Tutankhamen, looted pyramids, the Valley of the Kings; few civilizations excite the imagination like that of ancient Egypt. Yet, to date, there has been no comprehensive introduction to Egyptian archaeology. From its prehistoric past through the pharaonic dynasties and Greco-Roman period, this skillfully organized book guides the reader through a chronological overview of Egyptrs"s dynamic history, revealed within the context of archaeological evidence. Connecting the findings from recent excavations with the discoveries of the late 19th and 20th centuries, this text examines the evidence and preservation of Egyptrs"s complex society, including its geography, language, architecture, and culture, as well as the changes to the civilization as marked by archaeological evidence. Enriched by nearly 200 illustrations, maps, site and building plans, and photographs, this text provides specific information from onsite excavations. Methods of field work and analyses are discussed to provide a thorough understanding of how archaeologists and Egyptologists have acquired their information, and how these methods of investigation have evolved over their more than 100 years of research.

Kathryn A. Bard is Associate Professor of Archaeology, Boston University, and is the editor of The Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (1999). She has directed excavations in Egypt and northern Ethiopia since 1989 and was the recipient of the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration Chairman's Award in 1998. Bard is Co-Director (with Rodolfo Fattovich) of excavations at the pharaonic seaport at Wadi/Mersa Gawasis, where in December 2004 they discovered the first pieces ever recovered from ancient Egyptian seagoing vessels, including riggings and cedar steering oars.

List of Plates	p. ix
List of Figures	p. xi
List of Maps	p. xv
Abbreviations of References Listed in Suggested Readings	p. xvi
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and History	p. 1
Introduction: Ancient Egyptian Civilization and its Prehistoric Predecessors	p. 1
Egyptian Archaeology	p. 3
Egyptology	p. 5
History of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology	p. 5
Archaeological Methods	p. 15
Archaeological Theory	p. 18
Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Archaeologists in Fiction and Films	p. 19
Hieroglyphs, Language, and Pharaonic Chronology	p. 23
Language of the Ancient Egyptians	p. 25
Origins and Development of Egyptian Writing	p. 25
Scripts and Media of Writing	p. 28
Signs, Structure, and Grammar	p. 29
Literacy in Ancient Egypt	p. 32
Textual Studies	p. 32
Use of Texts in Egyptian Archaeology	p. 34
Historical Outline of Pharaonic Egypt	p. 36
The Egyptian Civil Calendar, King Lists, and Calculation of Pharaonic Chronology	p. 38
The Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization: Geography, Environment, Agriculture, and Natural Resources	p. 45
Geography: Terms and Place Names	p. 47
Environmental Setting	p. 51
Environmental and Other Problems for Archaeology in Egypt	p. 54
The Seasons and the Agricultural System	p. 56
The Ancient Egyptian Diet	p. 58
Other Useful Animals and Plants	p. 60
Building Materials	p. 61
Other Resources: Clays, Stones, Minerals	p. 62
Imported Materials	p. 64
Egyptian Prehistory: The Paleolithic and Neolithic	p. 67
Paleolithic	p. 69
Paleolithic Cultures in Egypt	p. 69
Lower Paleolithic	p. 71
Middle Paleolithic	p. 72
Upper Paleolithic	p. 76
Late Paleolithic	p. 77
Epipaleolithic	p. 79
Neolithic	p. 80
Saharan Neolithic	p. 80
Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Faiyum A and Lower Egypt	p. 84
Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Middle and Upper Egypt	p. 86
The Rise of Complex Society and Early Civilization	p. 89
Predynastic Egypt	p. 91
The Predynastic Period: Egypt in the 4th Millennium BC	p. 91
Lower Egypt: Buto-Ma'adi Culture	p. 91
Upper Egypt: Naqada Culture	p. 94
Lower Nubia: A-Group Culture	p. 101
State Formation and Unification	p. 104
The Early Dynastic State	p. 109
Organization and Institutions of the Early Dynastic State	p. 109
Early Writing and Formal Art	p. 117
The Expanding State	p. 119
Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Physical Anthropology	p. 120
The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period	p. 121
The Old Kingdom: Overview	p. 123
The Early Old Kingdom	p. 128
The 3rd Dynasty: Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara	p. 128
The 4th Dynasty's First King, Sneferu, and his Three Pyramids	p. 133
Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza	p. 137
The Great Sphinx and Khafra's Pyramid Complex	p. 141
Menkaura's Giza Pyramid and its Remarkable Valley Temple Finds	p. 143
Giza Pyramid Towns	p. 144
Giza Mastabas, Queen Hetepheres's Hidden Tomb, and the Workmen's Cemetery	p. 148
The Later Old Kingdom	p. 152
Sun Temples of the 5th Dynasty	p. 152
Later Old Kingdom Pyramids and the Pyramid Texts	p. 153
An Expanding Bureaucracy: Private Tombs in the 5th and 6th Dynasties	p. 157
Egypt Abroad	p. 160
The First Intermediate Period	p. 162
The End of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: Causes of State Collapse	p. 162
The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period	p. 167
The Middle Kingdom	p. 169
The Middle Kingdom: Overview	p. 169
Pre-Unification 11th Dynasty: Saff Tombs at Thebes	p. 175
Mentuhotep II's Complex at Deir el-Bahri	p. 176
Model Workers and the Deir el-Bahri Tomb of Meketra	p. 177
12th-Dynasty Temples	p. 178
12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids	p. 182
Towns and Domestic Architecture: Kahun and South Abydos	p. 186
Nomarchs in Middle Egypt: The Beni Hasan Tombs	p. 189
Mining in the Sinai and a Galena Mine in the Eastern Desert	p. 190
Egyptian Forts in Nubia and Indigenous Peoples There	p. 191
The Second Intermediate Period	p. 195
The Second Intermediate Period: The Hyksos Kingdom in the North	p. 195
The Kerma Kingdom in Upper Nubia	p. 199
The Theban State During the Second Intermediate Period	p. 205
The New Kingdom	p. 207
The New Kingdom: Overview	p. 209
The Early New Kingdom	p. 217
Early New Kingdom Architecture: Ahmose's Abydos Pyramid Complex, and the Theban Mortuary Temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III	p. 217
Amenhotep III's Malkata Palace	p. 220
Tell el-Amarna and the Amarna Period	p. 221
The Amarna Aftermath and Tutankhamen's Tomb	p. 229
New Kingdom Temples	p. 235
Restoration of the Traditional Gods: Sety I's Abydos Temple	p. 235
The Temples of Karnak and Luxor in the New Kingdom	p. 236
Ramessid Mortuary Temples	p. 240
Royal and Elite Tombs	p. 244
Royal Tombs in the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens	p. 244
Elite Tombs at Thebes and Saqqara	p. 250
State Towns and Settlements	p. 256
The Workmen's Village and Tombs at Deir el-Medina	p. 256
Nubian Temple Towns	p. 261
The Third Intermediate Period and Late Period	p. 263
The Third Intermediate Period: Overview	p. 265
The Late Period: Overview	p. 269
Tanis: A New City with Royal Tombs	p. 272
Napata/Gebel Barkal and Sanam	p. 275
el-Kurru and Nuri: The Kushite Royal Tombs	p. 278
Saqqara: The Serapeum and Animal Cults	p. 281
Some High Status Tombs of the Third Intermediate Period and Late Period	p. 284
Tell el-Maskhuta and Tell el-Herr	p. 287
The Greco-Roman Period	p. 289
Greco-Roman Egypt	p. 291
The Ptolemaic Period: Overview	p. 291
The Roman Period: Overview	p. 295
Alexandria	p. 299
Greco-Roman Settlements in the Faiyum	p. 301
Two Greco-Roman Temple Complexes in Upper Egypt: Dendera and Philae	p. 303
Sites Outside the Nile Valley	p. 307
The Western Desert: Bahariya and Dakhla Oases	p. 307
The Eastern Desert: Roman Ports, Forts, Roads, and Quarrying Sites	p. 309
Nubia	p. 314
Qasr Ibrim	p. 314
Meroe: The Kushite Capital and Royal Cemeteries	p. 316
The Study of Ancient Egypt	p. 323
Glossary of Terms	p. 327
Suggested Readings	p. 330
Additional Readings in French, German, and Italian	p. 357
Chapter Summaries and Discussion Questions	p. 366
Index	p. 382
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