Intonation in Text and Discourse : Beginnings, Middles and Ends

by Wichmann, Anne

• ISBN13: 9780582234758
• ISBN10: 0582234751
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-16
• Publisher: Pearson Education ESL

Summary

Intonation in Text and Discourse: Beginnings, Middles and Ends describes the way in which speech melody, or intonation, is used to signal the structure of spoken texts, and it is the first text on discourse intonation to explore a wide variety of naturally-occurring spoken data.

Table of Contents

Author's acknowledgements	ix
Publisher's acknowledgements	x
Introduction	1	(6)
Analysing spoken discourse	7	(17)
A historical perspective	7	(1)
Prosodic resources	8	(5)
Intonation	9	(1)
Models of intonation	10	(1)
Pitch	10	(2)
Phrasing	12	(1)
Phonetic realisation of phonological categories	12	(1)
Instrumental and auditory analysis	12	(1)
Modelling spoken discourse	13	(6)
Models of text and discourse structure	15	(1)
Propositional models	15	(1)
Cognitive models	16	(1)
Formal models	17	(1)
Modelling conversational interaction	18	(1)
Speaking styles	19	(3)
Reading	20	(1)
Unscripted speech	21	(1)
Other speaking styles	21	(1)
Conclusion	22	(1)
Summary	22	(2)
Beginnings	24	(25)
Paragraph intonation in oral reading: 4 case studies	25	(10)
Case 1: A news summary	25	(2)
Case 2: A news report	27	(1)
Case 3: A short story	28	(2)
Topics or paragraphs?	30	(1)
Spoken vs. written paragraphs	30	(3)
Case 4: Children's oral reading	33	(2)
Titles, headlines and openers: the`citation contour' as a topic marker	35	(6)
Topic marking in read speech	36	(2)
Topic marking in spontaneous speech	38	(3)
Phonetic issues surrounding initiality	41	(5)
How high is high?	41	(1)
Relative pitch height	41	(1)
Individual pitch preferences	42	(1)
The role of timing	43	(1)
Segmental and prosodic factors affecting peak timing	44	(1)
The effect of discourse on peak timing	44	(1)
Theoretical implications: association vs. alignment	45	(1)
Summary	46	(3)
Ends	49	(25)
Coming to the end: evidence from the SEC	50	(3)
Falling tones	50	(1)
Early closure	50	(1)
Utterance-final rises	50	(1)
Utterance-internal falls	51	(2)
What kind of falling tones are there?	53	(10)
High and low falls	53	(2)
Tails and endpoints	55	(3)
Finality and discourse structure	58	(1)
High and low falls in the SEC	59	(3)
Inconsistencies: evidence for the role of the speaker's range	62	(1)
`Cadences': melodic closure	63	(6)
Common cadences	64	(1)
Stylistic variation	65	(1)
The journalistic `flourish'	66	(1)
The liturgical `drop'	67	(2)
Perception of falls - experimental evidence	69	(2)
Summary	71	(3)
Cohesion	74	(28)
Cohesion and intonation	74	(3)
Intonation and information structure: accenting and de-accenting	74	(1)
Cohesion and `onset depression'	75	(2)
Cohesion in the SEC	77	(8)
Phrase and clause boundaries: pitch depression inside sentences	78	(1)
Non-restrictive postmodification	78	(3)
Co-ordination	81	(2)
Undoing early closure	83	(1)
Cohesive links between sentences	84	(1)
Conclusion	85	(1)
Intonational parallelism	85	(8)
Some common parallelisms	85	(1)
Models of tonal parallelism	86	(1)
Reconciling models with corpus data	87	(1)
Parallelism between different tones	87	(2)
Parallelism between non-adjacent tone groups	89	(4)
Conclusion	93	(1)
Parenthesis - a reassessment	93	(7)
The intonation of parenthesis	94	(4)
Defining parenthesis	98	(2)
Summary	100	(2)
Paragraph intonation - local and global pitch range in discourse	102	(21)
Local events or global trends?	102	(3)
Models of sentence declination	103	(2)
Paragraph declination	105	(1)
Models of paragraph intonation	105	(3)
`Paratones'	105	(2)
`Supradeclination'	107	(1)
Looking for supradeclination in natural data: some obscuring factors	108	(8)
The effect of information structure on sentence declination	108	(4)
Evidence for supradeclination	112	(1)
Declination across sentence onsets (the first accented syllable in each sentence)	113	(1)
Declination across F0 maxima: the highest F0 peak in each sentence	113	(2)
Declination across the mean: the mean F0 for each sentence	115	(1)
Pitch scaling and discourse status	116	(2)
Reconsidering paragraph declination: a composite view	118	(3)
Summary	121	(2)
Intonation in conversation: structure and meaning	123	(26)
A theoretical framework	123	(3)
Semantic framing / topic structuring: the units of discourse and the relationship between them	126	(6)
The`spoken sentence'	126	(1)
Meaning relations between `spoken sentences'	127	(3)
Meaning relations between discourse moves	130	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
Turn-taking	132	(7)
Smooth turn-taking	132	(1)
Topic control: creating conversational space	133	(1)
Non-competitive talk	133	(1)
Competitive talk	134	(2)
Informal conversation: suspending turn-taking	136	(2)
Communication checks	138	(1)
Co-operation, affiliation, disaffiliation	139	(4)
Pitch modification	140	(1)
Non-supportive backchannels	140	(1)
Speaker-hearer orientation: the notion of pitch concord	141	(2)
Summarising intonation resources in conversation	143	(1)
Attitudinal intonation: interaction and intonational meaning	144	(5)
Appendix I	149	(2)
Appendix II	151	(1)
References	152	(7)
Index	159