International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration

by Craig, W. Laurence; Park, William W.; Paulsson, Jan

• ISBN13: 9780379213928
• ISBN10: 0379213923
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-11-30
• Publisher: Oceana TM

Summary

Expert Commentary! This hands-on guide covers every aspect of ICC arbitration, the most prevalent form of institutional arbitration in the world. It analyzes ICC arbitrations step by step, with copious references to the experience of past cases & the lessons to be learned from them as a detailed anatomy of the workings of ICC arbitration. Ideal for anyone involved with International Arbitrations. The book provides a critical evaluation of the advantages & disadvantages of every step in the arbitral process. The analysis is exclusively practical -- facts, figures, pragmatic suggestions & warnings. As with the previous edition, the authors have avoided all purely academic & theoretical discussion. This book is essential to anyone -- arbitrator, counsel or other practitioner -- who may, or may expect to be, involved in an ICC arbitration, or who may have to consider the benefits or drawbacks of an ICC arbitration clause. Your Complete Guide to ICC Arbitration! This single volume covers: * The Institution of the ICC & the Structural Organization * The Agreement to Arbitrate & its Elements * ICC Arbitration in Practice, from the Request for Arbitration to the Enforcement of the Award * Hearings, Proof, & Ancillary Proceedings * The Impact of National Law on ICC Arbitration * Trends in International Commercial Arbitration & Additional ICC Dispute Resolving Mechanisms * Text of the ICC Rules, plus Statistics & General Information.

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Third Edition	xiii
Abbreviations	xv
PART I THE INSTITUTION
General Characteristics	1	(16)
Basic principles	1	(1)
Volume of cases	2	(1)
The stakes	3	(1)
Typical parties to ICC arbitrations	4	(2)
Typical subject matter of ICC cases	6	(1)
Delocalization	7	(2)
Trends in choosing venue and arbitrators	9	(4)
Length of proceedings	13	(1)
General conclusions	14	(3)
The Organizational Framework	17	(12)
Introduction	17	(1)
The ICC and its National Committees	17	(2)
The Court	19	(5)
The Secretariat	24	(2)
The Arbitrators	26	(3)
Costs	29	(8)
Principles of assessment	29	(1)
Is ICC arbitration too expensive?	29	(4)
The problem of advances on costs	33	(1)
Consequences of failure to contribute	34	(1)
Cost reforms	35	(2)
PART II THE AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE
Types of Arbitration Agreements	37	(6)
Special submission (``compromis'')	37	(1)
Contractual clause	37	(1)
Ad hoc (non-administered) arbitration	38	(2)
Institutional arbitration	40	(1)
Supervised institutional arbitration	41	(2)
The Validity of The Arbitration Agreement	43	(42)
Introduction	43	(1)
Capacity of the parties	44	(2)
Authority to represent parties	46	(2)
Autonomy of the arbitration clause	48	(4)
Law applicable to the arbitration agreement	52	(2)
Form of the agreement to arbitrate	54	(6)
Arbitrability	60	(13)
Incorporation by reference	73	(1)
Related parties not having signed the arbitration agreement	74	(5)
Related agreements not containing the arbitration clause	79	(2)
Multi-party disputes	81	(4)
Indispensable Elements	85	(6)
Unambiguous reference to ICC arbitration	85	(1)
Scope of the dispute to be arbitrated	86	(2)
The ICC Model Clause	88	(3)
Generally Recommended Additional Elements	91	(14)
Number, nationality, and qualification of arbitrators	91	(2)
Place of arbitration	93	(3)
Language of arbitration	96	(1)
Law applicable to the merits of the dispute	97	(8)
Occasionally Useful Elements	105	(22)
Negotiation, conciliation, or mediation as precondition	105	(1)
Rules or law of procedure	106	(1)
Law governing the arbitration agreement	107	(1)
Rules of conflict of laws	108	(2)
Powers of amiable compositeur	110	(4)
Powers to adapt the contract	114	(2)
Powers and procedures for provisional relief	116	(1)
Procedural details	117	(1)
Use of discovery	118	(1)
Apportionment of costs	118	(1)
Entry-of-judgment stipulations	119	(2)
Waiver of appeal	121	(1)
Waiver of sovereign immunity	122	(3)
Accommodation for multi-party disputes	125	(2)
Pathological Elements	127	(10)
Introduction	127	(1)
Equivocation: the cardinal sin	128	(1)
The case of the missing authority	129	(3)
The case of the disastrous compromise	132	(1)
Overdoing the search for institutions	133	(1)
The illusory arbitration clause	134	(1)
Suffocating the process with specificity	135	(1)
Haste makes waste	135	(2)
PART III ICC ARBITRATION IN PRACTICE
Bringing Arbitration Under the Rules	137	(18)
Introduction	137	(1)
Business disputes of an international character	138	(4)
Which edition of the ICC Rules applies?	142	(3)
The Request for Arbitration	145	(5)
Answer and Counterclaim	150	(1)
Failure or refusal to answer and other defaults: ex parte proceedings	151	(2)
Notifications and communications and calculation of periods of time	153	(2)
Arbitral Jurisdiction	155	(30)
The Court of Arbitration's preliminary prima facie determination of existence of agreement to arbitrate	155	(3)
Procedure for raising jurisdictional issues before the Court of Arbitration	158	(3)
Arbitrators' authority to determine their jurisdiction	161	(6)
Recognition by national courts of arbitrator's power to determine his own jurisdiction	167	(4)
Jurisdiction over parties who have not signed the arbitration agreement	171	(8)
Intervention, joinder and consolidation	179	(6)
Constituting the Arbitral Tribunal and Determining the Place of Arbitration	185	(18)
Place of arbitration	185	(4)
Number of arbitrators	189	(2)
Appointment of sole arbitrator or chairman	191	(3)
Party-nominated arbitrators	194	(3)
Failure of a party to nominate an arbitrator	197	(1)
Constituting the arbitral tribunal in multi-party arbitrations	198	(5)
Arbitrator Disqualification or Incapacity	203	(50)
Rejection of nomination, challenge, and disqualification	203	(4)
The Court's standards and their source	207	(2)
Independence required of arbitrator	209	(4)
Arbitrator's duty of disclosure	213	(10)
Grounds for challenge	223	(14)
Removal of an arbitrator by the Court	237	(3)
Standards of conduct for arbitrators during the proceedings	240	(2)
Replacement of arbitrators	242	(3)
Non-replacement of arbitrators: the ``truncated tribunal''	245	(4)
Time limits for challenge	249	(4)
Advance To Cover Costs	253	(20)
Determination of advances	253	(10)
Consequences of default by one party	263	(3)
The use of bank guarantees for the advance on costs	266	(1)
Other consequences of default by a party to pay advance on costs	267	(6)
Terms of Reference	273	(22)
Rationale	273	(3)
Contents	276	(8)
Default by party	284	(1)
Entry Into effect	285	(1)
Legal Effect	286	(9)
Rules Governing the Proceedings	295	(24)
Freedom of parties and arbitrators	295	(2)
Mandatory procedural requirements of national law	297	(2)
Effect of choice of an a-national procedure	299	(1)
Procedural rulings	300	(3)
Representation and Rights of Audience	303	(8)
Confidentiality	311	(8)
Choice of Substantive Law	319	(28)
Freedom of arbitrators to apply ``appropriate'' rules of law	319	(4)
Choice of law criteria most frequently used in ICC arbitration	323	(7)
Application of contractual terms, relevant trade usage, and ``lex mercatoria''	330	(8)
Influence of public law and international public policy	338	(9)
``Amiable Composition''	347	(8)
Definition	347	(4)
``Amiable Composition'' and deciding ``ex aequo et bono'' under the ICC Rules	351	(2)
Scrutiny and review of awards rendered by amiables compositeurs	353	(2)
Arbitral Awards	355	(20)
Time limits for awards	355	(3)
Awards by consent	358	(1)
Interim and partial awards	359	(5)
Form of award	364	(4)
Majority awards and awards rendered by the chairman	368	(3)
Dissenting opinions	371	(4)
The Court's Scrutiny of Awards	375	(10)
The Court's role	375	(2)
Review of procedural defects	377	(1)
Modification of the form of awards	378	(1)
Comments on points of substance	379	(1)
Court's scrutiny of awards as seen by national courts	380	(5)
Determination of Costs	385	(12)
General principles	385	(1)
ICC administrative costs	386	(1)
Arbitrators' fees	387	(4)
Arbitrators' allocation of costs between the parties	391	(6)
Entering Into Effect of the Award	397	(18)
Signature of the award by arbitrators	397	(2)
Payment of costs and notification of award to parties	399	(1)
Finality and enforceability of award	400	(4)
Deposit of award and assistance of Secretariat	404	(2)
Termination of arbitrators' powers	406	(4)
Exclusion of Liability	410	(5)
PART IV HEARINGS, PROOF, AND ANCILLARY PROCEEDINGS
ICC Arbitrators' Approach to Fact Finding	415	(12)
Arbitrators' power to establish facts ``by all appropriate means''	415	(3)
Civil-law procedures	418	(1)
Common-law procedures	419	(3)
Generally recognized procedural principles	422	(5)
Written Proof and Arguments	427	(8)
Emphasis on written submissions in ICC arbitration	427	(2)
Documents	429	(1)
Memorials and briefs	430	(1)
Timeliness of submissions	431	(1)
Written statements of witnesses	432	(3)
Hearings	435	(14)
Arbitrators' power of subpoena and to administer oath	435	(2)
Testimony	437	(5)
Party experts	442	(1)
Demonstrative evidence	443	(1)
Oral argument	444	(2)
Closing the proceedings	446	(3)
Fact Finding and Interlocutory Measures Ordered by Arbitrators	449	(22)
Production of documents	449	(8)
Depositions	457	(1)
Site visit	458	(1)
Experts appointed by the tribunal	458	(2)
Interim measures and other interlocutory relief ordered by arbitrators	460	(11)
Ancillary Proceedings Before National Courts	471	(24)
Article 23(2) of the Rules: interim or conservatory measures	471	(2)
Injunction, expertise, and other urgent measures	473	(7)
Other interlocutory relief	480	(2)
Attachments	482	(4)
Court ordered discovery and production of evidence	486	(9)
PART V THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL LAW
National Constraints on ICC Arbitration	495	(24)
Private Consent and Public Power	495	(1)
Matters Affected by National Arbitration Law	496	(1)
The Arbitral Situs	497	(3)
Award Annulment: Why and to What Effect	500	(7)
Multiple Procedural Norms	507	(3)
Keeping National Law in Perspective	510	(2)
Courts and Arbitral Jurisdiction	512	(4)
The Special Status of International Arbitration	516	(3)
The Uncitral Model Law	519	(12)
Statutory Framework	519	(4)
The Agreement to Arbitrate	523	(3)
Interlocutory matters	526	(2)
Review of awards	528	(3)
English Law	531	(18)
Statutory Framework	531	(6)
The Agreement to Arbitrate	537	(2)
Interlocutory Matters	539	(3)
Review of Awards	542	(7)
French Law	549	(14)
Statutory framework	549	(2)
The Agreement to Arbitrate	551	(4)
Interlocutory Matters	555	(2)
Review of Awards	557	(6)
Hong Kong Law	563	(12)
Statutory Framework	563	(4)
The Agreement to Arbitrate	567	(2)
Interlocutory Matters	569	(1)
Review of Awards	570	(5)
Swiss Law	575	(16)
Statutory Framework	575	(2)
The Agreement to Arbitrate	577	(2)
Interlocutory Matters	579	(3)
Review of Awards	582	(9)
United States Law	591	(32)
Statutory Framework	591	(5)
The Agreement to Arbitrate	596	(11)
Interlocutory Matters	607	(3)
Review of Awards	610	(13)
PART VI TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
Lex Mercatoria	623	(38)
Three concepts of lex mercatoria	623	(16)
ICC awards as precedents	639	(12)
An illustration of the emergence of transnational norms: the issue of force majeure	651	(6)
Toward a concept of arbitral justice	657	(4)
State Contracts	661	(18)
International arbitration as a perceived menace to sovereignty	661	(2)
Arbitration without privity	663	(7)
Sovereign immunity and acts of State	670	(6)
The ability of developing countries to deal with transnational disputes	676	(3)
ICC Arbitration and the New York Convention	679	(18)
Background	679	(1)
Framework	680	(1)
Scope	681	(3)
Defenses to Recognition and Enforcement	684	(2)
Interaction with Other Treaties	686	(11)
Additional ICC Dispute Resolving Mechanisms	697
Conciliation	697
Expertise	701
Pre-arbitral Referee	706
Adaptation of contracts	709
Maritime and aviation arbitration	712
Specialized commissions	713
Appointing authority	714
Supervising arbitration applying non-ICC rules	715
Documentary Credit Disputes	715
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Statistics and General Information
Table 1 Composition of ICC Commissions and Working Groups	721
Table 2 Composition of the Court of Arbitration	724
Table 3 Nationalities of Arbitrators	727
Table 4 Nationalities of Arbitrators Selected in 1989-1999 (11 Years)	728
Table 5 Nationalities of Parties to Arbitration Field in 1989-1999 (11 Years)	732
Table 6 Regional Leaders	737
Table 7 Places of Arbitration Established in 1989-1999 (11 Years)	738
Table 8 Amounts In Dispute	743
Table 9A Calculating ICC Administrative Expenses and Fees of Arbitrators According to the ICC Schedule	744
Table 9B Estimating Costs and the Advance on Costs	745
Table 10 Signatories to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards	748
Appendix II:
Rules of Optional Conciliation	753
Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce	756
Statutes of the International Court of Arbitration of the ICC	771
Internal Rules of the International Court of Arbitration of the ICC	773
Arbitration Costs and Fees	776
Destination table: From 1975 Arbitration Rules to 1998 Arbitration Rules	781
Derivative table: From 1998 Arbitration Rules to 1975 Arbitration Rules	784
Appendix III:
ICC Rules for Expertise	789
ICC Rules for Documentary Credit Dispute Resolution Expertise DOCDEX Rules	793
Appendix to the ICC DOCDEX Rules	798
ICC/CMI Rules for International Maritime Arbitration	800
ICC Rules for a Pre-Arbitral Referee Procedure	808
Appendix: Costs and Payment for the ICC Pre-arbitral Referee Procedure	813
TABLES
Table of Cases	815
Table of Arbitral Awards	859
Table of Authorities	873
Table of Articles of the 1998 ICC Arbitration Rules	911
INDEX
Subject Index	919