International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis

by Francisco Forrest Martin , Stephen J. Schnably , Richard Wilson , Jonathan Simon , Mark Tushnet

• ISBN13: 9780521858861
• ISBN10: 0521858860
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-16
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis introduces the reader to the international legal instruments and case law governing the substantive and procedural dimensions of international human rights and humanitarian law, including economic, social, and cultural rights. The book also discusses the history and organizational structure of human rights and humanitarian law enforcement mechanisms. The book devotes a chapter to the issues surrounding the incorporation of international law into U.S. law, including principles of constitutional and statutory interpretation, conflict rules, and the self-execution doctrine. Questions and comments sections provide critical analyses of issues raised in the materials. The last chapter addresses theoretical issues facing contemporary international human rights and humanitarian law and its enforcement.

Table of Contents

Table of Selected Authorities	xxi
Selected International Instrument Citations	xxi
Selected Cases, General Comments, & Advisory Opinions	xxiii
Preface	xxix
Researching International Human Rights Law	xxx
Note Regarding Editing	xxxi
Acknowledgments	xxxi
An Overview of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Development and Their Protection Mechanisms	1	(21)
The Historical and Conceptual Development of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law	1	(5)
Overview of International Protection Mechanisms: History, Organization, and Operations	6	(16)
United Nations Mechanisms	6	(1)
UN Treaty-Based Tribunals	7	(1)
International Criminal Court	8	(1)
Human Rights Committee	8	(2)
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination	10	(1)
Committee Against Torture	10	(1)
Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women	11	(1)
Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights	11	(1)
UN Charter-Based Tribunals and Other Mechanisms	11	(1)
International Court of Justice	11	(1)
International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda	11	(1)
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights	12	(1)
Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No. 1503	12	(1)
Philip Alston, The Commission on Human Rights in Alston (ed.) The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal 126 (1992)	13	(1)
Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No. 1235	14	(1)
Thematic and Country Mechanisms	15	(1)
International Labour Organisation	15	(1)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees	16	(1)
Regional Tribunals	16	(1)
European Court of Human Rights	16	(1)
Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights	17	(2)
African Commission and Court of Human and Peoples' Rights	19	(1)
Caribbean Court of Justice	19	(1)
Other Tribunals	20	(1)
Human Rights Commission for Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	(1)
Hybrid National-International, Criminal Tribunals	20	(2)
Formal Sources and Principles of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law	22	(153)
Formal Sources	22	(24)
ICJ Statute, art. 38	22	(1)
Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 3, 4 (4th ed. 1990)	23	(1)
Treaties	23	(2)
Reservations	25	(1)
U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings to the ICCPR (1992)	26	(2)
Questions & Comments	28	(1)
Customary International Law	28	(1)
Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 5--7, 10 (4th ed. 1990)	29	(1)
Questions & Comments	30	(1)
Jus Cogens	31	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Delineating a Hierarchical Outline of International Law Sources and Norms, 65 Sask. L. Rev. 333 (2002)	31	(8)
Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1993)	39	(1)
Questions & Comments	40	(1)
Advisory Opinion, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1987)	40	(6)
Principles of Interpretation	46	(25)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, arts. 31 and 32	46	(1)
Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Martens Clause	47	(1)
ICC Statute, art. 21	47	(1)
Advisory Opinion, ``Other Treaties'' Subject to the Consultative Jurisdiction of the Court (Art. 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights), Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1982)	48	(6)
Questions & Comments	54	(1)
Paul Mahoney, Judicial Activism and Judicial Self-Restraint in the European Court of Human Rights, 11 Hum. Rts. L.J. 57 (1990)	54	(2)
Laurence R. Helfer, Consensus, Coherence and the European Convention on Human Rights, 26 Cornell Int'l L.J. 133 (1993)	56	(12)
Questions & Comments	68	(3)
Principles of Liability	71	(104)
Dinah L. Shelton, Private Violence, Public Wrongs, and the Responsibility of States, 13 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1 (1990)	71	(3)
Questions & Comments	74	(1)
State Liability	75	(6)
Instruments
Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1988)	81	(5)
Questions & Comments	86	(4)
Francisco Forrest Martin, ``U.S. Opposition to the International Criminal Court: What Now?'' 1 Accountability 2--8 (2002)	90	(6)
Questions & Comments	96	(1)
X. and Y. v. The Netherlands, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)	96	(3)
Questions & Comments	99	(1)
Andrew Clapham, Human Rights in the Private Sphere 93--104 (1993)	100	(2)
Questions & Comments	102	(1)
Individual Liability: State and Non-State Actors	103	(7)
Instruments
Superior Responsibility	110	(1)
Memorial Amicus Curiae submitted by Rights International, Benavides Cevallos v. Ecuador, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1998)	110	(4)
Questions & Comments	114	(1)
Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, ICTR (2001)	115	(6)
Questions & Comments	121	(1)
Conspiracy and Corporate Responsibility	122	(1)
Judgment for the Trial of German Major War Criminals, International Military Tribunal (1946)	122	(9)
Questions & Comments	131	(1)
Steven R. Ratner, Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal Responsibility, 111 Yale L. J. 443 (2001)	132	(15)
Defenses	147	(1)
Statute of the International Criminal Court, Articles 31 and 33	147	(1)
State and Official Immunity	148	(1)
Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2001)	148	(11)
Questions & Comments	159	(1)
Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium, ICJ (2002)	159	(4)
Questions & Comments	163	(1)
Combat Immunity	164	(1)
Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Protection of Prisoners of War	164	(1)
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)	165	(3)
Questions & Comments	168	(1)
Superior Orders, Coercion, and Duress	168	(1)
In re Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen Trial), IMT (1948)	168	(3)
Questions & Comments	171	(1)
Other Viable and Non-Viable Defenses	171	(4)
Incorporation of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in U.S. Law	175	(95)
U.S. Constitution	175	(1)
Construction Rules	175	(30)
Constitutional Construction	175	(1)
Mandatory International Legal Construction Rule	176	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)	176	(13)
Questions & Comments	189	(1)
Persuasive Authority Rule	189	(1)
Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)	189	(2)
Questions & Comments	191	(1)
Federal and State Statutory Construction	191	(1)
Federal Mandatory Rule: The Charming Betsy and Rossi Rules	191	(1)
Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982)	191	(1)
Questions & Comments	192	(1)
Curtis A. Bradley, The Charming Betsy Canon and Separation of Powers: Rethinking the Interpretive Role of International Law, 86 Geo. L.J. 479, 495--533 (1998)	192	(11)
Questions & Comments	203	(1)
Persuasive Authority Rule	203	(1)
Laurence R. Helfer and Alice M. Miller, Sexual Orientation and Human Rights: Toward a United States and Transnational Jurisprudence, 9 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 61 (1996)	203	(2)
Questions & Comments	205	(1)
Conflict Rules	205	(15)
Treaties and Federal Statutes: The Last-in-Time Rule	205	(1)
Chae Chan Ping v. United States (The Chinese Exclusion Case), 130 U.S. 581 (1889)	205	(7)
Questions & Comments	212	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)	212	(4)
Customary International Law and Other Federal Law: The Garcia-Mir Rule	216	(1)
Garcia-Mir v. Meese, 788 F.2d 1446 (11th Cir. 1986)	217	(2)
Questions & Comments	219	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)	219	(1)
Self-Execution Doctrine	220	(50)
Treaties	220	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Challenging Human Rights Violations: Using International Law in U.S. Courts (2001)	221	(14)
Questions & Comments	235	(1)
John C. Yoo, Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1955 (1999)	236	(3)
Questions & Comments	239	(1)
John C. Yoo, Rejoinder, Treaties and Public Lawmaking: A Textual and Structural Defense of Non-Self-Execution, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 2218, 2233 et passim (1999)	240	(4)
Questions & Comments	244	(2)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)	246	(8)
Customary International Law	254	(1)
Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 124 S. Ct. 2739 (2004)	254	(13)
Questions & Comments	267	(3)
International Human Rights Tribunal Procedure and Remedies	270	(37)
Jurisdiction	270	(16)
Advisory Opinion, Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1989)	271	(5)
Bankovic and Others v. Belgium and Others, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2001)	276	(8)
Francisco Forrest Martin, The International Human Rights Aspects of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine, 35 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 101, 106--109 (2003)	284	(2)
Standing	286	(3)
A group of associations . . . v. Italy, UNHRC (1990)	287	(1)
Questions & Comments	288	(1)
Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies	289	(12)
Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Preliminary Objections, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1989)	291	(3)
Questions & Comments	294	(1)
Advisory Opinion, Exceptions to the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies in Cases of Indigency or Inability to Obtain Legal Representation Because of a Generalized Fear Within the Legal Community, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1990)	295	(6)
Questions & Comments	301	(1)
Remedies and State Compliance	301	(6)
Restitution	302	(2)
Satisfaction	304	(1)
Indemnity	305	(1)
Questions & Comments	305	(2)
Substantive International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Protections	307	(631)
Fundamental International Human Rights Protections	307	(146)
Rights to Life and Humane Treatment	307	(8)
Instruments
Torture; Cruel, Inhuman, Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and Sexual Violence	315	(1)
Ireland v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1978)	315	(5)
Questions & Comments	320	(2)
Hernandez Rivas v. El Salvador, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1994)	322	(4)
Questions & Comments	326	(1)
UNHRC General Comment 20 (Article 7)	326	(3)
Abortion	329	(1)
``The Baby Boy'' Case, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1981)	330	(2)
Questions & Comments	332	(1)
Vo v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2004)	333	(5)
Questions & Comments	338	(1)
Death Penalty	339	(1)
Instruments
Domingues v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (2002)	339	(12)
Questions & Comments	351	(1)
Soering v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989)	351	(6)
Questions & Comments	357	(4)
Judge v. Canada, UNHRC (2003)	361	(3)
Questions & Comments	364	(1)
Abductions, Disappearances, and Summary Executions	364	(1)
Saldias de Lopez v. Uruguay, UNHRC (1981)	365	(4)
Questions & Comments	369	(1)
Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1988)	370	(1)
Questions & Comments	370	(1)
Rights to Personal Security and Liberty	371	(3)
Instruments
Murray v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1994)	374	(15)
Questions & Comments	389	(2)
Suarez Rosero v. Ecuador, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1997)	391	(7)
Questions & Comments	398	(1)
Advisory Opinion, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1987)	399	(1)
Questions & Comments	399	(5)
Right to Freedom from Discrimination	404	(3)
Instruments
Intentional Discrimination	407	(1)
Advisory Opinion, Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1984)	407	(7)
Questions & Comments	414	(2)
Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1999)	416	(4)
Questions & Comments	420	(1)
Unintentional and Disparate Impact Discrimination	421	(1)
Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic, UNHRC (1995)	421	(4)
Questions & Comments	425	(1)
Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)	425	(19)
Questions & Comments	444	(3)
Affirmative Action	447	(1)
Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, Eur. Ct. J. (1997)	447	(5)
Questions & Comments	452	(1)
International Humanitarian Law Protections and Human Rights-Related International Crimes	453	(99)
Genocide	453	(1)
Instruments
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR (1998)	454	(19)
Questions & Comments	473	(2)
Crimes Against Humanity	475	(2)
Instruments
Prosecutor v. Tadic (Final Judgment), ICTY (1997)	477	(13)
Questions & Comments	490	(2)
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR (1998)	492	(10)
Questions & Comments	502	(1)
War Crimes	503	(19)
Instruments
International and Noninternational Conflicts	522	(1)
Prosecutor v. Tadic (Final Judgment), ICTY (1997)	522	(5)
Questions & Comments	527	(2)
The Proportionality Rule and Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary Suffering (SIrUS) Rule	529	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Using International Human Rights Law for Establishing a Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict, 64(2) Sask. L. Rev. 347 (2002)	529	(4)
Questions & Comments	533	(1)
Rights International Memorial Amicus Curiae in Prosecutor v. Galic, ICTY (2003)	534	(8)
Questions & Comments	542	(1)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Challenging Human Rights Violations: Using International Law in U.S. Courts 130--41 (2001)	543	(9)
Criminal and Civil Procedural Rights	552	(107)
Instruments
Presumption of Innocence	563	(1)
Allenet de Ribemont v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1995)	563	(4)
Questions & Comments	567	(1)
Assistance of Legal Counsel	568	(1)
Grant v. Jamaica, UNHRC (1994)	568	(5)
Questions & Comments	573	(4)
Advisory Opinion, The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1999)	577	(12)
Questions & Comments	589	(1)
Judicial and Jury Impartiality	590	(1)
Andrews v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1997)	590	(14)
Questions & Comments	604	(1)
Equality of Arms: Examination of Witnesses and Documents	604	(1)
Harward v. Norway, UNHRC (1994)	604	(2)
Questions & Comments	606	(3)
Edwards v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1992)	609	(10)
Questions & Comments	619	(1)
Kostovski v. The Netherlands, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989)	619	(11)
Questions & Comments	630	(2)
Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, ICTR (2001)	632	(2)
Questions & Comments	634	(1)
Self-Incrimination	634	(1)
Funke v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)	634	(5)
Questions & Comments	639	(1)
Length of Proceedings	640	(1)
Firmenich v. Argentina, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1989)	640	(4)
Questions & Comments	644	(2)
Retrospective Criminal Laws	646	(1)
Welch v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1995)	646	(6)
Questions & Comments	652	(1)
Punishment	653	(2)
Instruments
Prosecutor v. Kambanda, ICTR (2000)	655	(2)
Questions & Comments	657	(2)
Rights to Privacy and Respect for Family Life	659	(75)
Instruments
Surveillance, Search and Seizure, and the Exclusionary Rule	662	(1)
Peck v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2003)	662	(8)
Questions & Comments	670	(1)
Klass and Others v. Germany, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1978)	670	(6)
Questions & Comments	676	(2)
Garcia Perez v. Peru, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1995)	678	(2)
Questions & Comments	680	(1)
Cremieux v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)	680	(4)
Questions & Comments	684	(1)
Sexual Orientation and Practice	685	(1)
Toonen v. Australia, UNHRC (1994)	685	(4)
Questions & Comments	689	(3)
Transgendered Persons	692	(1)
Goodwin v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2002)	692	(19)
Questions & Comments	711	(1)
Parental Rights and the Right to Familial Integrity	711	(1)
Fei v. Colombia, UNHRC (1995)	711	(8)
Questions & Comments	719	(5)
Abortion	724	(1)
Bruggemann and Scheuten v. Federal Republic of Germany, Eur. Cm. H.R. (1977)	724	(3)
Questions & Comments	727	(2)
Paton v. United Kingdom, Eur. Cm. H.R. (1980)	729	(5)
Questions & Comments	734	(1)
Freedom of Conscience	734	(16)
Instruments
Kokkinakis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)	736	(11)
Questions & Comments	747	(3)
Freedom of Expression	750	(94)
Instruments
Defamation	753	(1)
Lingens v. Austria, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)	753	(9)
Questions & Comments	762	(6)
Offensive Expression	768	(1)
J.R.T. and the W.G. Party v. Canada, UNHRC (1983)	768	(2)
Questions & Comments	770	(2)
Muller and Others v. Switzerland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1988)	772	(14)
Questions & Comments	786	(4)
Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1992)	790	(10)
Questions & Comments	800	(3)
National Security	803	(1)
The Observer and Guardian v. United Kingdom (``The Spycatcher Case''), Eur. Ct. H.R. (1991)	803	(19)
Questions & Comments	822	(3)
Media Access and Licensing, and Commercial Expression	825	(1)
Barthold v. Federal Republic of Germany, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)	825	(15)
Questions & Comments	840	(4)
Freedom of Association and Assembly	844	(7)
Instruments
Plattform `Artze fur das Leben' v. Austria, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1988)	846	(3)
Questions & Comments	849	(2)
Right to Marriage	851	(15)
Instruments
Goodwin v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2002)	852	(2)
Questions & Comments	854	(1)
Johnston v. Ireland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)	855	(9)
Questions & Comments	864	(2)
Right to Vote	866	(15)
Instruments
Statehood Solidarity Committee v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm H.R. (2003)	869	(11)
Questions & Comments	880	(1)
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights	881	(57)
Instruments
The Nature of States Parties Obligations, ECOSOC Ctte. General Comment No. 3 (1990)	891	(3)
Questions & Comments	894	(1)
Five Pensioners Case, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2003)	895	(4)
Questions & Comments	899	(1)
Employment	900	(1)
Advisory Opinion, Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2003)	900	(11)
Questions & Comments	911	(1)
Property	911	(2)
Instruments
The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2001)	913	(2)
Questions & Comments	915	(1)
James v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)	916	(14)
Questions & Comments	930	(1)
Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece (Merits), Eur. Ct. H.R. (1994)	931	(5)
Questions & Comments	936	(2)
Theory and Critique	938	(49)
Richard Falk, The End of World Order: Essays on Normative International Relations (1983)	938	(2)
Questions & Comments	940	(1)
Louis Henkin, the Age of Rights (1990)	941	(2)
Questions & Comments	943	(1)
Yash Ghai, Universalism and Relativism: Human Rights as a Framework for Negotiating Interethnic Claims, 21 Cardozo L. Rev. 1095--1102 (2000)	944	(5)
Abdullah Ahmen An-Na'im, Human Rights in the Muslim World: Socio-Political Conditions and Scriptural Imperatives, 3 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 13 (1990)	949	(7)
Questions & Comments	956	(1)
Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chinkin & Shelley Wright, Feminist Approaches to International Law, 85 Am. J. Int'l L. 613 (1991)	956	(2)
Questions & Comments	958	(1)
Thomas M. Franck, Legitimacy in the International System, 82 Am. J. Int'l L. 705 (1988)	958	(9)
David Kennedy, The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem?, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 101 (2002)	967	(19)
Questions & Comments	986	(1)
Index	987