Internationalized Criminal Courts Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo, and Cambodia

by Romano, Cesare P. R.; Nollkaemper, André; Kleffner, Jann K.

• ISBN13: 9780199276738
• ISBN10: 0199276730
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-30
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

In response to the weaknesses of international tribunals and domestic courts in the prosecution of crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, a new generation of 'internationalized' criminal courts has been established. This book addresses three active and one putative jurisdiction of this kind in East Timor, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia.

Author Biography

Cesare P.R. Romano is Assistant Director of the Project on International Courts and Tribunals, at the Center on International Cooperation, New York University; and Visiting Professor at Duke University, School of Law. Andre Nollkaemper is Professor of Public International Law and Director of the Amsterdam Center for International Law at the University of Amsterdam. Jann K. Kleffner LLM is PhD Research Associate and Lecturer in International Humanitarian Law at the Amsterdam Center for International Law.

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations	xxiii
Table of Cases	xxvii
Table of Treaties	xxxi
Table of International Instruments	xxxv
Tables of Domestic Laws	li
Part I Introduction	1	(38)
1. The Role of Internationalized Courts and Tribunals in the Fight Against International Criminality	3	(12)
Antonio Cassese
A. Introduction	3	(1)
B. International or Internationalized Courts v. National Courts	4	(1)
C. International v. Mixed or Internationalized Courts	5	(1)
D. Merits of Mixed or Internationalized Courts	6	(1)
E. Main Practical Problems Such Courts May Have to Face	6	(2)
F. Some Legal Problems With Which Such Courts May Have to Come to Grips	8	(2)
G. Situations Appropriate for Establishing Mixed or Internationalized Courts	10	(2)
H. The Outlook for International Criminal Justice	12	(1)
I. Conclusion	13	(2)
2. The Second Generation UN-Based Tribunals: A Diversity of Mixed Jurisdictions	15	(24)
Daphna Shraga
A. Introduction	15	(1)
B. Negotiating the Legal Framework for the Extraordinary Chambers and the Special Court	16	(5)
C. Subject Matter Jurisdiction	21	(2)
D. Personal Jurisdiction	23	(4)
E. Temporal Jurisdiction	27	(1)
F. The Organizational Structure of the Mixed Tribunals	28	(2)
G. The Relationship Between the `Law of the Mixed Tribunals' and the Law of the Seat-the Validity of Amnesties	30	(2)
H. The UN-administered Courts in Kosovo and East Timor	32	(4)
I. The Diversity of Mixed Tribunals: In Search of a Model Jurisdiction	36	(3)
Part II Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals	39	(194)
3. Explaining and Evaluating the UNMIK Court System	41	(18)
John Cerone and Clive Baldwin
A. Introduction	41	(1)
B. Legal Framework	42	(8)
C. Evaluation	50	(6)
D. Conclusion	56	(3)
4. Internationalized Courts in Kosovo: An UNMIK Perspective	59	(20)
Jean-Christian Cady and Nicholas Booth
A. The Background	59	(3)
B. The Administration of the IJP Programme	62	(4)
C. The Future Role of International Judges and Prosecutors	66	(3)
D. The Applicable Law	69	(4)
E. Criticisms of the IJP Programme	73	(4)
F. Lessons Learned	77	(2)
5. East Timor: Trials and Tribulations	79	(20)
Sylvia de Bertodano
A. The Dili Trials	79	(13)
B. The Jakarta Trials	92	(4)
C. Conclusion	96	(3)
6. Getting Untrapped, Struggling for Truths: The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR) in East Timor	99	(26)
Beth S Lyons
A. Introduction	99	(2)
B. An Ovrrview of the CAYR Regulation	101	(8)
C. The CAVR in Practice	109	(6)
D. Meeting its Objective: Obstacles to Finding the Truth	115	(1)
E. The CAVR's Relation to the Formal Justice System	116	(5)
G. Conclusion	121	(4)
7. Sierra Leone: The Intersection of Law, Policy and Practice	125	(16)
Alison Smith
A. Introduction	125	(2)
B. Who Should Benefit from the Special Court and How?	127	(3)
C. Particular Aspects of the Special Court	130	(7)
D. Conclusion	137	(4)
8. The Management Committee for the Special Court for Sierra Leone	141	(16)
Phakiso Mochochoko and Giorgia Tortora
A. Introduction	141	(1)
B. Background	141	(2)
C. Negotiations on the Management Committee	143	(4)
D. Negotiations on the Terms of Reference of the Management Committee	147	(4)
E. The Planning Mission	151	(2)
F. Practical Arrangements for the Court's Start-up Phase	153	(1)
G. Future Challenges	154	(2)
H. Conclusion	156	(1)
9. Internationalized Courts and their Relationship with Alternative Accountability Mechanisms: The Case of Sierra Leone	157	(24)
William A Schabas
A. Introduction	157	(2)
B. Legal Status and Functions of the Too Institutions	159	(6)
C. The `Relationship' Between the TRC and the Court	165	(14)
D. Conclusion	179	(2)
10. The Politics of Genocide Justice in Cambodia	181	(26)
Craig Etcheson
A. Introduction	181	(2)
B. Domestic Politics	183	(7)
C. International Dimensions	190	(11)
D. Interaction of Domestic and International Political Dimensions	201	(6)
11. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for Prosecuting Crimes Committed by the Khmer Rouge: Jurisdiction, Organization, and Procedure of an Internationalized Tribunal	207	(26)
Ernestine E Meijer
A. Introduction	207	(2)
B. Relationship Between the United Nations-Cambodia Agreement and Cambodian Law	209	(2)
C. Jurisdiction	211	(4)
D. General Principles of Criminal Law	215	(2)
E. Organization of the Extraordinary Chambers	217	(7)
F. Procedural Law	224	(6)
G. Settlement of Disputes Between the United Nations and Cambodia	230	(1)
H. Beginning and End	230	(1)
I. Conclusion	231	(2)
Part III Cross-Cutting Aspects	233	(212)
12. The Judges and Prosecutors of Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals	235	(36)
Cesare PR Romano
A. Introduction	235	(4)
B. Mixed Staffing	239	(5)
C. Qualifications	244	(8)
D. Recruiting Personnel	252	(7)
E. Independence of the Judiciary	259	(10)
F. Conclusion	269	(2)
13. The Financing of Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals	271	(20)
Thordis Ingadottir
A. Introduction	271	(1)
B. The Financial Framework of International and Internationlized Criminal Bodies	272	(3)
C. Funding of International and Internationalized Criminal Bodies	275	(6)
D. The Cost of International and Internationalized Criminal Tribunals	281	(4)
E. Cheap and Efficient Tribunals?	285	(3)
F. Conclusion	288	(3)
14. Internationalized Courts and Substantive Criminal Law	291	(26)
Bert Swart
A. Introduction	291	(1)
B. The Purpose of Internationalized Courts	291	(2)
C. Jurisdiction	293	(2)
D. Applicable Law	295	(19)
E. General Observations and Conclusions	314	(3)
15. Procedural Law of Internationalized Criminal Courts	317	(42)
Håkan Friman
A. Introduction	317	(1)
B. Applicable Procedural Law	318	(5)
C. Criteria for Assessment of the Procedural Regimes	323	(3)
D. Procedural Standards for Fair and Expeditious Proceedings	326	(27)
E. Conclusion	353	(6)
16. The Relationship Between Internationalized Courts and National Courts	359	(20)
Jann K Kleffner and André Nollkaemper
A. Introduction	359	(1)
B. Overlapping Jurisdiction of Internationalized and National Courts	360	(6)
C. Regulation of Concurrent Jurisdiction Between Internationalized and National Courts	366	(2)
D. Challenging the Legality of Establishment of Internationalized Courts in National Courts	368	(3)
E. Review of Decisions of Internationalized Courts by National Courts	371	(2)
F. Ne Bis in Idem	373	(3)
G. Authority of Judgments of Internationahzed Courts	376	(1)
H. Conclusion	377	(2)
17. Legal Assistance to Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals	379	(28)
Loran Sluiter
A. Introduction	379	(1)
B. Various Forms of Cooperation	380	(2)
C. Models of Legal Assistance: Horizontal and Vertical	382	(6)
D. Legal Assistance to the Kosovo and East Timor Panels	388	(8)
E. Legal Assistance to the Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers and the Sierra Leonean Special Court	396	(9)
F. Conclusion	405	(2)
18. Some Tentative Remarks on the Relationship Between Internationalized Criminal Jurisdictions and the International Criminal Court	407	(10)
Marcus Benzing and Morten Bergsmo
A. Introduction	407	(1)
B. Internationalized Cowls and the ICC: Cooperation or Jurisdictional Conflict? Some Considerations	408	(3)
C. Internationalized Courts and the Complementarity Principle of the Rome Statute	411	(2)
D. The Role of the ICC in 'Internationalizing' National Courts and in 'Supervising' Internationalized Courts	413	(2)
E. Concluding Remarks	415	(2)
19. Geographical and Jurisdictional Reach of ICC: Gaps in the International Criminal Justice System and a Role for Internationalized Bodies	417	(10)
Mariacarmen Colitti
A. Introduction	417	(2)
B. Interstices in the Rome Statute	419	(6)
C. Conclusion: Life in the Shadow of the ICC-A Case for Symbiosis?	425	(2)
20. Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals: Are They Necessary?	427	(10)
Luigi Condorelli and Théo Boutruche
A. Introduction	427	(1)
B. Towards a Definition of the Internationalized Criminal Tribunals	428	(2)
C. The Differences Between the Internationalized Criminal Tribunals	430	(5)
D. Conclusion	435	(2)
21. Internationalized Courts: Better Than Nothing...	437	(8)
Alain Pellet
A. The Reasons for Internationalization of National Courts	437	(1)
B. The Conditions for an Acceptable Partial Internationalization	438	(1)
C. International Crimes Demand Truly International Justice	439	(1)
D. Double Standards'	440	(1)
E. Nationalizing International Tribunals?	441	(2)
F. Universal Jurisdiction	443	(2)
Select Bibliography	445	(15)
Websites	460	(3)
Index	463