International Law and Infectious Diseases

by Fidler, David P.

• ISBN13: 9780198268512
• ISBN10: 0198268513
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-29
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

International Law and Infectious Diseases is the first comprehensive analysis of the intersection between international law and infectious diseases. Infectious diseases pose a global threat and international law plays an important but under-explored role in infectious disease control. This book analyses the globalization of public health and examines the history of international law in this area.

Author Biography

David P. Fidler is Associate Professor at the University of Indiana.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations	xix
Tables of Cases	xxv
Table of Treaties, Declarations, and Resolutions	xxviii
Introduction	1	(4)
Re-Emergence of an Old Challenge for the International Community	5	(16)
Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases	5	(1)
Globilization of Public Health	6	(12)
Microbialpolitik	18	(1)
Conclusion	19	(2)
Brief History of International Law on the Control of Infectious Diseases	21	(37)
Introduction	21	(1)
Overview of International Law on Infectious Disease Control, 1852--1951	21	(5)
Objectives of International Law on Infectious Diseases, 1851--1951	26	(26)
Infectious Disease Control Prior to 1851	26	(2)
To Protect Europe form 'Asiatic' Diseases	28	(7)
To Harmonize Quarantine	35	(7)
To Create an International Surveillance System	42	(5)
To Create a Permanent International Health Organization	47	(5)
Microbialpolitik---1851--1951	52	(6)
International Health Regulations	58	(23)
Introduction	58	(1)
Development	58	(1)
Legal Basis	59	(2)
Objectives	61	(4)
Maximum Security	61	(1)
Surveillance	62	(1)
Health Organizations	62	(1)
Handling Specific Diseases	63	(1)
Minimum Interference	63	(2)
Effectiveness	65	(6)
Surveillance Breakdown	65	(1)
Ineffectiveness of Protection Measures	66	(1)
Excessive Measures	67	(1)
Enforcement	68	(2)
Epidemiology as the Answer	70	(1)
WHO's Revision of the IHR	71	(8)
Changes Affecting the Maximum Security Objective	72	(1)
Syndrome Reporting	72	(1)
Greater Information Flows	73	(2)
Changes Affecting the Minimum Interference Objective	75	(3)
Summary on IHR Provisional Draft	78	(1)
IHR and Microbialpolitik	79	(2)
Sources of International Law and the Control of Infectious Diseases	81	(33)
Introduction	81	(1)
Conventions	81	(17)
Entering Agreements	84	(1)
Reservations	85	(2)
Interpretation	87	(1)
Interpretation of the Existing IHR	87	(4)
Interpretation under the IHR Provisional Draft	91	(1)
Amendments	92	(2)
Monitoring and Enforcement	94	(4)
Customary International Law	98	(11)
Treaty Rules into Custom?	99	(5)
Relevance of Other Customary International Legal Principles	104	(4)
Summary on Customary International Law	108	(1)
General Principles of Law	109	(1)
Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Publicists	110	(1)
Sources of International Law Outside Article 38(1)	111	(3)
International Trade Law and Infectious Diseases	114	(55)
Introduction	114	(1)
Trade, Quarantine, and Infectious Disease Control	115	(6)
Trade and the International Sanitary Conferences	115	(1)
International Sanitary Conventions and Trade	116	(1)
International Trade and Plant and Animal Diseases	117	(1)
Plant Diseases	117	(1)
Animal Diseases	118	(2)
International Health Regulations and Trade	120	(1)
Development of International Trade Law on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures	121	(43)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade	121	(1)
Recognition of the Sovereign Right to Restrict Trade to Protect Public Health	122	(1)
GATT Discipline on the Sovereign Right	123	(1)
Chapeau	123	(2)
Necessary Requirement	125	(1)
Difficulties with Article XX(b)	126	(7)
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures	133	(2)
Requirement that SPS Measures be Based on Science	135	(1)
Preliminary Questions	136	(2)
SPS Agreement's Science-Based Disciplines	138	(8)
SPS Agreement's Trade-Related Disciplines	146	(1)
Article 2	147	(1)
Article 5	148	(4)
Summary on SPS Agreement	152	(1)
Regional Trade Agreements and SPS Measures	152	(1)
EC Law	153	(6)
NAFTA	159	(4)
Other International Trade Law Issues and Infectious Disease Control	163	(1)
International Trade Law and Microbiapolitik	164	(5)
International Human Rights Law and Infectious Diseases	169	(52)
Introduction	169	(1)
Limiting Human Rights to Protect Public Health	170	(9)
Historical Treatment of Individuals	170	(2)
After the Human Rights Revolution	172	(7)
The Human Right to Health and Infectious Disease Control	179	(18)
Right to Health in International Law	180	(1)
Content of the Right to Health	181	(1)
An Indeterminate Norm?	181	(2)
Consensus on Certain Principles	183	(2)
Maximum and Minimum Content	185	(2)
Minimum Content Analysis Through Treaty Law	187	(10)
Summary on the Right to Health	197	(1)
HIV/AIDS: Development of a Human Rights Discourse during an Infections Disease Pandemic	197	(20)
HIV/AIDS as the Catalyst for the Union of Public Health and Human Rights	197	(3)
Human Rights Implications of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic	200	(1)
HIV/AIDS and Civil and Political Rights	200	(1)
Dealing with Those Infected with HIV/AIDS	201	(5)
Surveillance in the Community	206	(3)
HIV/AIDS and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights	209	(4)
Implmentation and Enforcement	213	(4)
Convlusion: Human Rights, Infections Diseases, and Microbialpolitik	217	(4)
War, Weapons, and Infectious Diseases	221	(24)
Introduction	221	(1)
War as Disruption of the Human--Microbe Environment	222	(1)
International Legal Rules on How Force is Used: Regulating Weapons and Targets	223	(12)
Weapons	224	(1)
Biological Weapons	224	(7)
Conventional Weapons	231	(2)
Targets	233	(2)
Coping with the Adverse Public Health Consequences of War	235	(3)
Combatants	235	(1)
Wounded and Sick Combatants	235	(1)
Prissoners of War	236	(1)
Non-combatants	237	(1)
War Crimes and Public Health	238	(4)
Conclusion: Microbialpolitik and International Law on Armed Conflict	242	(3)
International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases	245	(34)
Introduction	245	(1)
Environmental Degradation and Infectious Diseases	246	(6)
Air Pollution	246	(1)
Water Pollution	247	(1)
Marine Pollution	248	(1)
Deforestation	248	(2)
Depletion of the Ozone Layer	250	(1)
Climate Change	250	(2)
International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases	252	(22)
Air Pollution	253	(6)
Water Pollution	259	(2)
Marine Pollution	261	(3)
Deforestation	264	(1)
Convention on Biodiversity	265	(3)
Statement of Forest Principles	268	(2)
Deforestation and the Health of Indigenous Peoples	270	(1)
Depletion of the Ozone Layer	270	(2)
Climate Change	272	(2)
International Environmental Law and Microbialpolitik	274	(5)
Microbialpolitik, International Law, and Global Health Jurisprudence	279	(31)
Introduction	279	(1)
Microbialpolitik and International Law	279	(14)
Evolution of Microbialpolitik and International Law on Infectious Diseases	279	(4)
An International Regime on Infectious Disease Control?	283	(1)
Lessons from WHO's Predecessor	283	(1)
Lessons from Other International Organizations	283	(4)
Critical Analysis of These Comparisons	287	(3)
Microbialpolitik in the Era of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases	290	(2)
Microbialpolitik and International Law	292	(1)
Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory	293	(10)
Is Traditional International Relations Theory Relevant?	294	(2)
Realism, Liberalism, and Microbialpolitik	296	(3)
Other Theoretical Approaches and Microbialpolitik	299	(1)
Critical Theory	299	(2)
Social Constructivism	301	(1)
Conclusion on Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory	302	(1)
The Future of International Law in Microbialpolitik: Global Health Jurisprudence	303	(7)
Concept of Global Health Jurisprudence	303	(2)
Framework Convention on Infectious Diseases	305	(2)
Global Health Jurisprudence and New Areas of Infectious Disease Concern	307	(2)
Global Health Jurisprudence and Microbialpolitik	309	(1)
Conclusion: A `Never Ending Defeat'?	310	(7)
Appendix Proposal for a World Health Organization Framework Convention on Global Infectious Disease Prevention and Control	317	(20)
Bibliography	337	(20)
Index	357