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9780415316156

International Control of Tritium for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780415316156

  • ISBN10:

    0415316154

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2004-03-29
  • Publisher: CRC Press

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Summary

Tritium is used by all nuclear weapons states to increase the explosive yield of atomic bombs and to miniaturize them. However, this radioactive material has not yet been put under appropriate international control comparable to the nuclear safeguards applied for plutonium and uranium. It is a neglected material in efforts to control the spread and further development of nuclear weapons.International Control of Tritium for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament closes a gap in the literature on nuclear non-proliferation. It argues persuasively that a carefully designed tritium control would be beneficial both for non-proliferation of tritium as well as for encouraging disarmament, if implemented in combination with fissile materials controls. This book provides a unique resource on all aspects regarding the civilian and military use of tritium, and a survey of the production, occurrence, and availability of tritium in different types of nuclear facilities. Based on this information, the author presents an outline of procedures that could be used to verify the nondiversion of tritium as well as a technical assessment of an international tritium control agreement. In his conclusion, he shows that verification of control agreements would be technically feasible, politically acceptable, and would not add excessive inspection activities.With this well researched and convincing presentation, the author offers a thorough examination of an issue of global importance. His work will be of interest to nuclear scientists, engineers, and analysts, as well as journalists, think tanks, and military planners as they research and implement various nuclear systems and policies.

Table of Contents

Forewordp. xi
Prefacep. xiii
Dealing with the civilian/military ambivalence toward tritiump. 1
Introductionp. 1
Tritium and tritium technologyp. 2
The use of tritiump. 5
Civilian uses of tritiump. 5
Military uses of tritiump. 8
Civilian/military ambivalence of tritiump. 11
Current state of tritium controlp. 16
Tritium control at the facility levelp. 16
Tritium control at the national levelp. 17
Tritium control at the international levelp. 22
Rationale for international tritium controlp. 25
Reversing vertical proliferation by tritium controlp. 28
Tritium control and qualitative disarmamentp. 28
The relation of tritium and weight to yield of nuclear weaponsp. 30
Consequences of yield reduction by elimination of tritiump. 33
Yield reduction by tritium elimination: possibilities for qualitative nuclear disarmamentp. 35
Horizontal nonproliferation of tritiump. 39
Tritium-related activities in de facto nuclear weapons statesp. 39
International tritium control for nonproliferationp. 41
Nondiscriminatory tritium control within a Fissile Material Treatyp. 46
The role of tritium within a verified production cutoff for fissile materialsp. 46
The principle of reciprocity within a Fissile Material Treatyp. 49
The "integrated cutoff" (ICO)p. 52
Endnotesp. 55
Referencesp. 63
Diversion path analysisp. 71
Introductionp. 71
Diversion path analysis as a method to derive control tasksp. 71
Methodology of diversion path analysisp. 71
Diversion strategiesp. 72
Safeguards development methodologyp. 73
Facility types and flow paths with relevance to tritium diversionp. 73
Production pathsp. 76
Lithium-6 pathp. 76
Helium-3 pathp. 91
Boron pathp. 93
Tritiated water pathp. 94
Ternary fission pathp. 97
Removal pathp. 99
Removal from tritium-handling facilitiesp. 99
Recovery of abandoned tritium and multisource acquisitionp. 100
Survey of worldwide civilian stocks and production capacitiesp. 101
Nuclear reactors and special neutron sources (facility type 1)p. 101
Fuel fabrication facilities (facility type 2)p. 102
Separate storages for spent fuel (facility type 3)p. 103
Reprocessing plants (facility type 4)p. 103
Final disposal sites for nuclear waste (facility type 5)p. 104
Detritiation facilities (facility type 6)p. 104
Tritium storages and research facilities (facility type 7)p. 105
Tritium industry (facility type 8)p. 105
Summary and outlookp. 108
Survey of worldwide military tritium productionp. 108
Conclusions on tritium diversionp. 113
Assessment of diversion possibilitiesp. 113
High civilian surplus meets military demandp. 116
Endnotesp. 117
Referencesp. 121
Verification of an international tritium control agreementp. 127
Introductionp. 127
Conceptual framework for verificationp. 128
Control goals and criteriap. 128
Significant quantitiesp. 130
Relevant time framesp. 133
Verification of nonproductionp. 134
Verification of production limitationsp. 134
Verification of inactivity of production facilitiesp. 136
Detection of breeding activitiesp. 137
Verification of inadvertent tritium productionp. 138
Verification of nonremovalp. 139
Methodological background of tritium accountancyp. 139
Uncertainty in baseline determinationp. 143
Measurement accuracy in inventory-takingp. 144
Tritium sink analysisp. 152
Conclusions on the efficiency of tritium accountancyp. 156
Containment, surveillance, and physical protectionp. 158
Containment and surveillancep. 158
Physical protectionp. 158
Detection of clandestine facilities and activitiesp. 159
Control activities at different facility typesp. 162
Overview of relevant facilities worldwidep. 162
Control activitiesp. 163
Conclusions on verificationp. 173
Endnotesp. 176
Referencesp. 183
Technical assessment of an international tritium control agreementp. 189
Adequacy and appropriatenessp. 189
Nondiscriminationp. 190
Feasibility and completenessp. 190
Control effectivenessp. 192
Minimum interferences with facility operationp. 194
Minimum intrusivenessp. 194
Synergies with other control proceduresp. 194
Costsp. 196
Effects on civilian tritium usesp. 197
Acceptabilityp. 197
Conclusionsp. 197
Endnotesp. 199
Acknowledgmentsp. 201
World tritium facilities, inventories, and production capabilitiesp. 203
Nuclear reactors and special neutron sources (facility type 1)p. 204
Nuclear power reactors (facility type 1a,b)p. 204
Nuclear research reactors (facility type 1c,d)p. 208
Special neutron sources (facility type 1f)p. 213
Fuel fabrication facilities (facility type 2)p. 215
Separate spent fuel storage facilities (facility type 3)p. 219
Reprocessing plants (facility type 4)p. 220
Final disposal sites for nuclear waste (facility type 5)p. 224
Detritiation facilities (facility type 6)p. 228
Tritium research and storage facilities (facility type 7)p. 229
Commercial tritium manufacturers and trade companies (facility type 8)p. 231
Referencesp. 232
Abbreviationsp. 235
Subject indexp. 239
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

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