International Intellectual Property Anthology

by D'Amato, Anthony; Long, Doris Estelle

• ISBN13: 9780870843730
• ISBN10: 0870843737
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-05-01
• Publisher: Anderson Pub Co

Table of Contents

Editor's Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
Contributing Authors	xxi
PART I FOUNDATIONS
Introduction	3	(22)
Overview	3	(7)
The Dynamics of Protecting International Intellectual Property	3	(2)
Forms of Intellectual Property	5	(1)
Copyrights	5	(1)
Patents	5	(1)
Trade Secrets	6	(1)
Trademarks	7	(1)
Industrial Designs	7	(1)
``Neighboring Rights''	7	(1)
What is the Concept of ``Property''?	7	(1)
Dynamics of the Global Market	8	(1)
A Short History of Treaty Protection of Intellectual Property	8	(1)
Efforts Toward Harmonization	9	(1)
Remedies	10	(1)
Defining the Issues	10	(1)
The ``Problem'' of Intellectual Property Protection	11	(2)
The Current System for the International Protection of Intellectual Property	13	(9)
Treaty Regimes	13	(1)
National Systems	14	(1)
Treaty Definitions of Copyright	15	(1)
The Problem of Patentability	15	(1)
The Inventor's Reward	15	(1)
Novelty and Non-Obviousness	16	(4)
Trademarks, Goodwill and the ``Use'' Problem	20	(1)
Varying National Approaches to Trade Secrets	20	(2)
The Uncertain Value of Industrial Designs	22	(1)
A ``Problem'' Sampler	22	(3)
Underlying Theories of International Intellectual Property Protection	25	(50)
Defining Intellectual Property	25	(14)
The Philosophical Debate over the ``Nature'' of Intellectual Property	25	(1)
Utility or a Natural Right?	25	(1)
The Theory of Property	26	(1)
Locke and Intellectual Property	27	(5)
Hegel, Individual Will and Non-Western Cultures	32	(4)
Defining Protected Values	36	(1)
Appellations of Origin	36	(1)
Technology and Wealth	36	(3)
Economic Considerations	39	(22)
International Trade	39	(1)
Intellectual Property and International Trade	39	(2)
The Economic of Intellectual Property Rights Protection	41	(1)
The Economic Impact of Intangibility	41	(1)
Conflicting Theories of Economic Value	42	(3)
The Case Against Intellectual Property Rights Protection	45	(1)
The Case for Intellectual Property Protection	46	(1)
The ``Economics'' of Database Protection: A Case Study	47	(6)
The Common Heritage of Mankind	53	(1)
Traditional Perspective of the Developing World	54	(1)
The Economic Libralization View	55	(2)
Perspective of the Developed World	57	(1)
Case Studies in Conflict	57	(1)
The Caribbean Basin and Copyright Protection	57	(2)
Thailand and Pharmaceutical Patents	59	(1)
US Pressure on Thailand	59	(2)
Transplantation	61	(10)
Transplanting Intellectual Property Values	61	(1)
Legal Transplants	62	(1)
Realist Arguments for Transplants	62	(1)
Normativist Arguments about Transplants	63	(1)
Relativist Challenges to Transplant Analysis	63	(2)
Historical Problems	65	(1)
Printing Privileges and Copyright Monopolies	65	(1)
The Suppressive Role of Historical Copyright	66	(3)
The Harmonizing Role of Historical Accuracy	69	(1)
Cultural Problems	70	(1)
Harmonization	71	(4)
PART II ISSUE AREAS
The Cultural Impact of Intellectual Property Forms	75	(10)
Copyright	75	(4)
The Protection of Art and Literature	75	(1)
The Protection of Folklore as Culture	76	(3)
The Role of Cultural Exclusions	79	(1)
Patent	79	(4)
Biodiversity	79	(3)
Protocol for Products Made with Biota from Pristine Ecosystems	82	(1)
Trademarks	83	(1)
Trade Secrets	84	(1)
Neighboring Rights	85	(10)
``Rights Neighboring to Copyright''	85	(5)
Scope	85	(1)
Historical Development	86	(1)
Relationship to Copyright	87	(2)
Relationship to the Paris Convention	89	(1)
Relationship to TRIPS	89	(1)
The Protection of Performance Rights	90	(1)
The Protection of Broadcast Rights	90	(2)
The Protection of Sound Recordings	92	(3)
The Rome Convention	92	(1)
Protection for Aural Performances	93	(1)
The Problem of US Adherence	93	(2)
The Protection of Cultural Patrimony	95	(16)
Intellectual Property as Culture	95	(1)
The Protection of Cultural Property	96	(15)
Art as Cultural Heritage	96	(1)
The Definition of Cultural Patrimony	96	(1)
A Second View	96	(1)
The Dual Nature of Cultural Property	97	(3)
The Debate over Cultural Nationalism	100	(3)
The Property Aspects of Cultural Artifacts	103	(1)
Protection Regimes	103	(1)
The Retention of Cultural Property	104	(2)
The Problems of the Colonial Era	106	(1)
Authorship, Cultural Patrimony and Intellectual Property	107	(4)
Beyond Economics: The Protection of Authorship as a Cultural Value	111	(78)
Authorship and the Protection of Personality	112	(8)
The Evolving View of Authorship	112	(2)
The Author as Romantic Genius	114	(1)
The Protection of Author Personality	115	(3)
The US View of Authorship	118	(1)
The EC View of Authorship	118	(2)
The Moral Rights Debate	120	(21)
Included Rights	121	(1)
The Right of Disclosure	121	(1)
The Right of Paternity	121	(1)
The Right of Integrity	121	(1)
The Right of Withdrawal	121	(1)
The Berne Definition	121	(2)
Historical and Philosophical Development	123	(1)
Monist v. Dualist	123	(1)
Natural Rights, Economic Rights and Personality	123	(2)
Alienability and the Marketplace	125	(3)
Moral Rights and Censorship	128	(1)
Editorial Control	128	(1)
The Aesthetic Veto	129	(1)
The Treatment of Moral Rights in Selected Countries	130	(1)
The United Kingdom	130	(1)
Australia	131	(3)
The Debate over Adoption of Moral Rights in the United States	134	(1)
Historical Background	134	(1)
The Visual Artists Act	135	(2)
The Problem of Transplantation	137	(1)
Market Impact	138	(3)
Droit de Suite and Resale Royalties	141	(16)
The Role of Natural Law	141	(4)
Diverging Views of ``The Starving Artist''	145	(1)
Compensation for Personality	145	(2)
Equality Among the Arts	147	(2)
Economic Impact	149	(3)
The Foreign Experience with Droit de Suite	152	(1)
The Droit de Suite Debate in the US	153	(1)
The View of the Copyright Office	153	(2)
A Reply	155	(2)
Applications	157	(32)
Performance Art	157	(4)
Motion Pictures	161	(4)
Parodies	165	(2)
Musical Works	167	(4)
Works-for-Hire	171	(6)
Patents	177	(2)
Multinational Treaties and the Protection of Culture	179	(1)
Culture as Commodity	179	(1)
The Canadian Free Trade Agreement	180	(1)
``Television Without Frontiers''	181	(1)
The Directive	181	(1)
Cultural Diversity	182	(2)
The ``Americanization'' of Culture	184	(5)
PART III PROCEDURES AND REMEDIES
Treaty Regimes	189	(66)
Multinational or Bilateral Solutions to Intellectual Property Protection?	190	(3)
Bilateral Agreements	190	(1)
Special 301	190	(2)
Multinational Treaties: An Overview	192	(1)
WIPO and UNESCO	192	(1)
WTO	193	(1)
The Enforcement of Treaty Obligations	193	(14)
Treaty Interpretation	193	(2)
Reservations	195	(1)
Definitions	195	(1)
The Vienna Convention	196	(1)
Desirability of Reservations	197	(1)
The Absence of Harmonization Standards	198	(1)
The Choice of National Treatment, Reciprocity or Minimum Rights	199	(1)
Territoriality and the Need for National Treatment	199	(1)
Territoriality and the Problem of Reciprocity	199	(1)
The Continuing Viability of National Treatment	200	(3)
The Establishment of Minimum Standards	203	(2)
The Impact of National Treatment on Minimum Standards	205	(1)
The Failings of National Treatment	205	(1)
Minimum Standards for What?	206	(1)
Minimum Standards and Enforcement Procedures	207	(1)
The Retroactivity Principle	207	(2)
GATT v. WIPO	209	(3)
The Jurisdictional Dilemma	209	(1)
The Enforcement Paradigm	210	(2)
Major International Intellectual Property Treaties	212	(36)
The Bi-Polar Structure	212	(1)
The Paris Convention	213	(1)
An Historical Overview	213	(6)
Major Provisions	219	(1)
Exceptions to Protection	219	(1)
Copyright Under International Copyright Conventions	220	(1)
An Historical Overview of The Origins of Copyright	221	(1)
Reciprocity Treaties and Bilateral Agreements	222	(1)
The Universal Copyright Convention	222	(1)
Major Provisions	222	(1)
Conflict with Berne	223	(1)
The Berne Convention	224	(1)
An Historical Overview	224	(3)
Major Provisions	227	(1)
Minimum Rights	228	(1)
Minimum Rights (Continued)	229	(1)
Future Issues	229	(1)
TRIPS	230	(1)
An Historical Overview	230	(1)
The Effort at Harmonization	230	(2)
Intellectual Property Protection as a Trade Issue	232	(3)
The Uruguay Round Negotiations	235	(1)
Major Provisions	236	(2)
Major Provisions (Another View)	238	(1)
A Step Forward?	239	(3)
Future Issues	242	(1)
NAFTA	242	(1)
An Historical Overview	242	(1)
Major Provisions	243	(3)
Major Provisions (Another View)	246	(2)
Case Studies	248	(7)
The Former Soviet Union and Intellectual Property Protection	248	(1)
Patents	248	(1)
Copyright	248	(3)
Asia and the Protection of Intellectual Property	251	(1)
Japan	251	(1)
China	252	(1)
India	253	(2)
Registration, Use and the Process for Formal Protection of Rights	255	(20)
Formal Requirements for Obtaining Copyright Protection	255	(2)
US Formalities	255	(1)
The Berne Convention and the Elimination of Copyright Formalities for Foreign Authors	256	(1)
Formal Requirements for Obtaining Patent Protection	257	(2)
The Patent Cooperation Treaty	257	(1)
Patent Protection and the First to File Debate	258	(1)
Formal Requirements for Obtaining Trademark Rights	259	(15)
The Madrid Agreement	261	(1)
Brief Overview	261	(1)
Application	261	(1)
US Problems with the Original Madrid Agreement	261	(4)
The Madrid Protocol	265	(1)
Purpose	265	(1)
Brief Overview	265	(1)
US Concerns and the Madrid Protocol	266	(3)
The Community Trademark	269	(1)
Application	270	(4)
Formal Requirements for Obtaining Trade Secret Protection	274	(1)
Remedies	275	(26)
Civil Remedies	275	(24)
EEC and Supranational Protection	275	(1)
The Treaty of Rome and the Free Movement of Goods	275	(4)
Supranational Rights and Remedies	279	(3)
The Establishment of Minimum Enforcement Standards	282	(1)
NAFTA and Regional Enforcement Standards	282	(1)
Comparison with Prior Multinational Treaty Regimes	282	(1)
An Overview of Enforcement Provisions	282	(2)
Applications	284	(1)
TRIPS and Multinational Enforcement Standards	284	(2)
The Protection of Well-Known Marks	286	(1)
Article 6bis	286	(1)
Relief for the Unauthorized Use of Internationally Well-Known Marks	287	(1)
The Role of Domestic Law in Fashioning Relief	287	(1)
Application	288	(2)
The Definition of Infringement	290	(1)
Selected Civil Protection Regimes	290	(1)
Self-help	290	(1)
Education	290	(1)
Special 301	291	(1)
Procedures and Application	291	(2)
301 and Bilateral Relief	293	(3)
Anti-Counterfeiting Programs	296	(1)
Civil Law Suits	297	(1)
Treble Damages	298	(1)
Criminal Penalties	299	(2)
Government ``Takings'' of Intellectual Property	301	(18)
Takings	301	(4)
State Responsibility for Economic Injury to Foreign Nationals	301	(1)
Types of Injury	302	(3)
Compulsory Licensing, ``Fair Use'' and Copyrights	305	(5)
Compulsory Licenses	305	(1)
``Fair Use'' Exceptions	305	(3)
Collection Levies	308	(1)
Practical Applications	309	(1)
Compulsory Licensing and Patents	310	(7)
Compulsory Working, Abuse and Revocation	314	(1)
Theory and Practice	315	(2)
Compulsory Licensing and Trademarks	317	(2)
Extraterritoriality and the ``Border'' Problem	319	(14)
The Territorial Nature of Intellectual Property Rights	319	(1)
Universality versus Territoriality	320	(1)
Comity	320	(1)
Extraterritorial Application of National Laws	321	(12)
The Rise of the Multinationals	322	(1)
US Applications	322	(6)
Balancing Competing Concerns	328	(5)
Harmonization	333	(24)
Harmonization and the EEC	333	(9)
Copyright Harmonization	334	(3)
Rental Rights	337	(1)
Proposed Harmonization Directives	338	(2)
Trademark Harmonization	340	(2)
Patent Harmonization	342	(8)
Should the US Adopt First-to-File?	343	(2)
Some Additional Thoughts	345	(1)
US Testimony	346	(1)
Should the US Adopt Prior User Rights?	347	(1)
US Testimony	348	(1)
Should the US Adopt Early Disclosure of Patent Applications?	348	(1)
Should the US Adopt a Twenty-Year Patent Term?	349	(1)
Case Studies	350	(7)
The Japanese ``Patent Wars''	350	(3)
China and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights	353	(4)
PART IV EMERGING BATTLEFIELDS
Technological Innovations	357	(24)
Protecting Computer Software	357	(12)
Harmonizing Conflicting Laws and Policies	358	(7)
The EC Software Directive	365	(2)
The Problem of Application	367	(2)
Technology Transfers	369	(1)
Cyberspace and the Border Problem	370	(5)
The Problem of Satellite Broadcasts	375	(4)
The Protection of Foreign Broadcasts	379	(2)
Underdeveloped Countries	381	(12)
Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries	381	(11)
Economic Views of Underdeveloped Countries	383	(2)
The Benefit of Free-Riding	385	(1)
Copyrights	386	(1)
The Role of Copyright in Economic Development	386	(1)
The Problem of Inadequate Enforcement	386	(1)
Patents	386	(1)
The Problem of Patent Protection in Underdeveloped Countries	386	(1)
General Relationship Between Patent Benefits and Level of Economic Development	387	(2)
Trademarks	389	(1)
The Protection of Trademarks in Underdeveloped Countries	389	(1)
The Conflict Between Consumer Savings and Goodwill	389	(3)
The Conflict Between the ``Haves'' and the ``Have Nots''	392	(1)
Emerging Market Economies	393	(172)
Copyrights	393	(3)
The Commonwealth States: A Case Study	394	(1)
The Needs of Emerging Market Economies	394	(1)
The Choices Faced by the CIS	394	(2)
Trademarks	396	(3)
APPENDIX
I Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property	399	(14)
II Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works	413	(18)
III Treaty Establishing the European Community	431	(8)
IV International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations	439	(10)
V Universal Copyright Convention	449	(12)
VI Patent Cooperation Treaty	461	(26)
VII European Communities Trademark Harmonization Directive	487	(10)
VIII North American Free Trade Agreement	497	(18)
IX Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights	515	(26)
X Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks	541	(10)
XI Trademark Registration Treaty	551	(14)
Index	565