International Law And The Use Of Force

by O'Connell, Mary Ellen

• ISBN13: 9781587787812
• ISBN10: 1587787814
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-31
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

This law school casebook brings together cases and materials on both the law governing the resort to armed force ?jus ad bellum? and the law governing the conduct of force ?jus in bello.? It provides a classic introduction for students, scholars, and practitioners. The book explores the United Nations Charter rules, and the Hague and Geneva Conventions as central to the regulation of armed force. There are also chapters on the historic development of international law on the use of force and important cases from the last ten years.

Table of Contents

Introduction	v
Acknowledgements	ix
Table of Cases	xxiii
PART I. THe Study of International Law on the Use of Force
What Do We Mean By the Use of Force?	2	(20)
The Classic Meaning of War	3	(4)
Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States	4	(1)
Naulilaa	5	(2)
The End of ``War,'' The Continuing Use of Force	7	(12)
The U.N. Charter and the End of ``War''	7	(1)
The Meaning of Armed Conflict	7	(1)
Prosecutor v. Tadic	8	(2)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld	10	(1)
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua	11	(3)
The Meaning of the Use of Force	14	(1)
The Red Crusader	14	(1)
The Corfu Channel Case	15	(4)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	19	(3)
Two Case Studies on the Use of Force	22	(61)
The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (1990)	22	(27)
UN Security Council Resolution 660 (1990)	22	(1)
Invading Iraqis Seize Kuwait and Its Oil; U.S. Condemns Attack, Urges United Action	23	(3)
Iraq-Kuwait	26	(3)
UN Security Counsil Resolution 661 (1990)	29	(1)
Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia	30	(3)
UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990)	33	(1)
Amnesty International, Iraq/Occupied Kuwait Human Rights Violations Since 2 August, December 19, 1990	34	(1)
Baker, Aziz Describe Six Hours of Talking Past Each Other	35	(1)
U.S. and Allies Open Air War on Iraq, Bomb Baghdad and Kuwaiti Targets; `No Choice' but Force, Bush Declares	36	(1)
Bush Calls Halt to Allied Offensive: Declares Kuwait Free, Iraq Beaten; Sets Stiff Terms for Full Cease--Fire	36	(3)
UN Security Council Resolution 686 (1991)	39	(2)
UN Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)	41	(7)
UN Security Council Resolution 688 (1991)	48	(1)
The US--Led Invasion of Iraq (2003)	49	(32)
UN Security Council Resolution 1360 (2001)	50	(1)
Address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City	51	(4)
UN Security Council Resolution 1441 (2002)	55	(4)
United Nations Security Council Fifty-eighth year, 4707th meeting Friday, 14 February 2003, 10 a.m. New York	59	(2)
Annan Says U.S. Will Violate Charter if it Acts Without Approval	61	(2)
U.S. Begins Attack With Strike at Baghdad After Deadline for Hussein to Go Runs Out	63	(3)
Operation Iraqi Freedom	66	(2)
Letter from the United Kingdom to the United Nations	68	(1)
Letter from the United States to the United Nations	69	(1)
Pentagon Warns Iraq Not to Harm Prisoners	70	(2)
UN Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003)	72	(5)
Saddam: The Capture/Saddam Trial/Iraqis Eye Quick Execution, but Others Not So Sure	77	(1)
Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on the Treatment By the Coalition Forces of Prisoners of War and Other Protected Persons By the Geneva Conventions in Iraq During Arrest, Internment and Interrogation	78	(3)
Notes and Questions	81	(2)
What Is the Role of Law in the Use of Force?	83	(23)
Is Law on Force Possible?	84	(8)
Carl Von Clausewitz, The Maximum Use of Force	84	(1)
Michael Howard, Constraints on Warfare	85	(1)
Quincy Wright, Law, War, and Peace	86	(2)
John R. Bolton, Clinton Meets ``International Law'' in Kosovo	88	(1)
Mary Ellen O'Connell, Search and Seizure v. The Proliferation Security Initiative	89	(1)
Statement by President: Panama's Signing of Ship Boarding Agreement	90	(2)
Resort To Force: Jus Ad Bellum	92	(6)
Thomas M. Franck, Who Killed Article 2(4)?	93	(1)
Louis Henkin, The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated	94	(2)
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua	96	(2)
Oil Platforms Case	98	(1)
The Application of Force: Jus In Bello	98	(4)
Geoffrey Best, The Jus In Bello Vindicated	98	(4)
The Interconnections of Jus Ad Bellum and Jus In Bello	102	(1)
Christopher Greenwood, The Relationship Between Ius Ad Bellum and Ius In Bello	103	(1)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	103	(3)
PART II. The Historic Development of International Law on the Use of Force
Restricting the Resort to Force	106	(44)
From Rome to The Hague	106	(19)
Hugo Grotius, The Law of War and Peace	111	(4)
The Peace of Westphalia	115	(4)
Vienna Congress Treaty	119	(2)
The Caroline	121	(4)
The Hague Convention	125	(22)
From The Hague to Nuremberg	126	(1)
The Covenant of the League of Nations	127	(5)
Treaty Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy	132	(2)
Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal	134	(9)
Goring	143	(2)
Von Ribbentrop	145	(2)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	147	(3)
Regulating the Application of Force	150	(60)
From Rome (Again) to The Hague (Again)	150	(19)
Geoffrey Parker, Extending the Laws of War	151	(4)
Hugo Grotius, The Law of War and Peace	155	(2)
The Lieber Code	157	(4)
Ex Parte Milligan	161	(5)
Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land	166	(3)
From The Hague to Tokyo	169	(36)
The Treaty of Versailles	170	(1)
Captain Emil Muller	171	(6)
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare	177	(1)
Ex Parte Quirin	178	(6)
Goring	184	(1)
Donitz	185	(7)
Yamashita v. Styer	192	(13)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	205	(5)
PART III. The Contemporary International Law on the Use of Force
The Basic International Law and Institutions on Resort to Force	210	(30)
The Charter's History	211	(8)
Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations	212	(5)
Richard C. Edis, A Job Well Done: The Founding of the United Nations Revisited	217	(2)
Charter Rules	219	(8)
Chapter I Purposes and Principles	220	(3)
Chapter VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes	223	(1)
Chapter VII Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression	224	(3)
Chapter XVI Miscellaneous Provisions	227	(1)
UN Organs	227	(11)
Chapter III Organs	227	(1)
Chapter V The Security Council	228	(3)
Chapter IV The General Assembly	231	(3)
Chapter XV The Secretariat	234	(1)
Chapter XIV The International Court of Justice	234	(2)
Chapter VIII Regional Arrangements	236	(2)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	238	(2)
Unilateral Action	240	(81)
Self Defense	240	(45)
The Purpose of Defense	240	(1)
The Corfu Channel Case	240	(6)
Armed Attack	246	(1)
Security Counsel Consideration of a Complaint by Iraq, 8 June 1981	246	(6)
UN Security Council Resolution 487 (1981)	252	(2)
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua	254	(4)
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002	258	(1)
Extract from Debate in the British House of Lords, April 21 2004	259	(2)
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory	261	(3)
Against the Responsible Party	264	(1)
Oil Platforms Case	264	(14)
Necessity and Proportionality	278	(1)
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons	278	(2)
Oil Platforms Case	280	(2)
Reporting	282	(1)
Military and Paramilitary Activities, in and Against Nicaragua	283	(2)
Intervention	285	(33)
Internal Conflicts	285	(1)
Louise Doswald--Beck, The Legal Validity of Military Intervention By Invitation of the Government	285	(3)
The Panamanian Revolution: Diplomacy, War and Self--Determination in Panama, Remarks by Abraham D. Sofaer	288	(7)
UN General Assembly Resolution 44/240 (1989)	295	(1)
UN Takes over Peacekeeping in Volatile Ivory Coast	296	(2)
Leave Now, French Troops are Told by Government Supporters in Ivory Coast	298	(1)
Humanitarian Crises	299	(1)
Ian Brownlie, Humanitarian Intervention	299	(7)
Richard Lillich, Humanitarian Intervention: A Reply to Ian Brownlie and a Plea for Constructive Alternatives	306	(9)
Nehal Bhuta, ``Paved with Good Intentions. . . '':---Humanitarian War, the New Interventionism and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force	315	(3)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	318	(3)
Collective Action	321	(61)
United Nations Collective Action	321	(25)
Peacekeeping	322	(1)
Certain Expenses of the United Nations	323	(8)
Peace Enforcement	331	(1)
Report of the Secretary--General Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 53/35 The Fall of Srebrenica	332	(12)
UN Security Council Resolution 1529 (2004)	344	(2)
Collective Action Through Other (Non--UN) Arrangements	346	(32)
Security Threats	347	(1)
State Department Memorandum Legal Basis for the Quarantine of Cuba, October 23, 1962	347	(8)
Christopher C. Joyner, Reflections on the Lawfulness of Invasion	355	(1)
Treaty Establishing the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States	356	(1)
The Situation in Grenada	356	(1)
Humanitarian Crises	357	(1)
Marco Gestri, The ECOWAS' Operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone: Amnesty for Past Unlawful Acts or Progress Towards Future Rules?	357	(6)
Security Council Backs Nigerian--Led Force in Liberia	363	(2)
Legality of Use of Force	365	(13)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	378	(4)
The Basic Law and Institutions on Application of Force	382	(62)
Post--War Developments	384	(5)
Frits Kalshoven, Geneva	385	(1)
Josef Kunz, The Chaotic Status of the Law of War and the Urgent Necessity for Their Revision	386	(3)
The Conventions	389	(46)
The 1949 Geneva Conventions	389	(1)
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949	390	(5)
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949	395	(5)
The 1954 Hague Convention	400	(1)
1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict	400	(1)
The 1977 Additional Protocols	401	(1)
1977 Geneva Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts	402	(9)
1977 Protocol Additional II to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non--International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)	411	(3)
Letter of Transmittal from Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America to the United States Senate	414	(2)
Hans--Peter Gasser, An Appeal for Ratification by the United States	416	(6)
The 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court	422	(1)
Leila Nadya Sadat, The Evolution of the ICC: From The Hague to Rome and Back Again	423	(5)
1998 Rome Statute of the International Court	428	(5)
Knut Dormann & Louis Maresca, International Criminal Court (``ICC'')	433	(2)
The International Committee of the Red Cross	435	(4)
Fritz Kalshoven, Constraints on the Waging of War	437	(2)
Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements	439	(1)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	439	(5)
Civilians	444	(78)
Civilian Status and Protections in Hostilities	445	(43)
Prosecutor v. Stanislav Galic	445	(7)
U.S. v. Calley	452	(10)
Bankovic and Others v The Contracting States also parties to the North Atlantic Treaty	462	(13)
Final Report to the Prosecutor By the Committee Established to Review the Nato Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	475	(13)
Protections During Occupation	488	(30)
Beit Sourik Village Council v. 1. The Government of Israel 2. Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank	488	(12)
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory	500	(18)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	518	(4)
Combatants	522	(58)
Combatant Status and Detention	523	(40)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld	523	(7)
Memorandum From: William J. Haynes II, Subject: Enemy Combatants	530	(4)
George H. Aldrich, The Taliban, Al Qaeda, and the Determination of Illegal Combatants	534	(7)
Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Request for Precautionary Measures	541	(3)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld	544	(2)
Prisoners of War Ethiopia's Claim 4 (Part 3), (Partial Award)	546	(11)
The Director of Public Prosecutions vs T	557	(5)
FM 34--52 Intelligence Interrogation	562	(1)
Restrictions in Hostilities	563	(7)
The Concept of ``Surrender'' in the Conduct of Combat Operations	565	(5)
Command Responsibility	570	(6)
Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic	570	(6)
Notes, Questions, and Problems	576	(4)
PART IV. The Future Development of International Law on the Use of Force
Proposing the Future	580	(33)
Ad Bellum Proposals	580	(12)
Karl M. Meessen, Unilateral Recourse to Military Force Against Terrorist Attacks	580	(5)
Lee Feinstein and Anne--Marie Slaughter, A Duty to Prevent	585	(7)
In Bello Proposals	592	(19)
Notes and Questions	611	(2)
Francisco Forrest Martin, Using International Human Rights Law for Establishing a Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict	592	(14)
Ove Bring, International Humanitarian Law After Kosovo: Is Lex Lata Sufficient?	606	(7)
Index	613