bases of attraction	25	(1)
Deprivation and social justice	26	(3)
Cooperation and competition	29	(3)
Summary	32	(1)
Theories of group identification	32	(9)
Human sociobiology	32	(1)
Psychodynamic theories	33	(1)
Social comparison theory	34	(1)
Social identity and self-categorization theory	35	(1)
Motivational theories of social identification	36	(5)
Do ingroups require outgroups?	41	(1)
Further readings	41	(2)
Intergroup discrimination: what is just to us is unfair to them	43	(25)
Discrimination in the minimal intergroup situation	45	(3)
Discrimination and the rules of fairness	45	(2)
Implications for affirmative action	47	(1)
The positive-negative asymmetry	47	(1)
Some possible mechanisms: reasons for ingroup bias	48	(13)
Ethnocentric attributions	48	(2)
The intergroup schema	50	(2)
Positive distinctiveness and self-esteem	52	(2)
Threats to intergroup distinctiveness	54	(1)
Intergroup status and power differentials	55	(3)
Reverse discrimination and outgroup bias	58	(3)
Summary	61	(1)
Social identity and collective movements	61	(4)
Conclusions	65	(2)
Further readings	67	(1)
Outgroup prejudice: negative affect and hostility	68	(20)
Intergroup affect and prejudice	69	(9)
The effects of arousal and mood on responses toward the outgroup	69	(3)
Incidental affect and affective priming	72	(1)
Integral affect	73	(5)
Affect and aggression	78	(5)
Factors that moderate the expression of direct and indirect aggression	79	(3)
Displaced aggression	82	(1)
Intergroup emotions	83	(3)
Differentiating negative emotions	84	(1)
Threat and social change	85	(1)
Conclusion	86	(1)
Further readings	87	(1)
Intergroup contact, cooperation and competition: does togetherness make friends?	88	(22)
Intergroup contact: the social psychology of desegregation	88	(5)
Some qualifying conditions	89	(1)
Robbers Cave: a classic experiment in intergroup relations	90	(2)
School desegregation: the record	92	(1)
Contact experiments: defining the limits	93	(3)
Amount of contact	93	(1)
Intergroup anxiety	94	(1)
Cooperation	94	(1)
Status equality	95	(1)
Theoretical perspectives on contact and cooperation	96	(12)
Realistic group conflict and intergroup relations	97	(1)
Social categorization and intergroup contact	98	(4)
Integrating theoretical perspectives	102	(4)
Assimilation versus cultural pluralism: is multiculturalism possible?	106	(1)
Some important caveats	107	(1)
Conclusion	108	(1)
Further readings	108	(2)
International conflict: what makes war possible?	110	(18)
Theories of human nature: the biological perspective	111	(1)
`Macho pride': a motivational basis for war	111	(1)
The genetic imperative	111	(1)
Perception and misperception: the cognitive perspective	112	(11)
The image of the enemy	113	(1)
Attributional biases	114	(1)
The arms race and the psychology of escalating conflict	114	(4)
Beyond rational cognition: images and emotions	118	(5)
Faulty decision making: the group dynamics perspective	123	(3)
The psychology of groupthink	123	(3)
Concluding perspectives: putting the building blocks together	126	(1)
Further readings	127	(1)
Glossary	128	(6)
References	134	(26)
Index	160