International Environmental Law in a Nutshell

by Guruswamy, Lakshman D.; Hendricks, Brent R.

• ISBN13: 9780314144096
• ISBN10: 0314144099
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: West Academic
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law; Implementation; Population; Biodiversity; Global Climate Change; Ozone Depletion; Antarctica; Toxic and Hazardous Substances; Land-Based Pollution; Vessel-Based Pollution; Dumping; Conservation of Marine Living Resources; Transboundary Air Pollution; Transboundary Water Pollution; Desertification Nuclear Damage; The Future of EIL.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Acknowledgments	vii
Table of Treaties	xxv
Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law	1	(29)
Treaties	4	(10)
Interpretation of Treaties	8	(4)
Conflict With Other Treaties	12	(2)
Custom	14	(5)
General Principles of Law	19	(2)
Judicial Decisions	21	(3)
Other Sources of Law	24	(6)
The Historical Continuum	30	(18)
The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment 1972	30	(5)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982	35	(2)
World Commission on Environment and Development	37	(2)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992	39	(4)
World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 (WSSD)	43	(5)
Implementation	48	(57)
Institutions and Organizations	49	(10)
Global Organizations	50	(3)
Regional Organizations	53	(1)
Specific Treaty Organizations	54	(1)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS)	55	(4)
Compliance Mechanisms	59	(5)
Diplomatic Avenues	64	(1)
Judicial Remedies	65	(29)
Jurisdiction	67	(4)
Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms	71	(1)
Application of SR	72	(1)
Fault Liability	73	(1)
Strict and Absolute Liability	74	(2)
Attribution, Causation, Exhaustion of Local Remedies, and Reparation	76	(3)
Trail Smelter Arbitration	79	(2)
International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising Out Of Acts Not Prohibited By International Law	81	(3)
Civil Liability	84	(2)
Treaty Overlay	86	(3)
Civil Liability Litigation	89	(3)
Conclusion	92	(2)
The Effectiveness of International Environmental Law	94	(2)
Institutional Concerns	94	(2)
The Relationship Between IEL and Domestic Law	96	(9)
Treaties and Domestic Law	97	(4)
Custom and Domestic Law	101	(4)
Population	105	(22)
Nature of Population Growth	105	(3)
Decreasing Resources	108	(3)
Environmental Threats	111	(5)
Remedial Objectives	116	(5)
Theories on Population Growth	116	(1)
The Malthusian Apocalypse	116	(2)
Neo-Malthusian, Economic Transition and Redistributional Theories of Population Growth	118	(2)
The Way Forward	120	(1)
Legal Response	121	(6)
Biodiversity	127	(47)
Nature of the Problem	127	(2)
Environmental Impacts	129	(2)
Causes	131	(1)
Remedial Objectives	132	(1)
Legal Response	133	(41)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	133	(2)
Principles of Equity and Resource Transfers	135	(1)
Common Concern of Humankind	136	(1)
Access to Genetic Resources	137	(2)
Biotechnology	139	(3)
Financial Transfers	142	(1)
Principles of Sustainable Development (Conservation and Sustainable Use)	143	(2)
All Parties (Including Developing Countries)	145	(2)
Developed Countries	147	(1)
Institutions	148	(1)
Relationship to Other Conventions	149	(2)
Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety	151	(5)
International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity	156	(1)
The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)	156	(1)
Commitments	157	(3)
Continued Trade in Listed Species	160	(2)
The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)	162	(3)
The 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)	165	(3)
The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)	168	(3)
Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity	171	(3)
Global Climate Change	174	(52)
Climatic Facts	174	(6)
Increasing GHG Emissions	175	(2)
A Warming Trend	177	(3)
Human Culpability	180	(5)
The Nay Sayers	181	(4)
Possible Impacts	185	(3)
Remedial Objectives	188	(3)
Legal Response	191	(35)
Substantive Obligations	191	(1)
UNFCCC	191	(1)
History and Overview	191	(2)
The Comprehensive Approach	193	(2)
Commitments	195	(2)
The Kyoto Protocol	197	(1)
History	198	(2)
Overview & Assessment	200	(1)
Institutions and Implementation	201	(1)
Conference of the Parties (COP)	201	(3)
Secretariat	204	(1)
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice	204	(1)
Subsidiary Body for Implementation	205	(1)
Financial Mechanism	205	(2)
Outstanding Issues	207	(1)
Joint Implementation	207	(4)
Technology Transfers & Financing	211	(2)
Adaptation	213	(2)
Costs & Benefits	215	(4)
Implications	219	(1)
Research and Development in Alternative Energy	219	(2)
An Inclusive Convention	221	(1)
Realistic Long-Term Implementation Strategies	222	(4)
Ozone Depletion	226	(20)
The Nature of the Problem	227	(2)
Causes of the Problem	229	(3)
Environmental Impacts	232	(1)
Remedial Objectives	233	(2)
Legal Response	235	(9)
The Vienna Ozone Convention	235	(1)
The Montreal Protocol	236	(1)
Adjustments and Amendments	237	(5)
Transfers	242	(1)
Trade Restrictions	243	(1)
Technological and Financial Assistance	244	(1)
The Impact of the Regime	244	(2)
Antarctica	246	(28)
Geophysical Sketch	246	(4)
Scientific and Archeological Importance	250	(1)
Economic Concerns	251	(2)
Environmental Issues	253	(2)
Geo--Political Significance	255	(1)
Legal Response	256	(18)
Overview	256	(3)
The 1959 Antarctic Treaty	259	(1)
The 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972 Seals Convention)	260	(2)
1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980 CCAMLR)	262	(2)
1988 Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention (CRAMRA)	264	(1)
1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol	265	(2)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)	267	(1)
Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora	268	(1)
Waste Disposal and Management	269	(1)
Prevention of Marine Pollution	270	(1)
Area Protection and Management	271	(3)
Toxic and Hazardous Substances	274	(46)
Nature of the Problem	274	(3)
Sources	277	(3)
Environmental Impacts & Pathways	280	(7)
Impacts	280	(5)
Pathways	285	(2)
Remedial Objectives	287	(8)
Legal Response	295	(25)
Toxic and Hazardous Substances in General	295	(1)
Prior Informed Consent	296	(1)
2002 FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides	296	(4)
1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade (1987 UNEP London Guidelines)	300	(3)
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention)	303	(3)
Hazardous Wastes	306	(1)
Transboundary Movement	306	(1)
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)	307	(1)
Environmentally Sound Management	307	(1)
Transboundary Movement	308	(5)
The Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (Bamako Convention)	313	(1)
The International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention)	314	(1)
Elimination and Reductions at Source	315	(3)
Other Regional Agreements	318	(2)
Land-Based Pollution	320	(20)
Nature of the Problem	320	(1)
Sources and Environmental Impacts	321	(5)
Remedial Objectives	326	(2)
Legal Response	328	(12)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)	328	(2)
Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution From Land-Based Sources	330	(1)
The Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities	331	(2)
Regional Treaties	333	(7)
Vessel-Based Pollution	340	(28)
Nature of the Problem	340	(4)
Environmental Impacts	344	(2)
Harm Caused by the Physical Properties of Oil	344	(1)
Harm Caused by the Toxic Properties of Oil	345	(1)
Causes of Vessel-Based Oil Pollution	346	(2)
Remedial Objectives	348	(2)
Legal Response	350	(1)
Operational Pollution	350	(1)
The 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL)	350	(18)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)	355	(3)
Accidental Pollution	358	(1)
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)	359	(1)
International Convention Relating To Intervention on the High Seas In Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969 Intervention Convention and 1973 Protocol)	360	(2)
Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)	362	(1)
Liability	363	(1)
State Responsibility	363	(1)
Civil Liability	363	(1)
1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC)	363	(3)
International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund Convention)	366	(2)
Dumping	368	(14)
Nature of the Problem	368	(1)
Sources and Environmental Impacts	369	(1)
Remedial Objectives	370	(1)
Legal Response	371	(11)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)	372	(1)
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)	372	(4)
1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972	376	(4)
Regional Treaties	380	(2)
Conservation of Marine Living Resources	382	(32)
Nature of the Problem	382	(1)
Sources and Impacts	383	(5)
Remedial Objectives	388	(4)
Legal Response	392	(22)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)	392	(1)
Overview	392	(1)
Dispute Settlement under UNCLOS---The Bluefin Tuna Case	392	(3)
Jurisdiction Zones	395	(1)
Territorial Sea	395	(1)
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)	396	(2)
Continental Shelf	398	(1)
High Seas	398	(1)
The Species Approach	399	(1)
Straddling Stocks	400	(2)
Highly Migratory Species (HMS)	402	(1)
Marine Mammals	403	(1)
The Special Case of Seals	404	(1)
Anadromous Species	405	(1)
Catadromous Species	406	(1)
UNEP Regional Seas Programme	406	(2)
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)	408	(3)
Driftnet Fishing	411	(3)
Transboundary Air Pollution	414	(20)
Nature of the Problem	414	(1)
Causes and Sources	415	(1)
Environmental Impacts	415	(3)
Remedial Objectives	418	(1)
Legal Response	419	(15)
Custom	419	(2)
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)	421	(1)
Overview	421	(3)
Sulphur Emissions	424	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	425	(2)
Volatile Organic Compounds	427	(1)
United States---Canada	428	(3)
United States---Mexico	431	(3)
Transboundary Water Pollution	434	(37)
Nature of the Problem	434	(2)
Sources of Environmental Harm	436	(2)
Environmental Impacts	438	(2)
Remedial Measures	440	(1)
Legal Response	440	(31)
Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses	440	(3)
Communication: Notification, Consultation and Negotiation	443	(3)
Equitable Utilization	446	(5)
Obligation Not to Cause Transboundary Harm	451	(2)
Further Protections	453	(1)
The Question of Groundwater	454	(1)
Regional and Bilateral Agreements	455	(1)
1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and Lakes (ECE Treaty)	456	(4)
The Rhine	460	(3)
United States---Canada	463	(3)
United States---Mexico	466	(5)
Desertification	471	(13)
Nature of the Problem	471	(2)
Impacts of Desertification	473	(1)
Causes of Desertification	474	(2)
Remedial Objectives	476	(1)
Legal Response	477	(7)
Commitments	478	(1)
Developing Countries	478	(2)
Developed Countries	480	(1)
Implementation	480	(4)
Nuclear Damage	484	(55)
Nature of the Problem	484	(10)
Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons	486	(5)
Civilian Nuclear Energy	491	(2)
Nuclear Waste	493	(1)
Remedial Objectives	494	(2)
Legal Response	496	(43)
Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons	497	(1)
Treaty Overlay	497	(2)
Nuclear Testing	499	(5)
Disarmed Nuclear Materials	504	(6)
Customary Law	510	(1)
Nuclear Testing	510	(10)
Use of Nuclear Weapons	520	(3)
Civilian Nuclear Energy	523	(1)
Nuclear Safety	523	(1)
1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety	524	(3)
The 1986 IAEA Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification Convention)	527	(1)
The 1986 IAEA Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (Assistance Convention)	528	(1)
Liability	529	(1)
State Responsibility	529	(3)
Civil Liability	532	(7)
The Future of IEL	539	(22)
Foundational & Systemic Norms	540	(7)
Sustainable Development	540	(2)
The Common Law of Humankind	542	(5)
Primary Rules and Principles	547	(9)
Principles	547	(2)
Rules	549	(2)
Embryonic Rules and Principles	551	(3)
Clash of Primary Obligations	554	(2)
Secondary Rules and State Responsibility	556	(1)
The Actors in IEL	557	(4)
Appendix	561	(28)
Index	589