International Business Transactions

by Folsom, Ralph H.; Gordon, Michael W.

• ISBN13: 9780314065339
• ISBN10: 0314065334
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-06-01
• Publisher: West Group

Summary

Sales Agent and Distributorship Agreements; Countertrade Agreements; United States Customs and International Trade Regulation; United States Tariffs and Duty Free Imports; Customs Classification and Valuation; Antidumping Duties (U.S. and E.U.); Subsidies and Countervailing Duties (U.S. and E.U.); Trade Adjustment Assistance; United States Export Incentives; United States Export Controls; Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; United States Boycott and Anti-Boycott Law; Foreign Market Access: United States Section 301 Proceedings -- Super 301 and Special 301 Procedures; Free Trade Agreements of the United States: Israel, Canada, Mexico; Franchising and Trademark Licensing; Patent and Know-How Licensing; Counterfeit, Infringing and Gray Market Imports -- United States Section 337 Proceedings; Branches and Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries; Joint Ventures; Investment Control Laws; Currency Control Laws; Expropriation Law; Investing: Europe, East Asia, Developing Nations, Non-Market and Transition Economies; Antitrust and Securities Laws (U.S. and E.U.).

Table of Contents

Preface	v
WESTLAW Overview	vii
Sales Agent and Distributorship Agreements	1	(27)
Introduction	2	(2)
Need for a Written Agreement	2	(1)
Problems Most Prevalent Upon Termination	2	(1)
Effect of Changing Export Laws in the United States	3	(1)
Forms of Distribution	4	(3)
Choice of Form	4	(1)
Independent Foreign Agent	4	(1)
Independent Foreign Distributor	5	(1)
Laws Protecting Agents and Distributors	5	(2)
Ability to Control Agent or Distributor	7	(3)
Aspects of Control	7	(2)
Areas to Consider	9	(1)
Choosing the Agent or Distributor	10	(1)
Individual or Business Entity	10	(1)
Nationality of the Agent/Distributor	10	(1)
Special Problems	11	(1)
The Agreement--Provisions to Customers	11	(9)
Language	11	(1)
Agreement Is the Full Agreement	12	(1)
Definitions	12	(1)
Services to Be Performed by Agent/Distributor	12	(1)
Compensation and Payment	13	(1)
Choice of Law and Venue	14	(1)
Termination	15	(1)
Termination--Right to Terminate	15	(2)
Termination--Notice of Termination	17	(1)
Termination--Rights Upon Termination	17	(1)
Termination--Waiver of Termination Rights	18	(1)
Termination--Denial of Import Privileges	18	(1)
Termination--Denial of Export Privileges	18	(1)
Duration of Agreement	19	(1)
Rights Retained by United States Company	19	(1)
Registration of the Agreement	20	(1)
Notification or Approval	20	(1)
Jurisdiction Over United States Principal	20	(1)
Who Asserts Jurisdiction?	20	(1)
International Unification of the Rules of Agency	20	(5)
1983 Geneva Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods	20	(1)
European Union Unification of the Rules Affecting Agents and Distributors	21	(4)
Final Considerations	25	(3)
Laws Affecting Exports and Imports	25	(1)
Selected Bibliography	26	(2)
Countertrade Agreements	28	(28)
Introduction	29	(3)
Countertrade in the Post World War II Years	29	(1)
Why Engage in Countertrade?	30	(2)
Forms of Countertrade	32	(5)
Barter	32	(1)
Counterpurchase	32	(2)
Compensation or Buyback	34	(1)
Offsets	35	(1)
Switch Trading	36	(1)
Bilateral Clearing Accounts	36	(1)
Investment Commitment	36	(1)
The Countertrade Agreement	37	(3)
Single versus Three Agreements	37	(1)
The First Agreement	37	(1)
The Second Agreement	37	(1)
The Third Agreement--The Protocol	38	(2)
Negotiating a Countertrade Agreement	40	(6)
Understanding Countertrade	40	(1)
Length of Time to Negotiate	41	(1)
Definition of the Goods	41	(1)
Quality	42	(1)
Quantity	42	(1)
Prices	42	(1)
Other Trade Rules Applicability	43	(1)
Percentage of Countertrade Demanded	43	(1)
Discount for Costs of Disposing Countertrade Goods	43	(1)
Nonperformance Penalties	44	(1)
Selection of Goods	44	(1)
Release of United States Party	45	(1)
Renegotiation	45	(1)
Dispute Resolution	45	(1)
Countertrade in the Context of a Joint Venture	46	(1)
Compensation Countertrade and a Joint Venture	46	(1)
Policy Positions Concerning Countertrade	46	(8)
Governments and International Organizations	46	(1)
United States Government Policy	47	(2)
United States Trade Law	49	(2)
United States Antitrust Law	51	(1)
Western European Nations	51	(1)
Nonmarket Economy Nations	51	(1)
Developing Nations	52	(1)
Middle East Nations	52	(1)
United Nations	52	(1)
GATT/WTO	53	(1)
OECD	54	(1)
Conclusions	54	(2)
Future of Countertrade	54	(1)
Selected Bibliography	55	(1)
An Introduction to United States Customs And International Trade Regulation	56	(14)
Clearing U.S. Customs	57	(6)
Introduction	57	(1)
Entry Formalities	57	(1)
Customs Documentation and Liability	58	(2)
Customs Classification	60	(1)
Customs Valuation	61	(1)
Rules of Origin	61	(2)
The GATT and Rules of Origin	63	(1)
Regulating U.S. Trade	63	(7)
International Trade Administration (ITA)	64	(1)
International Trade Commission (ITC)	64	(1)
Court of International Trade (CIT)	65	(1)
United States Trade Representative (USTR)	66	(2)
U.S. Import Regulation (Chart)	68	(1)
U.S. Export Regulation (Chart)	68	(1)
Selected Bibliography	68	(2)
United States Tariffs and Duty Free Imports	70	(29)
The U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule	71	(6)
Introduction	71	(1)
The Origins of United States Tariffs	71	(1)
Column 1 Tariffs and the GATT	72	(1)
Column 2 Tariffs	73	(1)
The Jackson-Vanik Amendment	73	(2)
Duty Free Entry	75	(1)
HTS Sample	76	(1)
Foreign Trade Zones and Bonded Warehouses	77	(3)
Foreign Trade Zones	77	(3)
Bonded Warehouses	80	(1)
The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)	80	(7)
Statutory Authorization	80	(1)
USTR Petition Procedures	81	(1)
Competitive Need Limitations	81	(2)
Country Eligibility	83	(2)
Product Eligibility	85	(1)
Graduation	86	(1)
Judicial and Administrative Remedies	87	(1)
Caribbean Basin Initiative and Andean Trade Preferences	87	(4)
Introduction	87	(1)
CBI Country Eligibility	88	(1)
CBI Product Eligibility	89	(2)
Andean Trade Preferences	91	(1)
Goods Incorporating United States Components	91	(8)
Section 9802.00.80 of the HTS	91	(2)
Mexican Maquiladoras	93	(1)
Section 9802.00.80 Case Law	94	(3)
Metals Processed Abroad	97	(1)
Selected Bibliography	97	(2)
Customs Classification and Valuation	99	(27)
The Role of Classification and Valuation	100	(3)
Purpose of Classification and Valuation	100	(1)
The Actors Who Classify and Value--The Customs Service	101	(1)
The Sources of Law for Classification and Valuation	102	(1)
Classification--The Framework of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States	103	(3)
Sample Provisions of the Harmonized Tariff System	104	(1)
The Meaning of the Headings in the HTS	104	(1)
The Meaning of the Notes in the HTS	105	(1)
The Meaning of the Columns in the HTS	105	(1)
Classification--Determining the Proper Rate of Duty	106	(6)
Applying the General Rules of Interpretation	106	(3)
The Additional U.S. Rules of Interpretation	109	(1)
United States Customs Service, Guidance for Interpretation of Harmonized System	110	(1)
Decisions of United States Courts	111	(1)
Country of Origin	112	(5)
Introduction	112	(1)
Sources of Law	113	(2)
Applicable Legal Theories	115	(2)
Valuation--The Framework of Valuation Law in the United States	117	(1)
United States Law	117	(1)
The Law of the GATT	117	(1)
Valuation--Determining the Proper Value	118	(8)
Appraisal of Imported Merchandise	118	(1)
Transaction Value	118	(3)
Deductive Value	121	(2)
Computed Value	123	(1)
Value When Other Methods Are Not Effective	123	(1)
Selected Bibliography	124	(2)
Antidumping Duties (U.S. and EU)	126	(35)
Introduction	127	(1)
Dumping--What Is It and Why Is It Done?	127	(1)
GATT Antidumping Law	127	(3)
Introduction	127	(1)
Tokyo Round Antidumping Code (1979)	128	(1)
Uruguay Round Antidumping Code (1994)	129	(1)
U.S. Antidumping Law	130	(26)
The Evolution of U.S. Antidumping Law	130	(2)
The Dumping Determination	132	(1)
Foreign Market Value	132	(1)
United States Price	133	(1)
Sales Below Cost	134	(1)
The DOC's Policy Concerning Application of the ``10-90-10'' Test	135	(1)
Nonmarket Economies Included	136	(1)
Nonmarket Economy Constructed Values	137	(1)
Market Economy Constructed Values	138	(1)
Similar Merchandise and Price Adjustments	139	(2)
The Injury Determination	141	(1)
Like Domestic Products	141	(1)
Material Injury	142	(5)
Threat of Material Injury	147	(1)
Causation	148	(2)
Cumulative Causation	150	(1)
Antidumping Procedures--Petition and Response	151	(2)
Administrative Determinations	153	(1)
The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Dumping Determination	154	(1)
AD Duties and Anticircumvention	154	(2)
Appeals	156	(1)
EU Antidumping Law	156	(5)
GATT Code Adherence	156	(1)
Administrative Determinations	157	(1)
Settlements	158	(1)
Anticircumvention and Other Controversies	159	(1)
Selected Bibliography	160	(1)
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties (U.S. and EU)	161	(29)
Introduction	162	(1)
Subsidies and International Trade	162	(1)
GATT Subsidies and CVD Law	162	(4)
Tokyo Round Subsidies Code (1979)	162	(3)
Uruguay Round Subsidies Code (1994)	165	(1)
U.S. Subsidies and CVD Law	166	(22)
Historical Introduction	166	(1)
Two Statutory Regimes	166	(2)
Country Under the Agreement Status	168	(1)
The Countervailable Subsidy Determination	169	(1)
Domestic Subsidies and the Specificity Test	169	(3)
Export Subsidies	172	(1)
Upstream Subsidies	173	(1)
De Minimis Subsidies	174	(1)
Nonmarket Economies Excluded	174	(1)
The Injury Determination	175	(1)
Like Domestic Products	175	(1)
Material Injury	176	(4)
Causation	180	(1)
Cumulative Causation	181	(2)
Countervailing Duty Procedures	183	(1)
Administrative Determinations	184	(1)
The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Subsidy Determination	185	(1)
CVD Duties and Anticircumvention	186	(1)
Appeals	187	(1)
EU Subsidies and CVD Law	188	(2)
GATT Code Adherence	188	(1)
Selected Bibliography	188	(2)
United States Import Controls and Nontariff Trade Barriers	190	(26)
Introduction	191	(5)
Import Quotas and Licenses	191	(1)
GATT Nontariff Trade Barrier Codes	192	(1)
U.S. Import Restraints	193	(1)
U.S. Participation in International Commodity Agreements	194	(1)
U.S. Participation in the Multi-Fiber Arrangement	194	(2)
Agricultural Quotas	196	(6)
Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act	196	(2)
Meat Imports	198	(1)
Sugar Imports	199	(1)
Agricultural Marketing Orders	200	(1)
The Uruguay Round GATT Agreement on Agriculture	200	(2)
Nontariff Trade Barriers	202	(10)
Introduction	202	(1)
Food Products	202	(1)
Seeds, Plants and Animals	203	(1)
Consumer Products	203	(1)
Motor Vehicles	204	(1)
Environmental Regulation	204	(1)
Public Procurement	205	(3)
Product Standards	208	(2)
Product Markings (Origin, Labels)	210	(2)
Maritime Transport	212	(1)
National Security Import Restraints	212	(4)
Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act	212	(2)
Trade Embargoes	214	(1)
Selected Bibliography	215	(1)
United States Escape Clause and Market Disruption Proceedings; Trade Adjustment Assistance	216	(25)
Introduction	216	(3)
Prospects for Relief	216	(1)
Special Rules for Canada and Mexico	217	(1)
The Impact of Limited Judicial Review	218	(1)
The Uruguay Round GATT Escape Clause Code	219	(1)
Escape Clause Proceedings	219	(12)
Petitions	219	(1)
ITC Investigations	220	(1)
Statutory Criteria	221	(1)
Substantial Causation	222	(2)
Serious Injury	224	(2)
Relief Recommendations of the Commission	226	(1)
Presidential Relief Decisions	227	(3)
Orderly Marketing and Voluntary Restraint Agreements	230	(1)
Market Disruption Proceedings	231	(3)
Statutory Criteria	231	(2)
Relief Measures	233	(1)
Trade Adjustment Assistance	234	(7)
Individual and Company Assistance Criteria	234	(2)
Secretary of Labor Determinations	236	(2)
Assistance Data	238	(1)
Selected Bibliography	239	(2)
United States Export Incentives	241	(33)
Introduction	242	(3)
Promoting U.S. Exports	242	(1)
Summary of U.S. Military Export Assistance	243	(1)
Drawback as an Export Incentive	243	(2)
Antitrust Exemptions	245	(4)
Webb-Pomerene Export Associations	245	(2)
Export Trade Certificates of Review	247	(2)
Export Trading Companies	249	(3)
Statutory Authorization	249	(1)
Bank Investments in Export Trading Companies	250	(1)
Permitted Activities	251	(1)
United States Export-Import Bank (EXIMBANK)	252	(4)
Introduction	252	(1)
Loan Guarantees and Credit Insurance	252	(1)
Export Financing	253	(1)
EXIMBANK Programs (Chart)	254	(1)
Suits by and Against EXIMBANK	255	(1)
EXIMBANK Subsidization of U.S. Exports	255	(1)
Foreign Sales Corporations (FSC)	256	(7)
Domestic International Sales Corporations (DISCs)	256	(2)
Authorization of Foreign Sales Corporations (FSCs)	258	(1)
FSC Qualification	258	(2)
Small and Shared FSC	260	(1)
Tax Treatment of the FSC	261	(1)
FSC Site Location	262	(1)
Agricultural Export Subsidies	263	(3)
Introduction	263	(1)
Commodity Credit Corporation and Other Agricultural Export Programs	264	(1)
Subsidy Disputes With the European Union	265	(1)
Government Export Promotion Services	266	(8)
Introduction	266	(1)
Department of Commerce Export Assistance	266	(1)
DOC Market Information Programs	267	(1)
DOC Contact Programs	268	(1)
DOC Trade Show Programs	269	(1)
DOC Trade Mission Programs	270	(1)
DOC Minority Business Development Agency	270	(1)
Small Business Administration Export Assistance	270	(1)
Department of Agriculture Export Assistance	271	(1)
State Government Export Assistance	272	(1)
Selected Bibliography	273	(1)
United States Export Controls	274	(37)
Introduction	275	(3)
Governance of Imports	275	(1)
Governance of Exports	275	(2)
General Licenses Versus Validated Licenses	277	(1)
Export Administration Regulations	278	(1)
General Licenses	278	(2)
Shipper's Export Declaration	278	(1)
Special General Licenses	278	(2)
Validated Licenses	280	(2)
Application Required	280	(1)
Special Validated Licenses	280	(1)
Project Licenses	280	(1)
Distribution Licenses	281	(1)
Application for a Validated License	282	(5)
Use of Mandatory Form	282	(1)
Notification of Exporting Without Proper License	282	(1)
Special License Application Procedure	282	(1)
Validated Licenses to Embargoed Nations	283	(1)
Validated Licenses for Technical Data	283	(2)
Amending a Validated License	285	(2)
Determining Which License Is Required	287	(6)
Four Factor Test	287	(1)
Commerce Control List (CCL)	287	(2)
Country Groups	289	(3)
Export Control Classification Number (ECCN)	292	(1)
Documentation	293	(3)
Shipper's Export Declaration (SED)	293	(1)
Destination Control Statement	294	(1)
Supporting Documentation	295	(1)
Special Policies and Provisions	296	(4)
Special Commodity Policies and Provisions	296	(1)
Special Country Policies and Provisions	296	(1)
Short Supply Controls and Monitoring	297	(1)
Proliferation Controls	297	(1)
Reexport Authorization	297	(2)
Export Clearance	299	(1)
Military Commodities and the United States Munitions List	299	(1)
Review of Exports	300	(3)
Time Limits on Review by the Department of Commerce	300	(1)
Review of Export Applications by Other Government Agencies	301	(2)
Resolution of Disputes Between Agencies	303	(1)
Enforcement	303	(8)
Fines, Suspensions and Revocation of Export Authority	303	(2)
Administrative Proceedings	305	(1)
Denial Orders	305	(2)
Selected Bibliography	307	(1)
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations (DOC)	307	(4)
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act	311	(28)
Introduction	312	(3)
FCPA as Response to Political Goals	312	(1)
History of the FCPA	313	(1)
Amendments in 1988	314	(1)
Responses From Other Nations	314	(1)
Scope of the FCPA	315	(2)
Definitional Challenges	315	(1)
Exempting Minor Payments	315	(1)
Who Is Covered?	315	(1)
Prohibited Payments	316	(1)
Accounting Standards	317	(2)
Approach of Accounting Standards	317	(1)
ABA/SEC Disagreement	318	(1)
First Standard: Books, Records and Accounts	318	(1)
Second Standard: Internal Accounting Control	318	(1)
Sole Exemption: National Security	319	(1)
Persons Subject to the FCPA	319	(2)
Must be Subject to SEA	319	(1)
Issuers of Securities	319	(1)
Domestic Concerns Other Than Issuers	319	(1)
Foreign Subsidiaries of United States Companies	320	(1)
Actions Not Allowed Against Foreign Officials	320	(1)
Act of Offering, Promising or Giving Corruptly	321	(1)
What Is Given?	321	(1)
Acting ``Corruptly''	321	(1)
Prohibited Persons (Recipients) and Purposes	322	(2)
Foreign Official	322	(1)
Foreign Political Party, Official or Candidate	323	(1)
Any Person ``While Knowing''	323	(1)
Routine Governmental Action Exemption	324	(1)
De Minimis or ``Grease'' Payments	324	(1)
``Facilitating or Expediting Routine Governmental Action''	324	(1)
Affirmative Defenses	325	(1)
Lawful Under ``Written'' Laws	325	(1)
``Reasonable and Bona Fide Expenditures''	326	(1)
Enforcement and Penalties	326	(3)
Enforcement Authority	326	(1)
Consent Decrees	327	(1)
Charges of Accounting and Illegal Payment Violations	327	(1)
Additional Charges	328	(1)
Penalties: Record Keeping and Accounting Violations	328	(1)
Penalties: Illegal Payment Violations	328	(1)
Department of Justice Review Procedure	329	(1)
Review Process	329	(1)
When to Use Review Process?	329	(1)
Rights of Action	329	(3)
Actions by the Government	329	(1)
Private Right of Action	330	(1)
Employee Suits	330	(1)
Suits Charging Competitor With Violation of FCPA	331	(1)
Company Responses	332	(3)
Responses to Foreign Officials' Requests for Payments	332	(2)
Company Policy to Prohibit Payments in Violation of the FCPA	334	(1)
Multinational Controls on Foreign Payments	335	(1)
Specific Nations Laws	335	(1)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)	335	(1)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)	335	(1)
United Nations	336	(1)
Conclusions	336	(3)
Repeal Unlikely	336	(1)
Adoption of Company Policy	337	(1)
Selected Bibliography	337	(2)
United States Boycott and Anti-Boycott Law	339	(33)
Introduction	340	(1)
Boycott and Antiboycott Laws	340	(1)
Boycott Laws and International Law	341	(1)
United States Boycotts	341	(5)
The Structure of United States Boycott Law	341	(2)
Trade Restrictions: The Case of Cuba	343	(3)
Enacting the Antiboycott Laws	346	(3)
United States Reaction to Arab Boycott of Israel: The Antiboycott Laws	346	(1)
Addressing Boycotts Contrary to United States Interests by Other Laws	347	(2)
The Antiboycott Law	349	(1)
Export Administration Act	349	(1)
Export Administration Regulations	349	(1)
Antiboycott Law--Prohibited Conduct	350	(8)
Prohibited Actions Must Be Done Intentionally	350	(1)
Refusals to Deal	351	(1)
Discriminatory Actions	352	(1)
Furnishing Information Regarding Race, Religion, Sex or National Origin	353	(1)
Furnishing Information Regarding Business Relationships--The Use of ``Blacklists''	354	(2)
Furnishing Information Regarding Charitable or Fraternal Organizations	356	(1)
Use of Letters of Credit	356	(2)
Antiboycott Law--Exceptions	358	(6)
Function of the Exceptions	358	(1)
Import Requirements of the Boycotting Country	358	(1)
Import and Shipping Document Requirements	359	(1)
Compliance With Unilateral Selection	360	(2)
Compliance With Shipment and Transshipment Requirements	362	(1)
Compliance With Immigration, Passport, Visa or Employment Requirements	362	(1)
Compliance With Local Law	363	(1)
Antiboycott Law--Miscellaneous	364	(5)
Prohibition of Intentional Evasion	364	(1)
Reporting Requirements	365	(3)
Supplements to the Regulations	368	(1)
Violations and Enforcement	368	(1)
Private Right of Action	369	(1)
Company Policy	369	(3)
Responses to Requests From Arab Nations	369	(1)
Company Policy to Comply With Law	370	(1)
Selected Bibliography	370	(2)
Foreign Market Access: United States Section 301 Proceedings--Super 301 and Special 301 Procedures	372	(25)
Introduction	372	(3)
Foreign Country Practices and Market Access	372	(1)
The Evolution of Section 301	373	(2)
Section 301 Results	375	(1)
Section 301 Proceedings and Remedies	375	(10)
Mandatory versus Discretionary Offenses and Remedies	375	(1)
Statutory Definitions	376	(2)
Petitioning and Consultation Procedures	378	(1)
USTR Determinations	379	(1)
Section 301 in Action	380	(4)
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)	384	(1)
Super 301 Procedures	385	(1)
The Gephardt Amendment Alternative	385	(1)
Special 301 Procedures	386	(11)
Prioritization of U.S. Intellectual Property Rights Disputes With Foreign Countries	386	(2)
Special 301 Negotiations	388	(2)
Special 301: Progress on Intellectual Property Issues	390	(4)
The Uruguay Round TRIPs Agreement	394	(1)
Selected Bibliography	395	(2)
Free Trade Agreements of the United States: Israel, Canada, Mexico	397	(28)
Introduction	398	(1)
U.S. Free Trade Agreements	398	(1)
Israel--U.S. Free Trade	398	(2)
Introduction	398	(1)
Tariff Removal	399	(1)
Safeguards, Rules of Origin and Dispute Settlement	399	(1)
Canada--U.S. Free Trade	400	(7)
Introduction	400	(1)
The Economics of CFTA	401	(1)
The CFTA Agreement in Outline	402	(4)
Dispute Settlement Under CFTA	406	(1)
Free Trade in the Americas	407	(2)
Introduction	407	(2)
The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative	409	(1)
North American Free Trade	409	(16)
Introduction	409	(1)
The Economics of NAFTA	410	(2)
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline	412	(9)
Dispute Settlement Under NAFTA	421	(1)
The Side Agreements on Labor and the Environment	422	(1)
Comparison With the European Union	423	(1)
Selected Bibliography	423	(2)
Franchising and Trademark Licensing	425	(29)
Introduction	426	(6)
Franchising Abroad	426	(1)
Trademark Protection	426	(2)
Quality Controls	428	(1)
Copyright Protection in Franchising	428	(1)
Protection of Franchise Trade Secrets	429	(1)
The Franchise Agreement	430	(1)
Regulation of International Franchising	430	(2)
International Trademark Treaties	432	(1)
The Paris Convention as Applied to Trademarks	432	(1)
The Nice Agreement on Trademark Classification	433	(1)
International Trademark Registration Treaties	433	(1)
Franchising in Europe	433	(4)
The Pronuptia Case	433	(2)
Regulation 4087/88	435	(2)
Franchising in the United States	437	(11)
Introduction	437	(1)
State Franchise Disclosure Requirements	438	(2)
FTC Franchising Rule	440	(2)
Uniform Franchise Offering Circular	442	(2)
Termination of Franchises	444	(1)
Automobile Dealer Franchises	444	(1)
Petroleum Distribution Franchises	445	(2)
Good Cause for Termination	447	(1)
California Franchising Law	448	(6)
Franchise Investment Law	448	(1)
Termination of California Franchises	449	(1)
California Petroleum Franchises	450	(1)
California Automotive Franchises	451	(2)
Selected Bibliography	453	(1)
Patent and Knowhow Licensing	454	(28)
Introduction	455	(3)
Protecting Patents and Knowhow	455	(1)
The Nature of Patents	455	(2)
The Nature of Knowhow	457	(1)
International Patents and Knowhow	458	(6)
International Patent and Knowhow Licensing	458	(1)
International Acquisition of Patents	459	(1)
European Patents	460	(1)
EU Patent Licensing	461	(3)
EU Knowhow Licensing	464	(1)
Transferring Technology	464	(3)
Introduction	464	(1)
Regulations in the Country of the Transferee	465	(2)
The Transfer of Technology Agreement	467	(3)
Different Kinds of Agreements	467	(1)
Agreement to License a Patent	467	(1)
Agreement to License Knowhow	468	(1)
Agreement as Part of a Foreign Direct Investment	468	(1)
Other Forms of Agreement	469	(1)
Elements of a Transfer of Technology Agreement	470	(7)
Introduction	470	(1)
Definitions	470	(1)
The Grant of the License	470	(1)
Duration	471	(1)
No Competition Arrangements	471	(1)
What the Licensor Promises to Provide	471	(1)
What the Licensee Promises to Undertake	472	(1)
Quality Control	473	(1)
Payment	474	(1)
Government Approval	475	(1)
Termination	475	(1)
Dispute Resolution	476	(1)
Miscellaneous Provisions	476	(1)
Multinational Governance of Technology Transfers	477	(5)
The United Nations Transfer of Technology Code Efforts	477	(1)
The GATT/WTO and Technology Transfers	478	(1)
NAFTA and Technology Transfers	479	(1)
Selected Bibliography	480	(2)
Counterfeit, Infringing and Gray Market Imports--United States Section 337 Proceedings	482	(29)
Introduction	483	(2)
Technology Transfers	483	(1)
The Uruguay Round TRIPs Agreement	484	(1)
Counterfeit Goods	485	(7)
Customs Service Seizures	485	(3)
Section 337 Proceedings (Intellectual Property)	488	(2)
Infringement Actions	490	(1)
Criminal Prosecutions	491	(1)
International Solutions	491	(1)
Gray Market Goods	492	(4)
Introduction	492	(1)
The U.S. Customs Service Position	493	(1)
Trademark and Copyright Remedies	494	(2)
Gray Market Goods in Other Jurisdictions	496	(1)
Section 337 Proceedings (Nonintellectual Property)	496	(4)
Statutory Criteria	496	(1)
Domestic Injury	497	(2)
Proof of a U.S. Industry	499	(1)
Section 337 Procedures	500	(4)
Complaint and Response	500	(2)
Temporary Relief	502	(1)
Administrative Process	502	(1)
Sanctions	503	(1)
Settlements	503	(1)
Section 337 Remedies	504	(2)
ITC Public Interest Review	504	(1)
ITC General Exclusion and Cease and Desist Orders	504	(1)
Presidential Vetoes	505	(1)
ITC Opinion Letters	506	(1)
Section 337 versus Federal Court Remedies	506	(5)
Concurrent Jurisdiction	506	(1)
Res Judicata	507	(1)
Summary of Section 337 During 1991	508	(1)
Selected Bibliography	509	(2)
Branches and Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries	511	(29)
Introduction	512	(2)
Decision to Invest Abroad	512	(1)
Choosing the Appropriate Form	513	(1)
Structures--The Choices	514	(3)
Choice of Branch or Subsidiary	514	(2)
Choice of Form of Subsidiary	516	(1)
Who Is Liable For Whom? Liability and Risk Considerations	517	(9)
Minimizing the Risk	517	(1)
Liability Imposed on the Foreign Entity	517	(5)
Liability Imposed on the Parent	522	(1)
Other Substantive Law Differences	523	(3)
Economic Considerations	526	(7)
Introduction	526	(1)
United States Taxation	526	(4)
Host Country Taxation	530	(2)
Financing	532	(1)
Exchange controls	532	(1)
Bankruptcy	533	(1)
Organizational Considerations	533	(1)
Government Consent	533	(1)
Registration	533	(1)
United States Regulation	534	(1)
Operational Considerations	534	(3)
Risk, Ownership and Control	534	(2)
Corporate Administration	536	(1)
Labor	536	(1)
Reports and Reserves	537	(1)
Marketing Considerations	537	(1)
Termination or Withdrawal Considerations	537	(1)
Branch	537	(1)
Subsidiary	538	(1)
Conclusions	538	(2)
Factors in the Decision	538	(1)
Selected Bibliography	538	(2)
Joint Ventures	540	(29)
Introduction	541	(1)
Defining the Joint Venture	541	(1)
Applicable Law	542	(4)
Host Nation Law	542	(1)
Bilateral Investment Treaties	543	(1)
Free Trade Agreements	544	(1)
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO)	545	(1)
Recent Trends	545	(1)
Joint Venture Laws of Foreign Nations	546	(3)
Introduction	546	(1)
Nonmarket and Developing Nations	546	(1)
Developed Nations	547	(2)
General Pattern of Joint Venture Laws	549	(7)
Reason for the Joint Venture Law	549	(2)
Scope of Coverage of Joint Venture Laws	551	(1)
Permitted Foreign Equity	551	(2)
Performance Requirements	553	(1)
Additional Controls	554	(1)
Administration of Joint Venture Laws	554	(2)
Joint Venture Participants	556	(1)
Choosing the Local Partner	556	(1)
Private Partners	556	(1)
State as a Partner	557	(1)
Majority, Minority or 50-50 Participation in Equity and Management	557	(2)
Mandates or Free Choice	557	(1)
Majority Equity and Management	558	(1)
Minority Equity/Majority Control	558	(1)
Minority Equity and Control	558	(1)
50-50 Joint Venture	559	(1)
The Agreements	559	(5)
Introduction	559	(1)
Preincorporation Agreement	559	(3)
The Corporate Charter	562	(1)
The Joint Venture Agreement	563	(1)
The Joint Venture Agreement	564	(5)
Purpose of the Joint Venture	564	(1)
Management of the Joint Venture	564	(1)
Intellectual Property	565	(1)
Government Approval	565	(1)
Taxes	566	(1)
Title to Real and Personal Property	566	(1)
Language	566	(1)
Duration	566	(1)
Intended Markets	567	(1)
Applicable Law for Dispute Resolution	567	(1)
Selected Bibliography	567	(2)
Investment Control Laws	569	(41)
Introduction	570	(3)
Why Invest Abroad?	570	(2)
The Language of Investment Barriers--TRIMS	572	(1)
Who Governs Foreign Investors?	573	(4)
Governance by Home Nations	573	(1)
Governance by Host Nations	574	(2)
Governance by Multi-Nation Organizations and International Law	576	(1)
When Investment Restrictions Are Imposed	577	(1)
Restrictions Upon Entry	577	(1)
Restrictions During Operations	578	(1)
Restrictions Upon Withdrawal	578	(1)
The Form of Investment Restrictions	578	(10)
Prohibitions and Limitations on Ownership	578	(6)
Limitations on Acquisitions	584	(1)
Limitations on Management	585	(1)
Performance Requirements	585	(1)
Limitations on Transfer of Capital and Earnings	586	(1)
Current Trends in Enacting and Enforcing Restrictions	587	(1)
Reviewing Proposed Foreign Investment	588	(5)
The Institutions of Review	588	(3)
The Process of Review	591	(2)
Foreign Investment Rules Under the NAFTA	593	(2)
Investment Rules	593	(1)
Dispute Resolution	594	(1)
Foreign Investment Rules Under the GATT/WTO	595	(1)
TRIMS	595	(1)
Foreign Investment Treaties	596	(1)
General	596	(1)
United States Investment Treaties	596	(1)
Operational Code--The Way Things Really Work	596	(6)
The Unwritten Law	596	(6)
Some Miscellaneous Aspects of Foreign Investment	602	(2)
Other Forms of Foreign Investment	602	(1)
Taxation of Foreign Investment	603	(1)
Applicable Law and Dispute Resolution	604	(6)
The Applicable Law	604	(1)
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)	604	(2)
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)	606	(1)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	607	(1)
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO)	608	(1)
Selected Bibliography	608	(2)
Currency Control Laws	610	(26)
Introduction	611	(6)
Regulating Possession and Access	611	(1)
Dynamics of Controls	612	(1)
Requirements of International Business Persons	613	(1)
Why a Currency Is Controlled	613	(1)
Variations in Controls	614	(3)
Forms of Currency Controls	617	(2)
Restrictions on Foreigners' Access to Domestic Borrowings, Even in Local Currency	617	(1)
Restrictions on Any Access to Local Borrowing of Foreign Hard Currency Holdings	617	(1)
Restrictions on Access to and Transfer of Local Foreign Hard Currency Holdings	617	(1)
Mandated Transfers From Abroad Into the Country to Obtain Approval of Investment Projects	617	(1)
Requirements That a Percentage of Borrowing of Foreign Currencies by a Resident Be Deposited Locally	617	(1)
Requirements That the Proceeds of Sales or Services Abroad Be Returned to and Deposited in Local Institutions	618	(1)
Requirements That Earnings of Residents in Foreign Currencies Be Deposited in Domestic Accounts	618	(1)
Requirements That Above Deposits of Foreign Hard Currencies Be Converted to Domestic Currency Accounts	618	(1)
Requirements That a Foreign Investor's Demands for Hard Currency Be Met by Hard Currency Earnings From Exports	619	(1)
Actions Which Affect the Value of a Currency	619	(1)
Government Intervention in the Market by the Purchase of Its Own Falling Value Currency	619	(1)
Government Linking the Currency to Another Nation's Currency	619	(1)
Government Depreciation of Its Currency	620	(1)
Government Decision That the Currency Will Float Freely as Opposed to Being Fixed in Relation to Another Currency (or Gold)	620	(1)
Government Adoption of a Foreign Currency as the Nation's Official Currency	620	(1)
Inflation and Indexation	620	(1)
Interrelationship of Currency Controls	620	(1)
Business Responses to Indexation and Inflation	621	(1)
Dual or Multi-Level Exchange Rates	621	(2)
The Use of Dual or Multi-Level Rates	621	(1)
Business Use of Different Rates	622	(1)
Sanctions for Violations of Currency Controls	623	(1)
Breaches of Contracts	623	(1)
Breaches of Government Rules	623	(1)
Regulation by the International Monetary Fund	624	(5)
Article VIII, 2(b) and the Regulation of Exchange Contracts	624	(1)
``Exchange Contracts'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)	625	(1)
``Involve the Currency'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)	626	(1)
``Exchange Control Regulations'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)	627	(1)
``Overriding Public Policy'' Under Article VIII, 2(b)	627	(1)
Other Issues Under Article VIII, 2(b)	627	(1)
Interpretation and Application of the Agreement	628	(1)
Contractual Provisions in View of IMF Regulations	628	(1)
Exchange Controls and the Act of State Doctrine	629	(2)
The Act of State Doctrine as an Alternative Defense to Article VIII, 2(b) of the IMF Agreement	629	(1)
Act of State Applied to Exchange Controls	630	(1)
Foreign Exchange Contracts	631	(1)
The Operation of a Foreign Exchange Contract	631	(1)
The Foreign Exchange Market	632	(1)
Oral Exchange Contracts	632	(1)
Settlement and Delivery	632	(1)
Foreign Exchange Risk	632	(2)
An Example of Exchange Risk	632	(1)
Lessening the Risk	633	(1)
Currency Swaps	633	(1)
Use of the Dollar in Trading	634	(1)
Insuring Against the Foreign Exchange Risk	634	(1)
Conclusions	634	(2)
Currency v. Tariff Fluctuations	634	(1)
Monitoring Currency	634	(1)
Selected Bibliography	635	(1)
Expropriation Law: Protecting the Investment	636	(22)
Introduction	637	(2)
The Taking of Foreign Investment	637	(1)
Predicting Expropriation	638	(1)
The Language of Taking	639	(2)
In Search of a Term	639	(1)
Intervention	639	(1)
Nationalization	640	(1)
Expropriation	640	(1)
Confiscation	641	(1)
Avoiding or Lessening the Risk	641	(1)
The Usefulness of Risk Analysis	641	(1)
Insuring the Risk	642	(1)
Government Insurance	642	(1)
Private Insurance	643	(1)
Mandatory and Optional Insurance	643	(1)
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)	643	(9)
OPIC--History and Structure	643	(3)
OPIC--Investor Eligibility	646	(1)
OPIC--Insurance Programs	646	(2)
OPIC--Investment Insurance Terms	648	(1)
OPIC--Eligible Investments	648	(2)
OPIC--Claims and Dispute Settlement	650	(1)
OPIC--Private Insurers	651	(1)
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)	652	(4)
Investment Insurance on an International Level	652	(1)
MIGA--Insurance Programs	653	(2)
MIGA--Eligible Investments	655	(1)
MIGA--Eligible Investors	655	(1)
MIGA--Scope of Coverage	655	(1)
Conclusions	656	(2)
Does Insurance Lessen the Risk?	656	(1)
Bilateral Investment Treaties	656	(1)
Selected Bibliography	657	(1)
Expropriation Law: Taking and Settlement	658	(36)
Introduction	659	(1)
Avoiding the Risk of Expropriation	659	(1)
Legal Choices Following Expropriation	659	(1)
Expropriation Law	659	(2)
What Law Applies and What Is That Law?	659	(1)
Applying Domestic Law of the Taking Nation	660	(1)
Applying International Law	660	(1)
Investment Treaties	660	(1)
Expropriation--Public Purpose	661	(1)
Public Purpose Under International Law	661	(1)
Defining Public Purpose	661	(1)
Who Measures Public Purpose?	661	(1)
Expropriation--Retaliation and Discrimination	662	(1)
Retaliation and Discrimination Defined	662	(1)
Retaliation and Discrimination Subordinated to Compensation	663	(1)
Expropriation--Compensation	663	(4)
The Uncertainty of International Law	663	(1)
Prompt, Adequate and Effective Compensation	664	(1)
Appropriate Compensation	665	(1)
Fair Compensation	665	(1)
Just Compensation	665	(1)
Restitution as a Substitute for Compensation	666	(1)
Mandatory Questions Under Any Standard	666	(1)
After Expropriation	667	(4)
Exhaustion of Local Remedies	667	(1)
Assistance of the Government--The ``Calvo Clause''	667	(1)
Lump Sum Agreements and Claims Commissions	668	(3)
Suing in United States Courts	671	(1)
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in Expropriation Cases	671	(12)
Introduction	671	(1)
History and Rationale	672	(4)
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976	676	(1)
Who Is a Sovereign?	676	(2)
Jurisdictional Issues	678	(1)
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity--Waiver	678	(2)
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity--Commercial Activity	680	(2)
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity--Violations of International Law	682	(1)
Act of State in Expropriation Cases	683	(11)
Introduction	683	(1)
History	684	(1)
Act of State and the Expropriation of Property	685	(1)
Act of State Encounters Some Limits	686	(1)
Act of State and the Separation of Powers	687	(3)
Act of State and Some Exceptions	690	(2)
Selected Bibliography	692	(2)
Investing in Europe	694	(39)
The Growth of Europe as a Regional Market and Legal Jurisdiction	695	(11)
Coal and Steel (1951)	695	(1)
The European Economic Community (1957)	696	(1)
The European Community (1993)	697	(1)
The European Free Trade Area (1959)	698	(1)
Reconciliation of EFTA and the EEC (1973)	699	(1)
The European Economic Area (1991-1994)	700	(1)
The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1993)	701	(2)
The Union in the Nineties	703	(2)
The New Europe (Chart)	705	(1)
The European Common Market	706	(21)
Introduction	706	(1)
A Single Market	706	(1)
Capital Movements and the European Monetary System	707	(1)
The European Exchange-Rate Mechanism	708	(1)
ECUs and the Common Currency Game Plan	709	(2)
Free Movement of Goods	711	(3)
Article 36 and the Problem of Nontariff Trade Barriers	714	(2)
Intellectual Property Rights as European Trade Barriers	716	(2)
NTBs and The Single Market	718	(1)
Product Standards and Testing	719	(2)
Freedom to Provide and Receive Services Across European Borders	721	(2)
Equal Pay and Equal Treatment (Comparable Worth)	723	(4)
Mergers and Acquisitions	727	(6)
Early EU Law on Mergers and Acquisitions	727	(2)
Commission Regulation of ``Concentrations''	729	(3)
Selected Bibliography	732	(1)
Investing in East Asia	733	(32)
Introduction	734	(1)
East Asian Investment	734	(1)
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)	734	(4)
The ASEAN Market	734	(1)
ASEAN Industrial Projects	735	(1)
ASEAN Free Trade	735	(1)
ASEAN Industrial Complementation Schemes	736	(1)
ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures	737	(1)
Potential Antitrust and CVD Problems	737	(1)
The People's Republic of China	738	(27)
The Retreat From State Enterprise	738	(1)
Prices and Markets	738	(1)
Cartels, Monopolies and Competition	739	(1)
China and The World: From Isolation to Open Doors	740	(1)
United States Export Controls: From Trading With an Enemy to Trading With an Ally	741	(1)
United States-PRC Trade and Investment Disputes	742	(1)
United States Tariffs on PRC Goods: The Issue of Human Rights	743	(1)
Restrictive International Trade Practices of the PRC	744	(1)
GATT Membership for the PRC	745	(1)
Foreign Economic Contracts of the PRC	746	(2)
The Foreign Economic Contract Law of 1985	748	(1)
Preferential Trade and Investment Zones	749	(2)
Guanxi Trading and Investing	751	(1)
The Foreign Investment Climate in the PRC	752	(1)
Foreign Investment Options	753	(1)
Equity Joint Ventures	753	(2)
Problems at the Chrysler Jeep Joint Venture	755	(1)
Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries	756	(2)
Contractual Joint Ventures	758	(1)
PRC Stock Companies and Class B Shares	758	(1)
Technology Transfers to the PRC	759	(1)
Technology Piracy in the PRC	759	(1)
PRC Regulation of Technology Import Contracts	760	(1)
Hong Kong and Macao	761	(1)
The Return of Sovereignty in 1997 and 1999	762	(2)
Selected Bibliography	764	(1)
Investing in Developing Nations	765	(30)
Introduction	766	(4)
Increased Receptiveness to Foreign Investment	766	(1)
Developing Nations Contrasted With Nonmarket Economies	767	(1)
Defining the Developing Nation	768	(2)
The Pattern of Investment Laws in Developing Nations	770	(5)
Investment Restrictive Laws of the 1970s and Early 1980s	770	(3)
Investment Encouraging Laws of the Late 1980s to the Present	773	(2)
Trading with Developing Nations	775	(6)
Introduction	775	(1)
Tariffs	775	(1)
Distribution of Goods	776	(1)
Currency Issues	777	(1)
Countertrade	778	(1)
United States Trade Laws	779	(1)
Developing Nations and the GATT/WTO	780	(1)
Investing in Developing Nations	781	(2)
Introduction	781	(1)
Enforcement and Corruption	781	(1)
Government Oversight	782	(1)
Miscellaneous	782	(1)
Investment by the Use of Joint Ventures	783	(3)
Nature of the Joint Venture	783	(1)
Principal Characteristics	783	(1)
Joint Venture Partners	784	(1)
Joint Ventures in Transition	785	(1)
Investment by Privatization	786	(5)
Goals of Privatization	786	(1)
Obstacles to Privatization	787	(4)
Investment by Franchising	791	(1)
The Nature of Franchising	791	(1)
Laws Governing Franchising	792	(1)
Insuring the Investment in Developing Nations	792	(1)
Sources of Insurance	792	(1)
Conclusions	793	(2)
Causes of Change	793	(1)
Regional Integration	793	(1)
Effect of GATT Uruguay Round	794	(1)
Investing in Nonmarket and Transition Economies	795	(30)
Introduction	796	(5)
The Nonmarket Economy Nation	796	(1)
Defining the Nonmarket Economy	797	(2)
Nonmarket Countries in Transition	799	(2)
Trading with Nonmarket Economies	801	(7)
Introduction	801	(1)
Jackson-Vanik Amendment and MFN	801	(1)
Support for East European Democracy Act (SEED)	802	(1)
FTOs or STOs	803	(1)
Distribution of Goods	804	(1)
Currency Issues	805	(1)
Countertrade	806	(1)
United States Trade Laws	806	(2)
Investing in Nonmarket Economies	808	(5)
Introduction	808	(1)
Enforcement and Corruption	809	(1)
Government Oversight	809	(1)
The Workforce and Expatriate Employees	810	(1)
Credit, Banking and Currency Issues	811	(1)
Accounting Procedures	812	(1)
Taxation	812	(1)
Investment by Use of Joint Ventures	813	(3)
Nature of the Joint Venture	813	(1)
Principal Characteristics	814	(1)
Joint Venture Partners	815	(1)
Joint Ventures in Transition	815	(1)
Investment by Privatization	816	(6)
Goals of Privatization	816	(1)
Obstacles to Privatization	817	(5)
Investing by Franchising	822	(1)
The Nature of Franchising	822	(1)
Nonmarket Economy Laws Tend Not to Address the Franchise	822	(1)
Insuring Investments in Nonmarket Economies	822	(1)
Sources of Insurance	822	(1)
Conclusions	823	(2)
Rapidity of Change	823	(1)
The Effect of GATT/WTO	823	(1)
Selected Bibliography	823	(2)
Regulations Governing Foreign Investment in the United States	825	(34)
Introduction	826	(5)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States	826	(1)
Portfolio Investments	826	(1)
The View From Abroad	827	(1)
Contrasting Departmental Goals	828	(1)
The Reason for Restrictions	829	(1)
United States as a Host Nation	830	(1)
State Regulation	831	(1)
The Exon-Florio Regulation	831	(14)
Introduction	831	(1)
History of CFIUS and Evolution of Exon-Florio	832	(2)
When and How CFIUS Reviews Proposed Foreign Investment Under Exon-Florio	834	(3)
Application of Exon-Florio--Cases	837	(6)
Defenses to Exon-Florio	843	(2)
Exon-Florio Viewed From Abroad	845	(1)
Industry Specific Restrictions on Foreign Investment	845	(7)
Introduction	845	(1)
Federal Prohibitions of Foreign Investment	846	(1)
Federal Regulation of Foreign Investment	847	(3)
State Regulation of Foreign Investment	850	(1)
Registration and Data Collection Requirements	851	(1)
Operational Level Restrictions	852	(4)
Introduction	852	(1)
Labor Laws	852	(3)
Taxation	855	(1)
Terminating Foreign Investment	856	(1)
Cross Border Issues	856	(1)
Conclusions	857	(2)
United States Laws Comparatively Unrestrictive	857	(1)
Selected Bibliography	857	(2)
Antitrust Laws (U.S. and EU)	859	(43)
Introduction	860	(4)
The Impact of Antitrust Law	860	(1)
DOJ International Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines	861	(1)
Concurrent Federal-State Jurisdiction	862	(1)
Antitrust and Economics	863	(1)
State Antitrust Law	864	(3)
The Revival of State Antitrust	864	(1)
State Law and Remedies	865	(2)
Federal Antitrust Law	867	(9)
Sherman Act Prohibitions and Remedies	867	(1)
Reasonable and Unreasonable (Per Se) Restraints of Trade	868	(1)
Monopolization	869	(1)
Clayton Act Prohibitions	870	(1)
Mergers and Acquisitions	871	(1)
Price Discrimination, Exclusive Dealing and Tying Offenses	871	(1)
The Federal Trade Commission Act	872	(1)
Extraterritorial U.S. Antitrust in Perspective	873	(3)
European Union Competition Law	876	(23)
The Goals of EU Competition Policy	876	(1)
Article 85--Restraints of Trade	877	(1)
Regulation 17--Commission Investigations, Attorney-Client Privilege	878	(3)
Regulation 17--Commission Prosecutions and Sanctions	881	(1)
Regulation 17--Individual Exemptions and Negative Clearances	882	(2)
Article 85--Group Exemptions and Policy Notices, Cooperative Ventures	884	(2)
Article 85--Competitive Impact	886	(2)
Article 86	888	(1)
Article 86--Dominant Positions	889	(4)
Article 86--Abuse	893	(2)
Articles 85 and 86--National Litigation and Remedies	895	(1)
Conflict of European Competition Laws	896	(2)
The Extraterritorial Reach of Articles 85 and 86	898	(1)
Cooperative International Antitrust Enforcement	899	(3)
United States Antitrust Cooperation With Australia, Canada and Germany	899	(1)
United States-European Union Antitrust Cooperation	900	(1)
Selected Bibliography	901	(1)
Securities Laws (U.S. and EU)	902	(29)
Introduction	903	(1)
The Security and Its Governance	903	(1)
Federal Securities Regulation	904	(2)
Introduction	904	(1)
The Securities Act of 1933	904	(1)
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934	905	(1)
State Securities Regulation	906	(1)
Nonpreemption by the Federal Law	906	(1)
The Nature of State Securities Laws	906	(1)
International Securities Transactions	907	(1)
Introduction	907	(1)
International Implications of Registration	908	(8)
Registration--Protection for United States Citizens	908	(1)
Registration of the Foreign Issuer--Introduction	909	(1)
Registration and Disclosure Requirements and Exemptions for Foreign Issuers Selling to United States Investors	910	(4)
Registration Exemptions for United States Issuers for Foreign Offerings	914	(2)
Disclosure Rules	916	(1)
Function of Disclosure Rules	916	(1)
Insider Trading	916	(6)
Insider Trading Involving International Transactions	916	(5)
Insider Trading Rules in Some Foreign Nations	921	(1)
European Union Securities Regulation	922	(5)
Regulation by Separate Member States	922	(1)
Regulation by the European Union--Introduction	923	(1)
Registration in the European Union	924	(1)
Prospectus in the European Union	925	(1)
Reporting Requirements in the European Union	926	(1)
Disclosure and Insider Trading in the European Union	926	(1)
International Arbitration of Securities Issues	927	(1)
Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Decision	927	(1)
Conclusions	928	(3)
Dynamic Process of Regulation	928	(1)
International Variations and Harmonization	928	(1)
Selected Bibliography	929	(2)
Appendix: Westlaw Research	931	(18)
Table of Cases	949	(14)
Index	963